the land with these two nations were fighting about. . . >> keep that geography and mind and did the people who really made the

difference, they were here first. i thought what i would do is read a little, talk a little, read a little and then leave time for questions. so i will open with the prologue. >> the last of the men he can invaders are far from their homeland, they were told to marc south. there were a dirty savage bloodthirsty people with a bad habit of stealing women and a disk testing one of sacrificing humans will sell. they introduced into the valley a new weapon, the bow and arrow as allies of the battlefield of mexico as neighbors there we're frightening and dangerous. they call themselves people love the sun.

mexico-- they took on the additional debt today the dominant spirited had risen over oliver gods of the ballet. theld dog remained, he told them to look for a lake in the center which would stand and i went in on that island a rock which would grow a some planned now known as the prickly pear and on top of the caus there would see the golden eagle marking the spot they would founded the empire and they call its the place of the mexicans and extended control over the valley over the 15th century they sprayed over the empire extending to the sea east and west earlier this 16th century they faced a new tribe of barbarians strangers coming over the sea with light skin and harry faces.

they arrived from the north and came new-line up spinning balls of fire. the newcomers on pored terrible diseases which killed people by the millions within a few years the mexican empire was no more. where remainder villages of farmers attending way and-land. the conquerors call themselves spaniards the old mexican empire became spain at and the chief memory of the recent past was named for the great valley, the valley of mexico and in the center stood in mexico city rising from the ruins. the spaniards extended their reach north and south into the jungles and buzzards. barbaric in the hands at their word to the spaniards. he introduced a new kind of empire that tried to dominate the landscape rather than.

heid this with competition of kings and of france and britain they said soldiers every stance of dollars to see how much of america they could claim asserting power of those who recognized no such a 48 the british and france bought. they lost and in 1773 american territories were divided between britain and spain with a land called louisiana. than the british americans rebelled against their king. the idea people could govern themselves without royal separation-- supervisions sent a shock wave. france took back louisiana and so the black men invaded spain. the french king decided to extend his power to america of the ruling class did not like the ideas of they took up arms out of their rebellion was born a new country, meco

which have a flag bearing a cactus mounted by a ego that held a stake in its peak. meanwhile the anglo american's guarded against the borders of mexico their symbol is also the ego it is a american gle there were shipped the bird dog they displayed ever were even on buttons and gold buckles of the soldiers to terrified of stapp's with eagles. this time it is not one ego but to if they were about to wage their own struggle for the empire. 600 years, two pages that is not bad. that took a lot of cutting out sorry it seems i am losing my voice from the beginning. 1848 after the shooting part was over the mexican historian sa there were two causes of the war. one was the united states

expansionism, not aggressively, did by mexico week that is a fair enough description of what went on. of the united states was colonize originally in the british period by nonconformist, dropouts and troublemakers and glad to get them outf the old country but the crowds grew lazy about governing so they worry about how to govern themselves they also grew up defiant of authority. 1773 the year the spain it acquired louisiana of the british king or issued an order to the colonists that forbade them to cross the appalachian mountains and invading indian country from settlements. they said you take it.

and americans including george washington were willing to fight the natives to get what they wanted in the way of new land. over the next century, the population of the united states just kept growing and growing from immigration and is spread out and the new spain and saw that and it scared the daylights out of them. when mexico became independent they inherited this fear. by the 1820s and thirties, this tidal wave of buying los were washing into texas and into new mexico and arizona and california. mexico inherited a weakness about being able to control its northern borders remember

before 7019 they claim the border ran all the way up into western canada and oregon country. it seems absurd today but spain did not giv that up until 1819. there was not enough military power to control the so you have the legal immigration into the mexican territory month and 18 30's and 40's year mexican politicians raising a ruckus saying this is a prelude to us losing our northern states. turns out there write. we have anglo politicians. [laughter] bill they go mexican immigrants are htic coming here to take it all back. they might do that except for texas this is the agessiveness. this is not a deliberate policy of the united states government. it never was.

the problem is the united states government could never control its own citizens. and the at comment to this day, you'll find many people who believe for instance the texas revolution was a deliberate plot engineered out of washington. they convenitly forget that it vas one of a series of federalist stay revolutions also from mexico and new mexico and california and was caused by city and and his gang overthrowing the constitetion of 1824 and turning them into military departments which the president would select their commanders. santa ana led three armies and defeated the state militia and

slaughtered 2000 and captured 2000 and rewarded his soldiers by telling them to pillage the city. then they marched back to mexico city and left a trail of rape and murder and atrocities there every state that they went through. this is why the texans and then knowing the next one would be them, declared independence about the time the got into texas. of course, what happened is a santa anna takes a federalist rebellion and turned it into a war of independence which he then lost. united states government was appalled and injured jackson like all presidents before him and tried to get taxes without really knowing where it was but the violence of the united states officially by the

united states government he did not know what to do. not until the u.s. office products that was the aggressiveness of the manifest destiny. in contrast to the united states which had a colonial experience and anglo-saxon faith in the rule of law, the spanish colonies were the worst kind of colonialism. centrally controlled and managed out of the home country, not given the chance toevelop any kind of industry or the economy. especially after the mormons took over in the late 18th century, native-born mexicans even the peer spanish

ancestors were denied entrance into the highest levels of the army and the government. the economies of the spanish colonies existed solely to provide profit to the home country. there was a liberal constitution written in spain after the french conquered in 1812. before anybody could implemented, but in 1820 there was another uproar and liberal government came then and wanted to do it in all of the colony's. within six years, all of the independence rebelled in the spanish colonies in america some of which started much earlier. it was over except for cuba

and pr. they spend the next 20 years trying to take back mexico. but if the mexicans spent a 10 year war of independence by teeing among themselves because until that constitution w revised in 1820, they did not want independence. the upper-class had all the power we were fighting against every billion from underneath by a displaced indians who wanted land and liberty. til that constitution is supposed there would have to share power so they turned against spain and made themselves and empire then adopted a liberal constitution modeled on that of the united states. to summarize the

history, mexico had eighth block of contenders but the presidency alone changed hands 50 times in the 30 years after the adoption of that constitution. but others were adopted and abrogated. the idea of rule of law with the survivors of spanish colonialism was so alien it was not heard of. look at the difference with the united states said peaceful transfer of power has been from washington and adams and has been established ever since. in mexico only one general shooting another for the most part when they got into power they did not know what they're doing and usuallyoo lazy to exercise the power. so this faction ridden country only had one thing they could all agree on.

and that was they despise or fear the united states and not going to would net the loss of texas. the war was a necessary as most of them are. except there were no strong voices on either se one somebody started to wave the flag to stop the march. why did it happen? did texas already have on the way new mexico, california, maybe some ofhe rio grande states, sonora and area at sooner or later would have a maturity anglo population. no getting around it. they were going to become part of the united states. it was not necessary for the united states government to declare war. to make that happen.

a pig headed paranoid, a stubborn common man never really tried to find out what the other side was. he believed much of persuasion with the territory he can get a nice spot of cash after all his problems were foreign debt and claims against it buy foreign nationals. they began to make noise. then at the border of texas on the rio grande, that leads to santa fe which is a city in texas. that is based oa claim by the texas congress in december 1836 they have no places in history whatsoever. then he started after the annexation of texas. each time the mexican pence would see the light and put their hand out and take the money.

and moving taylor's army to corpus christi did not do is of the next spring sent him into the disputed territories that did not do it. finally there's a skirmish between mexican and americans which was enough excuse for both to declare americans were on american soil and a list of all kinds of other grievances. he wanted california as it it was to make it and change as a very 19th century man. they would wonder if that's what it to a. -- if that's what it took. the mexicans made a big mistake they should have fortified but president polk would not dare send an army across a fortified line into a

disputed territory. and it was disputed but ownership was a better case for mexico and texas anyway. but the only thing the mexican generals and politicians could agree on besides trying to shoot each other office, and the mexican army is fighting each other while taylor has them down here. they would not accept the loss of texas therefore they gave up the chance and then prevent the invasion and second to happen a say when it was all over where the boundary of texas would be. they said any time the united states troops crossed the sabine river, this was 10 years after texas had done it. the united states and europeans could never understand it mexico it

declared independence from spain and was recognized but would not recognize its own province there are still people that will not accept it. it was more of the way the schoolyard bully take something. mexico and the united states had about the same territory buthere were 7 million mexicans against 22 million ericans with the growing industrial economy. the vast majority ofexican population was the illiterate and had no added to vacation with the nation whatsoever whereas the vast majority of the world population in the united states was illiterate and politically active. so you would think with mexico, there is something

that neither side ever recognize. they were counted on. they had more erred general's in the mexican army and they would get the special privilege from criminal prosecution. who did not think of themselves as a mexican? you didn't speak spanish? they ended in the army because they came through their pueblos and eight children had to follow to have a source of support. these soldiers under terrible leadership said that after every battle they were in. i will read the first battle and then mentioned the whole thing.

this is what is that all south texas. aside from the skirmish this is the first major engagement of may 1846. >> patrols reported taylor's movements as certain as the number american left. after pulling the troops out of the campus tailoress gs spotted the army just before noon as the men were coming up. the yankees stopped at a pond to fill canteens while the nets closed up. it was 80 ploy east-west facing north blocking taylor's movement. the cowberry was on the road to the left across the highway and injuries gave that area of

spain of tall to eark day staal timber. his guns were dispersed along the line to a four-pound anchor on the right. but it was beyond that. taylor and his army was facing south across a flat field filled with water from the recent rain. the space betwe the two forces was covered by shoulder high grass which mad it difficult for man on foot to move. this guy was clear and bright and afternoon a hot. two richman to put in front and to to the right and two to the rear which he never should have brought along. he had calvary on the road and it was puctuate a result to archery for the first time the two distinct races were to measure their strength. the army deployed about 2:00 in the afternoon. there was 3300 men under him an estimated taylor had the

same. actually the anglo strength was 2200 the mexican general surveyed the opposition carefully and noted his foes were superior and artillery as they had 20 pieces the battle commenced so hard inhe fire of cannon did not seize for a single moment that was an exaggeration and the understatement mexican artillery was low caliber the gunpowder and was not well-trained taylor had his two big guns and not very mobile 412 pounder howitzers on a large wheeled carrieror the supply of artillery the mexican governor all they have solid shaw the anglos had better end howitzers had an exploding shell.

fiy balls than paper cartridges with two worth three buckshots. as always mexican and cartridges were overcharged. e troops were flaws or from fast marching tailor-made a leisurely stroll but the mexican calgary came but the amounts were in the field for several days so ty lacked stamina for a battle and fatigued from not eating. they went a hundred yards and the mexicans opened fire. the enemy was out of range of so it was too early. cannonball fell short then ricocheted. they jumped aside to let them pass. charging to the enemy right not knowing that taylor had the regiment they're planning the bayonet assault on the mexican left. there went through the thicket only to be bogged down and me driven back by the boys in a

square formation. this checkedaylor's plan to advance on the right than the anglo guns opened concentrating on the infantry on the left. exploded shows i tormented pieces and exploded on the ranks. naked killer be killed but in a situation rather were helpless some of the officers raised a cry to attack the enemy with the bayonet because they wanted to sacrifice themselves as a brave man should. that is civilian glorified but the soldiers were helpless a ban net charge into the gunnery would be suicide so barrista tried to maneuver his way to victory. he went to tailoress left him because the north american also have strengthened the rights at the expense of all of the two armies began a slow real until they fad each

other on the noheast/southwest access. they made little wait until the grass, fire on the north american rights and drove across the grass between the mies the smoke so dense and the flame so hot that the bottle stock for one hour. every step took advantage to advance the infantry and guns on the right when the smoke cleared the firing resumed on both sides. the artillery shaw bloody holes the mexican ranks which were filled in with more bodies. devastates infantry regiment now on the road and now the battery was also pulled by the mexican gunnery and fell back the fire killed and forced his guns back. the battlefield was joke by eight gunsmoke andusket from cannons. the lieutenant ulysses s.

grant, who wasn't broader bob pastor our range and took off the head of one man but this blunders from the musket of the soldier his brains and bones popped out. tailoress attack -- arrista attack on taylor's laugh -- love this of the artillery order another charge on the right supported by the calgary. the horsemen did not join in the charges poorly planned and the foot soldiers we hit with a new battery-powered of a victory broke and ran away carrying other soldiers along leaving the army in disorder. was growing dark 6:00 p.m. bothides are exhausted but taylor and arrista called a truce the landscape was grisly earth hours by cannonballs and fire black and grass. th injured and the screams and courses simplifies filled

the air but the coyotes to spend the night feasting on the carnage been tried to bring and the wounded taylor's casualties the next morning it the mexican injuries were mostly cannon fire but the men were mutilated horribly. the medical officer disappeared up the first shot and nobody knows where he left a surgical supplies and others were abandoned as the army moved out. arrista reported his losses 102 men killed 129 wounded and 26 missing he thought he had it aside 200 kill but taylor reported five killed, 48 wounded and two missing. the lopsided numbers show the role played by the north american government. arrista tried to manage his part of about zero according to a limited abilities but on the otr side it had just

happened both commanders claimed victory for texas was now relieved and the mexican army was attacked with a gruesome business would have to be conducted all over again. souch for the glory of four. okay. i talked about the soldiers there was something else that happened that produced widespread, this may come as a surprise because it always has to the politicians generally but people do not like to be invaded and conquered by foreign armies? [laughter] really annoys them. there were two kinds of resistance. one was a little more organized and it was guerrilla

warfare the mexican army could not handle the united states army but they sure could do a job. zero of northeast mexico in central mexico of947 from mexico city was under constant threat. you is heard the story that the military genius cut himself off from the coast of veracruz and isolated his army from the interrogation terrier he did not do that the guerrillas did that. it took a whole army jus to guard the road. he could not do that. they all that they own the road all the way. although it to the northeast and the only thing they could do to keep supplies moving was

to put extremely heavy guards. the guerrillas were irregulars of it would not take on a large regular force but small parties? forgers, stragglers, they were slautered constantly. within one month after taylor had mov 10, the volunteer units from the united states showed up. president -- president polk had defied winfield scott the commanding general who wish to take t time to train and disciplined his people he had been through the big boa of 41812 he proved it was possible to take brought americans a turn them into regular soldiers he knew what he was talking about he also knew how the and trained soldier it's a dead soldier

and 25,000 dead from disease mostly volunteers during the war with mexico but that was as bad sanitation alone illustrates that. they are poor quality as fighters and they are a disgrace to the country the level of atrocity committed to these volunteers for which there is a great deal of documentation for rich taylor and pulp and scott complained profusely about this has to be the most savage army the united states sent anywhere. this has happened since with other complex it is what happens when you have people like a big army that do not have enough to do and they cause trouble but the murders, the thievery they gang rapes and arson and desecration of churches was a daily litany and in retaliation the united states policy is to say this is

criminal and they would burn the nearest village. said you have a whole strip of northeast mexico and miles wide swath of mexico city road and by the end of the war there is just a landscape of people killed off four driven out. so now we have a big refugee problem. these people who were greeted by these atrocities tribeca they're not guerrillas but small groups. but if they were caught alone they would be hacked to pieces. this in turn engendered a more formal rebellion against united states occupation. baja californi was to what today would be called an insurgent for two years.

the californians through through the mexican army at other zero provinces a couple years earlier they through the army out and it took reinforcements to take back control from a very small group of people. the states in northeast mexico and of course, mexico with chad's rebel again and i will get to that in a minute. when scott entered mexiccity despite the history that a little and regular opposition, they just assume we drove the mexican army out and we on the capital. right? they had big parade and the city exploded. not because the mexican government were not because they wanteit that way it was the poorest people of all.

literally the lepers in. mexico city had a large population of these people which had very bitter and hungry people displaced from the countryside and they felt of the scotts army bailing stones and whenever they could get. some of them have bricks the city's doctors for the artillery battery be better not and scott retaliated. this is not people fighting for their own country by threatening to blow up any houses of course, this was the excuse for mass murder and plunder and rape on the part of the volunteers to say there iq a nice and the house now we will turn the cannons and then they would lose and plunders of this kind of firepower was

something these people could not stand up or it produced on the second day but then it quieted down. all that was left was a local resistance, yankees to got drunk and wandered into the wrong part of town. now we are in the new mexico so i will quit the reading and the talking by describing the rebellion here. >> going into new mico the general assembly plant deliberate you from your oppressive master's. most of the mexico and the unit states were paid abstractions. they felt abandoned by mexico

city way back to the colonial periodith very little the attachment to renault and in fact, you could still see this today, they did not call themselves mexicans but they call themselves the spanish. if they had any kind of ethnic identity, they felt th were spanish. spanish mexico city was abandoned a long time before. the governor of new mexico, there's a lot of circumstantial evidence that he was bought off with the lp of the anglo-saxon in santa fe trade. they had an army of well over 2010, all volunteers comment and apache canyon east of mexico city was going to make them fight for new mexic but

they suddenly decided discussion is a better part of valor and he was a great big fat guy and he climbed into his dearborn and summoned his lagoons than one out to albuquerque. and the anglo is assumed that the mexicans were docile people and they welcome to this innovation but in fact, it was quite the opposite. they resented it. they were seeing anger and it got worse and worse and worse. they had lived enough of a life under the words to spoke spanish and it was intolerable and then. what is worse the troops were paraded around the santa fe and were as bad as any other

volunteers in the service. remember what the problem is with the state volunteer regiments officers are politicians are back home what kind of discipline we you have in that situation? the second two missouri calgary, whether colonel sterling price was a politician who wanted his men for governor and automate with the early version of santa fe and made himself a fairly wealthy. whereas the man just turned santa fe into a cesspool. what is great about this it i like i am exaggerating but three misery newspapers had correspondence they were report stage reporting and they were scared to death and they would would be found out so all over the fall these people resented the army and they begin to talk and bring

in the indians remember, a day through the spanish invaders out and kept the amount for 12 years and they remember that. and there was a plot, a snatch in december of 1846 lead partly by diego who was part of said deal was promise the governorship of western new mexico. the leaders of that plot got away. that brings us to the end of 1846 olsten el pasfour to the northtage number people hibernating when the snow was deep trouble was brewing.

the governor believe they had decapitated a threatened revolt in at 1846 without leadership being those believed they would do what they have always done and what they were told. unfortunately for price seen with reset met at the obnoxious behavior with a loss of the society they hav always known the hostility boiled over about 75 miles north of santa five. it hit the spanish mexican capital of new mexico but since the fur trade and move trade nowhere in the territory was a contrast between the lives of the rich or the poor. anglos lived very well in the adobe houses. working at the beck and call. it was bad enough for

centuries under those who spoke spanish but if those who spoke english it was inseparable. the appointed gernor live to their feet married into a prominent family his wives sister was -- wife. he thought he had become a part of new mexico he found t that the verynd of his life to the mexicans and the nearby indians he was just another green go. in january 141847 bowing to the snow and cold he reached his hometown and confronted a drunken mob and then being held in the jail on tmped up charge it ordered them to go home and pushed his way through the house after midnight the mob which continue to grow again dem@nded the release of prisoners. when he refused the writer's

killed him and through the gel open them went under rampage looking for sympathizers to kill and killed six that morning. the indians and under the door around 6:00. the native resentment was reflected in the native exchange as recording by his daughter they got up and shouted through the door what do you one? theyaid we want your head, a gingo. we do not want you to own up so we will kill you. he said what wrong have i done you? i help to light year do when you were sick and voice answered yes, but you have to die now so no north america will govern us. then the shooting started with bullets and the door fell than. after he was on the floor

someone decapitated h and them but mobbed calm down the men and children tried to dig thr way through a back wall but the writer set them free because they were new mexicans. that was not the end of the uprisi but the beginning. the market resumed its rampage the leaders at runners to other villages including santa fe urging the indians to kill all anglo san mexicans that cooperated with the relt was savage violence put down by more savagery and spread fast on jitter 20 and 2112 miles north several hundred people surroued the memory killing seven of the 10 defenders up the military. and then it killed seven anglo san a frenchman another party killed two more on a the colorado river at the same

time led by chavez the indian name of thomas and then they'd dubbed themselves santana they marbh towards santa fe going on ahead. calling for a general insurrection that began on the 22nd he sent word to his detachmes at albuquerque to close off santa fe. a close have some idea of the scale of the danger so the business partner raised a volunteer company of merchants and mountain men and off they went to join. the rebels have known for the last time it was a race war and angles on one side and mexicans and indians on the other. price led 300 and 43 men and

out of santa fe on january january 23rd aiming to drive the rebels up the rio grande. to more companies joined them on the march. 1500 insurgents assembled on a hilltop near the village of santa cz. they left behind 36 dead including the leader. meanwhile the misery troops killed 15 and captured another 15 with a loss of five on their side. another detachment took the place and burn it down on paper refers. rebels were retreating but cortez manage. they believe they had justice on their side with their really needed was firepower. they blocked the road in a narrow canyon and on january 29 again the inflows drove them off. four days later price entered

the town the insurgents holed up of the church price bombarded the place but he was not heavy enough to penetrate the adobe masonry he tried again and faber fourth with the guns opened fire on at 9:00 and they were ordered to charge of a church two hours later a small party skirted through they dropped the whole with the artillery shell and job them inside. and after which the church was taken. many inside escaped well others took to the show's -- of the hills. the at insurgents surrendered after losing 150 including chavez. seven killed and 45 wounded is what price reported. they were convicted to treason and hanged on perverse seven.

another was shot by guard being held others were arrested for treason and murder and when 731 the trials reach washington price was reprimanded for exceeding his authority saying insurgents could not be tried with treason because they had no allegiance to the united states. they were mexican citizens. price declared themselves are 10 the new mexicans were against the americans and was not about to let another rebellion occur. in 1847 when the legislature met for the first time in december he ignored by february 1840 he abolished most territorial offices and ruled himself a military dictator they successors continued to practice until the end of 1850. never again was are such an uprising against gingo role. the resistance went underground there reflects

hostility to a man occupation the back to the pueblo revolt 3 billion record has was the only major leader who escaped he organizes men into a guerrilla band and rated along the santa fe trail until the end of the war and beyond. the hero bandit lived on in the california. event in texasnd many others in mexico and the united states. and i better stops a y can ask some questions i went on longer than i was supposed to. sorry about that. there is a microphone coming around and i have a question over here.

>> how much time have you spent in mexico working on your but? >> i don't know. a lot of it goes back to my materials i was able to use old projects in notes and i had used on various other things. >> [inaudible] >> i picked up spanish gradually but then you get better at it. my speaking is not bad it is better than the french and i started from scratch with at. franchise can handle as long as i have a dictionary but i cannot understand it when it is spoken it is strictly a written language. spanish is getting better because i am trying harder.

i can as the question and get an answer. anybody else? >> what group reached treated back? >> the insurgents. the indians and the spanish, the mixed-race. >> [inaudible] >> yes. the church that was shot up the ruins are still there and if you look carefully you can see yes. not small bullet holes have

eroded away but the gun shop. -- shot. >> you're pretty hard on the amerian leadership with their ambition. yo had to re quarter the capability of taylor and scott. what would be your response to that? one of the interesting political dynamics that existed. >> some reviewers point* out that my account except for the beautiful fit carson and none of the names that you hear of on either side come off very well. amazingly they sorry group of people. taylor was just barely literate. and had never handled in a

thing as a big as he got. he really did not know what he was doing. all the did at palo alto was commanded encouraging president's. it was the same thing and we all fought a battle appear on buena vista the. as a tailor refused and figure he had no power and the troops from texas or the b.c. and arkansas were savages and he took orders from washington. it summarizes the atrocities that are unbelievable this e way is in a memorandum from scott who says we need to win e minds. of the people.

as opposed to the hearts and minds. [laughter] scott was a good planner and a good dearest. -- the arrest. he had good strategic sense but a lousy tactician. terrible because becausef unnecessaryloodsh among civilians particularly at veracruz. he caused unnecessary bloodshed among his own troops becae he would charge yen and not let his engineers scout the terrain. so it was done piecemeal like a slaughter. they would fall later at marina dell rey and pretty much the same thing. somewhere he lost over 2010 during the august battles then he would have no army left.

these by the way were some of the positions of the mexicans. these guys were terrified of the yankees but fortunately the actions were better but was an ambus securely demonstrated what the officers should have known that en the greenest militia can do a good job of their in a protected position underrube leadership. that is a lesson of bunker hill. in their own history and also during this time they say with all these stupid mexicans we beat them every time, why don't they give up? it sounds familiar because that is what the british said about george washington in

1776. people bulb like to have enemy troops on their home soil. they may not identify with good government is a bunch of crooks but it is their country. it is a lesson we have failed to learn ove and over and over. could they have controlled the insurgents a better? yes. they could have. but really the best lesson in counterinsurgency, i have seen all of these tax breaks, i do not invade to begin with. then you don't have that. who else? santa and i? -- santa anna? icahn of the greatest scallywag he was president 12 times. not as acting or interim or temporary these are then it

went over there just to have their heads. i blame him more than any other individual for mexico's sorry condition and a sham of a nation by the 1840's because he was the most prominent of those who took over from 1821 and have the ability to build a great country but instead tried to cut each other's throats every chance they could and would line their pockets then they would reach out and grab every bit of treasury that he could. just an amazing character they would throw him out then let him back in until 1857 when he

was gone for the last time. something happens here. the aftermath of throwing him out at the beginning of the war of the reform, mexico is finally put to death and with it the last vestiges of new spain and mexico becomes a country of mexicans which should happen ever since. that does not mean that has a first-class government. it is still one century or more of struggle on that. but you have a better chance of having the people identify with the country if it is being run by people like themselves and not by people that they still look at as foreigners. even if they were born in country. anybody else? >> have you studied this so

intimately what lessons would you give the preshow burn from the history of these two countries and cultures struggling as far as communication and today cracks what lesson can retake from this history? >> one, you cannot escape history. it is there. people in mexico will remember all of this much more because theyame out on the losing end. something else i talk about our the hero bandits. of the drug cartels? is that in the news? it is a tradition of the hero bandits that came over from spain. there in the drug business now when they operate the city but still basically a band of things. when you have this