it is here in the camps that one generation has matured and another generation begun. afghanistan's future. in refuge is afghanistan's new generation. in the hot, desolate refugee generations future begins. a girl is going to make shift school. she will learn to read and write and once again play games and try to wash away the memories of

the terrorist of war -- terrors of war. education is very difficult for these children. there is no real organized school available for them. this small house was loaned to them by a man who saw them sitting idle at home with nothing meaningful to do. the teachers say they have good minds and learn quickly. if they had a real school that they could attend on a regular basis, they would do well. with education, the girls and teachers know that they can participate in the development of their country as well as anyone. [children singing] organized with nearly 300 students.

they are considered large. >> these children have gone through many difficulties. when the atrocities and depression increased, their houses were burned. they were forced out of their homes and villages. they could no longer live there. living conditions were no longer safe. finally during the last seven years, they had all fled afghanistan and settled here. we respect our social norms and values. it is the responsibility of the teachers to teach them geography and the social structure. wherever we are, we never lose our traditions and way of living. we know they will always remember our country. we have done this and continue to do so.

>> we want the children to understand and feel the hardship their parents had gone through. we do not want them to forget their country. >> for children born in refuge, we tell them stories of the country they should never forget so this older generation is gone from this world, jihad must not stop. this young generation should carry on until they succeed in their goal.. god willing they do not forget this responsibility.

>> one member of the new generation is a photojournalist. he learned to use a video camera at the afghan media resource center. on july 20, using an amateur camera, he documented an attack on the jogging near kabul. trucks move in convoys and only with support from soviet tanks. the kabul government outposts posting soviets and afghan troops to protect the highway. a soviet tank leads the convoy down the treacherous highway. the trucks stay near each other to avoid being trapped if one of them gets hit. [gunfire] deenne of the young mujaha

fires his rpg and scores a direct hit on the soviet tank. the tank moves to the side of the road, children itself near a large rock -- sheltering itself near a large rock. [gunfire] >> and armored personnel carrier and supply to our also hit. the convoy stalls, waiting for more support. tanks appear.of they tried to escort and save the convoy. another supply truck is hit and bursts into flames.

a nearby government post has now spotted the mujahadeen's position and opens fire with mortar rounds. soviet tanks opened fire from the road below. the fighters pulled back from their position and gathered to discuss the success of their attack. this was a coordinated attack by 11 different commanders on the four mile stretch of highway. this commander was one of the 11. >> this is the 10th year we have undertaken jihad and the eighth year of the russian invasion of our country. at that time, our children were eight and nine years old. now they are 15 and 16 since the russians came. was boy sitting next to me

eight years old during the russian invasion. this year he took part in jihad with me. and never with the people and children of afghanistan, whether he is one year or 100 years old, he will not accept russian soldiers in his homeland. >> after losing many tanks, armored personnel characters -- carriers, soviet tanks retaliated against a nearby town. on the second day of the orration, which is three four kilometers from the district, to jet bombers came on our position. both were shot down.

-- inll in a place called -- district. another fell in another district. >> approximately 2 million afghans are refugees inside afghanistan. over one million of them have the bombsmbs -- fled in destruction in kabul. they seek any kind of work. they cannot escape the sounds of planes and tanks. tanks patrol inside and around the capital's regular. -- perimeter.

theet troops protect presidential palace as well as major streets, like chicken street, where soviets shop for the arts and crafts of afghanistan. many parts of kabul are in ruins. everywhere, reminders that they are under siege from people who want to keep their freedom. part of the new generation, he was 17 when the war began. >> working in the military, there are different jobs we do there. one of my work is i'm

whatever theyr -- do, they can direct it to me. [indiscernible] because it is much quicker. that involves me that i have to go there also. [indiscernible] to see their strength in numbers. are a sacrifice generation. free oure to fight to country. we should not think very much about our future. we should thank right now what we can do -- think right now what we can do to free our country. >> the camp in pakistan is now

the temporary home of over 60,000 refugees. this doctor and nurse help provide medical care for the new generation in the camp they provide primary health care each day or more than 150 patients. according to our program, we have special cards here. when we spot a malnourished child, or someone is brought to the clinic, we will weigh them first. we will take their medical history to find the reason for the malnutrition. he is then registered as a malnutrition child. raisins, vitamin a and vitamin b tablets,

multivitamins for the week children. isgive them whatever available in the clinic. >> here there are epidemics. the camps are occupied by people of different provinces and from different camps. different diseases are spread from one group to the other. many people are affected are this type of sickness, both in their homes and in the outside environment. >> with 4 million refugees living in pakistan, the cities are swollen with people. public health services, sanitation, electricity, and other services have been extended to their limits. clean water is a prerequisite for health, although here it looks like fun for all generations on a hot day.

this water is part of a giant irrigation is them that these pakistan's western lands. it is water for the land, or animals, for bathing, for washing clothes, and for some a source of cooking and drinking water. source of their only water, it is also water for disease. there are many regional and worldwide organizations like the united nations, the red cross and red crescent that are helping to keep the refugee problem under control. this clinic is operated by the united medical doctors of afghanistan. >> on days the weather is hot, we have many people with congestion problems such as dysentery, diarrhea, malnutrition. also somewhat respiratory

problems. it increases day by day, particularly among the refugees. otherin disease, and contagious diseases are increasing. those diseases which relate to the living conditions of the refugees do not change. unified preventive program against these diseases were all of the refugees, and bring thesean diseases under control properly. to treat aable patient as it is necessary or required. we are faced with shortages. we do not have enough to the northerns

commander in afghanistan. >> the boys are very brave and strong. they always fight. in many places, one where we're -- one where fighting with the enemy, these foisting on the deposition. many of them have been killed. they could have brunch and escaped, but they stood there, stepped back. >> welcome to book tv. every weekend beginning at this time on c-span2, cash -- [no audio]

>> when we fight them, their soldiers come from the soviet union. every time the russians launched an operation, they come directly from the soviet union. they do not come from the provincial capital in afghanistan. of planes are coming from the soviet union. there were no planes before, so now we know they cannot find us with just show -- soldiers and tanks. we are located on the soviet border. there is only one river between them and us. they have many operations against us and killed many of our women and children, so we decided to respond. us alone did not leave on their own land, and yes, we have attacked them and punish them on their soil.

sufficient medical care is nonexistent inside afghanistan. thousands die up four runs and disease throughout the country. several international organizations are training members of the new generation as paramedical doctors and surgeons. they provide badly needed medical care in the provinces. this medical training school is operated by the international medical co-op. the medics already work in field clinics inside afghanistan for six months. onh additional training animals, they will advance their skills and then returned to afghanistan again. one man was 10 years old when the war began. >> on the first day of our

arrival, the government got the report of our plan to establish the clinic. the next day, government forces showed up at ivillage. old.hat there was 16 years i saw many dead bodies, many wounded people and many, many people missing one arm or one leg. the people live very primitive lives, no doctor or health worker. there are no 40 international medical corps clinics inside afghanistan. combined, they treat at least 40,000 patients monthly. one young medic reported that during heavy fighting, he had 240 eight surgical cases over a two-month period. young afghans are also pursuing other serious locations --

serious locations. there is a school of journalism operated by the national rescue committee. students first learn an international language and then the craft of objective journalism. kissel.acher is jean >> when we first started objectivity was not even on the scale. of writing,finition journalists, and separation of professional action and personal through, we can make it hours of interviews before anyone becomes less than objective. .hat is an incredible step they realized the importance of remaining objective, to be able

to do the reporting. i have one student now who wrote the story about his best friend, mohammed, andy asked him to go to jihad with him. this man said no, i have been accepted into the irc journalism course, and i think i will stay here. withp finished, i will go you. one day, this man went home for lunch, and his family gathered and told him to sit down and that the martyr had been brought back from the front. then they told him, they said gently, that it was his friend and he had been beheaded. classefore going back to in the afternoon, he was asked by his father to go with other and buryake a grave

his friend, what you did, and he made it to class that day, and the next day, and he has been very consistent, and he is probably written the most powerful story that i have seen yet. ♪ hundreds of thousands of powerful stories in afghanistan. stories of bombings, prisons, and torture. and there is a new generational lost,s of families hunger, malnutrition, disease, of war, and of a generation of sacrifice. and there is the beginning of new life and another new generation. ♪

>> this weekend on american history tv on c-span3, today at 7:00, texas general george p bush, state senator jose menendez and musicians phil collins talk about the alamo. at the 2016 tribune festival in austin. >> the memories i have at that time were that this group of

people are going and they knew they were going to die, but they .ent or they were there crockett went, but there was something very noble and very romantic. i have learned that in wasn't quite as black-and-white. that is one of the things i think would be good in this day and age. we put it into context. >> sunday evening at 6:00 on american artifacts -- >> mcarthur's upfronts. he is not wearing a weapon. he would lead attacks and carry nothing but that riding crop in his hand. and then look at this and realize, hey, if the colonel can take it, i can take it, too. >> revisit the macarthur memorial and north folk, virginia, to her own cash to learn about the early life of ledlas macarthur, who allied forces in the pacific. and that 8:00 -- >> they also service conscious

and chief with the highest level of integrity, with their moral compass locked onto north so that we can always count on them to do the right thing when times get tough or when no one is looking. >> explanation of 10 commandments for presidential leadership. what they are and he provides examples of presidents who have excelled at each one. for a complete american tv -- american tv schedule, go to www.c-span.org. >> if you missed any of the presidential debate, go to www.c-span.org. on our special debate page, you can watch the entire debate, choosing between the split screen or the switch camera options. you can even go to specific questions and answers from the debate, finding the content you want quickly and easily. use our video clipping tool to create clips of your favorite moments to share in social media. on your desktop,

phone or tablet for the presidential debate. on lectures in history, george washington university professor chad heap teaches a class about the origins of the gay rights movement. he describes how participants found common ground with antiwar protests, the black movement and other groups fighting against the status quo of american cold war society. he also talks about different groups within the gay rights movements, which were focused on more specific issues, like removing the ban on lesbians and gays from holding governmental jobs. his class is about one hour. professor heap: so welcome back to class. today, we -- our topic is going to be gay and lesbian liberation. i want to spend a bit of time setting that up for you and we will move right into discussion of some of the issues. for the last couple of weeks, we have been talking about the ways th