of course, we say there about never giving up every weekend on d, w. the whole life on earth is based on a versatile chemical element, carbon, depending on how it's adams bond to each other. it can be as hard as diamonds or soft as graphite. when carbon bonds with oxygen, it becomes gaseous world wide. it's these carbon dioxide emissions that we need to reduce. that's because the colorless and photo lift gas is considered the main cause of global warming. and that is the 2nd weather patterns everywhere from the polar forest in the north to the amazon in the south. the many faces of carbon coming off on tomorrow today dw science magazine.

the, the faces from the depths of human history, 20000 calling instead of in this from the will to, for the 1st time. and the modem will, for archaeologist called us desilva. the one positive aspect of the terrible drought pitching the amazon f as imagine as more face image is revealed. the culture of the early amazon in people's gene was i think this, the roots are in the forest with the basis for the survival as far as you read. and that's still true. of many people here today, a fox that has become painfully clear. the largest drainage basin in the world is going through the less drought since reco keeping the gun. the difference between rainy and dry seasons has never been so dramatic. 2 hours from the house, the capital of the state of amazon is the city council has sent these villages help

in the form of clean drinking water. there were no roads to the village of john to it on a now boats can own he comes so far as the waters have receded elder and c. so for that a has to decide who, who gets which kind of stood out there to some of the band villages sets off in 40 degree heat over the hills. that in the past just clear the water line. what was once a wide lake area has been reduced to a few rivulets, each family has received. fortunately to the water, we join the sea, so un domingos, even with a smooth flap. bolton boats everyone uses here. it's getting hot, even hot. it's and make progress. inevitably, we get stuck on times to try a different channel. we turn over the engine and move back to level, but at some point there's no other choice. we have to get out to lights and the

load domingos heads on alone, taking the heavy, kindest as to the house. you'll collect slater or you out and also still out the roof. i resolve the street here. well, it's the carpet that connects us with that here in our region, the river is everything without it and when nothing, or even in the dry season, the river normally lots right up to the steps. these drinking water is only enough for a few days. but when it's time to make another run, they may not be able to get out of you, even with the smallest of boats guarantee. as soon as you got lou, it's hard to hear today than it's ever being before carlo. think way possible. you could only batteries in the shade with lots of code, walton or that that worries us, but definitely i'm worried about on late, broken promises alive. if the fish die out there will no longer be able to finish the lake is essential for laza. is this the i will lock the fish of dying because

the overall more to count of sold enough oxygen on the regions? well, no river dolph in this on farming. well, i, the more than a 100 died in lake to say, researches were initially puzzle because dolphins where you at that post mortem dissections show the high water temperatures which topped 39 degrees seem to close to dolphins to suffer a stroke. for climate researches like aram, is that a, it's more evidence of unpredictable consequences caused by disturbing the amazon's complex ecosystem that more mo, high and low voltage phases on normal in the amazon region. that's not a problem. what worries us climate researches is that these phenomena are becoming more frequent and more extreme in their circle. this is the only now weather phenomenon which because every few years is currently exacerbating these effects.

but the main cause is the destruction of the rain forest. where would you live with martha? geo only knows. it's driving moisture from here to the southern atlantic. and from on top of the bottom of 50 for a station, which means the left water is operating from trees. was the consequences on less rain, brutal hatred, with temperatures reaching $44.00 degrees associates just like the warehouse. it's not continues. the consequences would be catastrophic, available for the 40 meg shaw and that would impact the whole world. he said this because the amazon rain forest. so ability to store and vaporize vast amounts of water helps regulate the global climate to use. well, board is always talk about apple and rivers matches of water that evaporate above the forest. and then there is no themselves, thus keeping the global climate inbound. and that's because water vapor buffers, intense radiation from here on deforestation means the less the water evaporates speed. also the drawing season is starting earlier in any of in the amazon. so the

water disappears, foster leaving ship stranded for weeks or even months on end with a safe hub or insight type boat captain junior sees a soul to be able to make it, but he was wrong to talk with you to as we tried to make it out but help arrive late on the water level was dropped really fast, but that you send to meet us a day because we were fighting the clock. so time was all right, any interest the sample you will say before the last thing you until the warranty of attends the costume will have to remain in his boat to the tub potential feeds. so the west vile the most home would normally be floating in 10 meters of water. busy now he's not to dig a well in the river bed to get water to live. while we use the water for washing up washing clothes shattering, we are chlorine and it's safe for the p is accessed glands to be

a picturesque volley, is actually a tribute tree of the amazon. the growth still bears witness to the masses of war to that of seats away from his operated. here we on baltimore is 74 years old lives . i'm fishing now. he's stranded. i'm worried about god. that is the mo, the rain forest is joan. the motive to go to get drought is getting what has a home in front of mice. for the time being filed, the most fishing nets of serving the different purpose, the bed of the chip retreat is no a soccer field. and they'll catch pools instead of fish. until the water returns north of the arctic circle, the permafrost is thawing due to the unusually warm temperatures. this is causing carbon dioxide to escape from the ground. the hot weather is also driving wild fires. huge areas of forest recently burnt in canada. will the forest ever grow back? okay, so this be careful here, because there has been

a lot of smouldering and there's a lot of holes in the ground. it's jennifer bell, 2 liters through what's left of the forest. even the earth, there's been scorched savagely by fire. so these like you can see how deep the burning has been into this. these are pete. this is all peace soil. instead of the neighbor greenforest of black spruce, there's just tried trunks after the 2023 wild fires. but the damage to the soil here is even more important most for us. and also the carpet is stored in the trees, but in this system is stored on the soil and we have 80 to 90 percent of the carbon in the system started below ground in these beautiful pete soils that are when they're again, when they're what they're resistant. to fire, but when they're dry they can be very, very flat level. fires are actually a natural part of the ecosystem here in this forest bordering the arctic circle. but with conditions now dryer and hotter,

the fires are becoming bigger and more frequent. you know, we have temperatures approaching 40 degrees here in the, you know, we're, we're in the, in the sub arctic on our, to, for each of us. so things that would not normally be fuel becomes fuel for the fire . and it means that the fire can access much more of the landscape and burned much larger areas. and there nothing really to slow it down. in 2023 canada sites, worst wildfire since record keeping began the inferno. it was thought to have released 3 times as much c o 2 as the countries entire economy combined. this is a big concern of these negative higher year assessment. we'll see these burial for us in canada and elsewhere around the world. moving from being really important sinks that buffer some of our own emissions to being sources of carbon to the atmosphere with global implications for several years. now more c o 2 has been released from canada as far as the intact forrest areas are able to absorb from the

atmosphere. baltar inter team has been research eco systems in the northwest territories for over a decade. the power process at about 90 centimeters, 10 centimeters, a saw. oh wow. it's the measure at what depth permafrost begins the far as the north of the arctic circle with their typical soils bearing lichens. mazda is in pete store around one 3rd of all the carbon worldwide. okay, that's more than twice as much the amount found in the atmosphere at c o. 2 is sick, so it's vital that the carbon stays in the ground. do i can tell that unless carbon rich files in the world happened in moral system where we have this, this accumulation of losses. that just because of the cold wet conditions store a tremendous amount of carbon. these are also places where we have swells that are

frozen year round, and so if carbon gets locked away and from across to season is even more um, more protected from being released fat. this, here, the scientists are investigating how big eco systems of the phone north are changing a fire or breast hi, it's 7.3 black spruce trees actually need fire to reproduce. and it has cold fits the heat of the fire that releases the seeds and the cones, but with more frequent and more extreme fires the cones now often char completely, so that this process can't reproduce back to the forest that burned in the fire as young aspen trees are growing back in some places. ballots are nose from previous experience that the forest recovers to varying degrees. sometimes it returns to what it was before the fire. um, so we call that resilience. sometimes the transitions to a different trace basis of the forest is still there, but it functions in a different way. but where we see burning that's really severe or really frequent.

these are places where we often see failure to return to for us with fire smoke during long afterwards, the fear is the good week night when temperatures rise again. these forests are in an incredibly large, nearly untouched wilderness bouncer says, trying to fight the fires is impossible. you have access to the forest up here in the north. for the most part, up here, the only solution to this to slow this fire cycle is really rapidly drawn down our greenhouse gas emission surface. so in 2023, northern canada was 3 degrees celsius warmer than in pre industrial times. this trend could trigger a dangerous spiral disrupting carbon sinks around the arctic circle that have taken thousands of years to form the there is already too

much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. so what can we do? plants and trees are masters of absorbing c o. 2. with a, the lights, they fix the carbon and release the oxygen. so could find photos, synthesis be imitated in the lab, and perhaps even accelerated professor to be a sub, has an ambitious goal. he wants to improve nature, or at least one of nature's most important process is. so i've just sent this is the process on which life on this base to, to mentally examine this kind of goals, claim that voters synthesize, doesn't work especially well. but ponce, i actually live with a quite happily i yeah, but we humans always want more efficiency volume so that we can achieve more with less. and that was the incentive for us to say, what more could we tease out of the system? well, even though it's not 3000000000 years to evolve, why hasn't it go back to?

can i re thinking to predict on this thing? during photosynthesis light was it on carbon dioxide? what together to produce a simple call them compound, glucose plus oxygen. the glucose stays in the plunge, enabling it to grow while the oxygen is released into the book to be as of is interested in is the process of c o 2, fix ation. in this cycle concepts, this gets by one. so basically the question is, how can i capture c o 2 and convert it into a useful compound, the kind of how can i can that animate carbon into something organic? when i'm being able to copy this fundamental principle, it's and we think it is actually what interests us in this whole matter in tennessee and it's like working far. so what if we could find solutions that nature has never tried? what is more oxygen a more carbon compounds could be produced using the photo synthesis that's been optimized by humans. to do this to be as opposed to, to take

a closer look at how pump, very defensive is works. it relies on base go an enzyme that's responsible for converting the comp dioxide with mathis. for this got to convince that a rate of about 5 molecules of c o 2. this function is, you know, but what is the plant could have sold a 100 c o 2 molecules per 2nd degree dolphin. and so they began searching for an enzyme that was better, faster and more effective by trolling through research databases. and they found it in a bacterium, it's an enzyme that's involved in the citric acid cycle. it's called e. c. o. experiments have shown that e c o is indeed much better. i'm a bisco, those that converging c o 2 and building call them come pounds on the slick them 5 kill 2 birds with one stone, so we reducing c o 2. but we're also generating a useful product that's more complex,

the more date to adults. they've now developed a prototype is rather like enzymes swimming around and the liquid. the task now is to incorporate this new operating system into a living organism. it's all going to be equipped with the improved ability to bind c o 2 o d phones could extract carbon dioxide from it and use it to produce large quantities of oxygen and valuable call them compounds. and can see if this could also revolutionize the chemical industry because i wouldn't need crude oil to synthesize chemicals. i could produce everything from c o 2 using like old petra chemical products i want. that's the big vision. and so far initial results and that a bar a treat that very promising let us read. why are the, do you have a science question? send it to us as a video,

text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so come on. just ask. this week's question comes from a viewer in mexico, the how important towards be used for humans. these are considered the 3rd most important live stock animal in agriculture, after pigs and cows. there are thought to be up 230000 species worldwide. we've been reading honey be used for thousands of years. species that are domesticated are known as wild bees. they include certain kinds of bumblebees. for example, these pollinate many crops and therefore play a key role in our food supply. in europe, 3 quarters of all cultivated plants depend, guns be used for pollination. without them, fruit trees would only produce

a quarter of their normal yields. incidentally, studies have shown time and again that the best pollinators are not honey bees. but while these one study looked over, 40 different prompt systems all over the world, from small scale fields to giant monro cultures, comparing colonization by honey bees with that of wild insect. the result showed that the same number of flour, visits by wild beast clicked a harvest twice as high as when the flowers were visited by domesticated bees. despite that, honey bees continue to draw most of our attention. once back in the hive, the neck during pollen they collect, is enriched with enzymes and packed into honeycombs. the sweet result is turned into products that are thought to be good for your health, such as honey. it's set to help with codes for sleep and blemish skin. but

while these are also in focus, researchers have studied the venom may produce. it contains an anti inflammatory compound that might be useful against cancer. honey bee then also contains this compound a, but it's a fits a stronger. so it also damages healthy cells. in a wild be species of variance was found that only works on cancer cells. that study also showed that b, them has grown more toxic in the course of evolution. and now it's time to look at pete bogs. pete lands provide valuable habitats for rare plants and animals, and also store in nor less amounts of c o 2. but that's not the only thing that makes them so fascinating to scientists. a well known salt meto landscape on the baltic sea. it was an, a bulk similar to this one, but insect expert to be his mind to madison station or discovery not long ago.

ready instructions on that important. i was traveling with a friend in brandenburg where i come from the choices. we often hung the beetles, then the weather was good and i saw some remain sparkling in the sun. it turned out to be a beetle. somebody took it with me when it's hans, it clearly identifying most people spacings in the field mice. there were over 6000 of them in germany, but they told him we knew it was old involved, but we didn't know it just highlighted us with ministry due to the low oxygen content and the amino acids in the soil decomposition happens very slowly in buckland, environments it takes thousands of years for people to form less than a minute meter of new solely on is deposited each year. so 10 meters of it represent 10000 years of history. this main soil samples can help to determine the age of the beetle. professor of people in studies on houston does one test on site

. a. there's a long no signed in here at all. and you'll get it, but you have it on this and populate held. now we didn't see the best way to to get this signed in it is with your team is on the phone so you can send it immediately when you eat something. if there's something it a crunch it loved ones on pop, you update doesn't crunch. and whether it's proof of what you can see, this is a very dive. this payment is made of purely organic material. it's written material from this vegetation. what's the month of the all of these? i think it's actually the samples of in taken to that a bar a tree for a more precise analysis. so the south in the area, a local fan around the town of light time, also plays a key role in touch pete lens are excellent. c o 2 rest appliance worldwide, they cover less than 3 percent of the land, but they store twice as much carbon as all 4 is put together. the lifetime of moles

is also a breeding ground for protected bits, so that, so the more reason to preserve it was that seer, you, for the, for the all right here is to both or check the climate and provide a great cabin top for wildlife, and offer a recreational site for people to like many other pete and areas, however, the lifetime on most was drained long ago to provide farmland, many types of grain on the growing dr. feels so dishes with dogs to remove the water in the lifetime i most conservation is now $1.00 to $10.00 box the truck to re which the bulk, the price of admission that 2 years ago. for the last 12 years they've been allowed to discharge water into it. again, their home depot, we have a government mandate re watching because we know that dr. pitman boggs home the time it wasn't by raising the water levels. we immediately stopped there. emission

that's, that's the great thing about people will be watching. you just send this all the taking bullshit from the river. now attribute tree of the need. ideally, the bulk should be kept flooded the whole time, but that's not possible yet. strict regulations govern how much water can be siphoned from waterways. when we think often in summer in summer it's very hot and windy and the vegetation grace. so a lot of water evaporates. that means you have to keep topping it up with some oxygen. the working group is hoping to get permission to pump in even more walton, but the changes are already having an impact for locals like pharma, christie and maya, requesting is forcing in to adopt a fruit of mind. the state used to be fields here where we come to potatoes or cone, but with 3 west things and that's no longer possible. she saw a couple of movies. so he brought in water, buffalo, other grazing animals,

wouldn't eat much of the people implants, and they would founder and up all the ground. more farm is realizing they need to change. so coming is always reaching a point where they can no longer fund these areas any other way. so they're looking for alternatives. my company keeps 20 buffalo on his 20 hector's, but so things to work. more firm is need to get on board. the problem is government funding for these changes is limited. meanwhile, back at the university of price filed in north germany to be his mind to enhance. you'll still not studying the beetle. if i could vote if we remove the remains from the lump of pages on the 9th and to find them under a microscope using specialist literature because corporate funds to the intact wing cases, they can identify it as it can be. but 100, houston still wants to know how old it is using plum pulling every year, more than $10000.00 pulling grains phone on every square centimeter with doyle. or

these opponents are on these calling grains vary depending on which tree produce. then what it to you to a beach tree has completely different potent grains. then a bush, for example, on different pollen prevails in every age because the vegetation has changed over them and then yeah, like the ice type. often the ice age, the only trees watch the butch and pine of this course. it took thousands of years before the older all the alamo. the oaks came in. i saw none. so we found, out of this being told them, must have died and ended up in the bulk around 6000 to 6 and a half 1000 years ago as i was on ancient beetle preserved almost perfectly by the city environments of the people intact. folks grow very slowly that makes them a treasure, trying to lay is of soil revealing how the climate is changed over the last 10000 days. and that's all for this week on tomorrow to day

dw science. so thanks for joining us and see you again next time, bye for now the, [000:00:00;00]

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