clements was not. by and large, chandler was conservative and clements was liberal. the third man i'm going to talk about was a direct beneficiary of the chandler-clements feud, republican thruston morton. the chandler-clements divide was significant because for most of the 20th century kentucky has twice as many registered democrats as republicans. i might say parenthetically happily that's changing. what that meant of course is it was exceedingly hard for republicans to win elections. this occurred in the 1956 kentucky u.s. senate race when the chandler and clements factions were literally at each other's throats. this resulted in morton being elected to the senate in 1956, launching his notable senate career. but let's begin our story with the man known far and wide as happy. he was born into poverty in 1898 in henderson county. chandler's mother left his family when he was a young boy. one of his earliest memories was following her, sobbing as she walked to the carriage that would take her away from the family for the rest of his childhood. her departure meant ch

clements: i do not. we saw the final letters that were sent along with some preliminary analysis that the agencies had conducted. mr. rose: the g.a.o. report notes that treasury staff consulted regularly with the fdic and federal reserve and concurred with the basis of their recommendations to invoke the systemic risk exception. could you please provide some specifics on what this consultation actually looked like? could ii don't have the he -- mr. clements: i don't have the specific details. they told us there were conversations between the three agencies over that weekend. as each were doing their own anall seals -- analyses. mr. rose: thank you. the g.a.o. report notes that you were being -- that you will be moving forward with more work on this issue as we move throughout the year. as i'm sure you're aware, the united states -- in the united states we have a financial stability oversight council which is charged by statute with identifying risk to the financial stability of the united states. promoti

clements was not. by and large, chandler was conservative and clements was .iberal the third man i will talk about was a direct beneficiary of the chandler-clements feud. republican thurston ballard morton. they hope to launch his distinguished career. chandler-clements divide was significant because for most of the 20th-century kentucky had twice as many registered democrats as republicans. there and that it could -- parenthetically, i do not think that is changing. [laughter] it is important to deviate from the text occasionally. what that meant, of course, was it was hard for republicans to win elections. one way the gop could prevail where one factions of the democratic party split. this occurred in the 1956 kentucky race when the clements-schindler factions were at each other's throats. this resulted in morton being alike did in 1956, lodging his notable career. let's begin with the hand known as happy. he was born into poverty in 1898 in henderson county. his mother left his family when he was a

clements was not. by and large, chandler was conservative, and clements was liberal. the third man i'm going to talk beneficiarydirect of the chandler-clements feud. thruston morton republicanthruston morton -- republican thruston morton. their conflict launched his career. the chandler-clements divide was significant because for most of the 20th century, kentucky had twice as many registered democrats as republicans. i might say parenthetically, happily, that's changing. [laughter] it's important to deviate from .he text occasionally course, wasant, of it was exceedingly hard for republicans to win elections. one way the gop could prevail, when the factions of the democratic party split. this occurred in the 1956 kentucky u.s. senate race when the chandler and clementsrepubl. one way the gop could prevail, when the factions were literally at each other's throats. this resulted in moreton being 1956,d to the senate in launching his notable senate career. let's begin our senate -- our talk with the man known far and wide as happy. he was born in 19 58 in -- 1928 inount

clements was not. by and large, chandler was conservative and clements was liberal. the third man i'm going to talk about was a direct beneficiary of the chandler-clements feud, republican thruston morton. the chandler-clements divide was significant because for most of the 20th century kentucky has twice as many registered democrats as republicans. i might say parenthetically happily that's changing. what that meant of course is it was exceedingly hard for republicans to win elections. this occurred in the 1956 kentucky u.s. senate race when the chandler and clements factions were literally at each other's throats. this resulted in morton being elected to the senate in 1956, launching his notable senate career. but let's begin our story with the man known far and wide as happy. he was born into poverty in 1898 in henderson county. chandler's mother left his family when he was a young boy. one of his earliest memories was following her, sobbing as she walked to the carriage that would take her away from the family for the rest of his childhood. her departure meant ch

craig clements. doctor clements, is the director of the state university wildfire interdisciplinary research center. which is a leader in wildfire research. i look forward to hearing his testimony about the importance of supporting interdisciplinary research. also fortunate we are have to have with us today, some of the big bravest people facing the wildfire crisis which is our first responders. they intimately understand which innovations best support on the ground needs. this hearing is a critical first step, in creating a truly government response to wildfire risk that connects research to operations. we are encouraged by the administration's emphasis on climate resilience, and robust funding for our science agencies to tackle extreme weather. as this leaves us ample room to work with appropriators to ensure funding levels and the magnitude of the wildfire levels that we face. at this point i would like to yield, to the ranking member for any comments he may wish to make. >> thank you and i would

clement. >> mr. chief jus -- district courts originalranted jurisdiction over all civil actions arising under the constitution. it is common ground that congress has never expressly withdrawn or restricted that jurisdiction, with respo issue here.utional claims an instead, all calm grass has done expressly give jurisdiction to the court of appeal to a person subject to an ftc cease a desist order. axon is not subject t and does not challenge such an order. inste axon challenges the nstitutionality of statutes that insulate agency officials from presidential removal, and the cleared process by wh acts on is denied access to the court. nonetheless, the government sists that the grant of additional jurisdiction to the of appeal, over orders not at issue here, imply -- jurisdiction that congress conferred. that argument does no follow from any explicit statutory -- and the three factors that this court has fashion tode the all favor district courtlusi jurisdiction here, just as in free enterprise. first,

clements. dr. clements: i think that funding these programs across all the agencies, particularly i think what we really need to focus on is research. so we can get better information in terms of better tools. and so having new tools will allow us to build what we need in terms of center systems because we are lacking those center systems. and also the fact that we need more platforms. as was stated earlier was the fact that we need better satellite technology. i think an investment in a lot of satellite development would be really beneficial to the entire wildfire science community. chair lofgren: dr. mccarty, do you have anything to add? dr. mccarty: i would add that we need to think about as we develop these tools we communicate them with the public in an effective way and we also integrate their input. i think a lot of times when we think of wildfire risk and reducing risk, we forget people are the main cause of fires stella. -- fires still. and the more that we are transparent and open with th

clement. mr. farr? you were invited by this court to brief and argue in these cases in support of the condition blee elow on severabi. you have carried that out. we are grateful. the case is submitted. we will continue argument in case number 11400 this afternoon. >>> on your screen, paul clement, who argued all cases this week. court just wrapped up the second of the two cases they were hearing today. the afternoon case about the expansion of medicaid in the states. we're going to air that here on c-span3 in about 45 minutes. about 3:15 eastern. also going to take your calls momentarily, but as lawyers com we're going to listen in for possible comments withyou' watcn c-span3. >> we just got out of the arguments and we're actually you know, delighted that the case is now under submission and we've had an opportunity to explain to the court why the states and the nfib think the statute is unconstitutional and why not just the individual mandate is unconstitutional because that's what was argued before th

in 1896 clement comes back. the radicals now of the 14th, they come up with the 14th amendment, the civil rights act, they have increasingly a new vision that's including black people in the union, and this is a vinyl election year in missouri. you have pro republican gangs, you have groups like archie clement whose resending from the

you have a republican gangs, archie clement, resisting from

archie clement leads a group back -- i am running out of time. archie clement does not surrender. a lot of confederate guerrillas say, there is no point in carrying on. archie clement demands the surrender of lexington at the end of may, 1865. this is someone who is not willing to stop sacrificing. he never gives up. jesse james himself is badly wounded. the only -- the first time i can confirm he exchanged fire with non-confederate -- non-missouri troops is when he has a gunfight with the musk -- with the wisconsin troops. in 1866, archie clement comes back. this is the election that decides the fate of reconstruction. this is the one i talked about yesterday. andrew johnson goes on the stump union.ning for the radicals come up with a 14th amendment. they have a new vision that is including black people in the union. this is a violent election air -- election year in missouri. you have a republican gangs, archie clement, resisting from the confederate side. this year starts off with a countingf the clay savings association -- clay county savings association. there are two banks i

clement? >> as to the expertise expertise regarding the way in which the remo protections for the pc you >> it certainly adjudications are conducted. the second thing i wouldis if this were a challenge for instance to a rule of evid that bound the alj, and it was being attacked on the ground that it ated do bra size because it did not allow in the opportunity to rebut agencies charges, we would surely say that challenge has to go scheme. the administrati whether the due process allenge succeeds may be unrelated to the merits of any particular allegation that a regulated party has violated the ftc act. but it's still not collateral to the review provisions because it goes to the way in which the administrativ adjudication we'll be conducted. here we have basically the same the challengehe removal protections for the ftc different because the ftc does a lot of other things. if the commission issued a rule, then the rule could be challenged on the ground that thissioners were unlawfully protected

and lieutenant clement would remain with them. as the men split bamboo to transport down river, johnston saw he won a minor but significant victory. they were using machetes instead of bayonets. his appeals to kahn and the men had taken effect. misuse of bayonets had apparently ended. as they prepared to move down river, men of the battalion were concerned about something and it wasn't the prospect of back breaking work in the 120 degree heat. or the almost certain casualties they would take. tet, their version of chinese new year. was two weeks away. unless they completed the post before then, 30% would miss leave time at home and the rest around the feast and festivity in the town. at a nearby port on the river, the equipment was loaded on board lcms. responding to requests through command and advisory channels they assigned four landing craft in support of the battalion's mission. johnston was on hand to watch the lcms pull out. manned by navy personnel the craft would transport the equipment by river and by canal to the constr

you have groups like archie clement who are resisting from the confederate side, and so

richard clement links a group back -- i'm running out of time. archie clements does not surrender. a lot of confederate guerrillas say, there's no point in carrying on, they surrendered. archie clements demands the surrendered lexington at the end of may, 1865. this is someone who was not willing to stop sacrificing -- he never gives up. jesse james himself is badly wounded. can confirmme i that he changed -- exchanged fire with mom missouri troops is when he has a gunfight with wisconsin troops in may of 1865. 66, comes back. this is the election that decides the fate of reconstruction. this is the one i talked about yesterday, but andrew johnson gosen himself -- campaigning for uniting which there ointment war south. radicals now -- come up with the 14th amendment, the civil rights act. they have increasingly, a new vision that is including black people in the union. this is a violent electioneering is early. the pro-republican gains, groups like archie clements, resisting from the confederate side. this syrian missouri starts off with a rubber band just the robberyy line -- bank

clement a. price and to look at issues related to poverty not just in 1968 but perhaps we can talk more about how this poor people's campaign in '68 is so relevant to us today. so i'm going to give you a brief overview of the poor people's campaign and then i'm going to introduce our first guest. in 1967 against the backdrop of the united states as a global model of wealth and democracy an estimated 35 million people lived in poverty with another 30 million people living just above the poverty line. seeing this as an injustice in a nation of means and prosperity martin luther king jr. the southern christian leadership conference and other civil rights activists and organizations knew they had to provide hope and answers to america's poor. so, they wanted to make the u.s. government address some of the economic gaps and gaps in opportunity between the have's and the have not's. so taking their message of economic opportunity nationwide, activists across the country mobilized their communities for

archie clement leads a group back. i'm running out of time because i want to leave time for questions. archie clement does not surrender. a lot of confederate guerillas say, you know what? there's no point in carrying on, they surrender. >> archie clement demands the surrender of lexington at the end of may, 1865. okay? this is someone who is not willing to stop sacrificing and fighting. he never gives up. jesse james himself is badly wounded in a gun fight with the wisconsin cavalry men. the first time that i can confirm that he exchanged fire with non-missouri troops is when he has a gun fight with wisconsin troops in may of 1865 so jesse james is badly wounded. however, in 1866 archie clement comes back and this is very important because this is the election that decides the fate of reconstruction. this is the one that i talked about yesterday that andrew johnson goes on the stump campaigning for a union which there's no slavery, but white men rule the south in which the radicals now come up with the 14th amendment

for those of you who do not know my husband, clement a. price, i have to say he was probably never happier than when celebrated -- than when surrounded by fellow historians. our dear friend and museum director who has begun a sabbatical, realizing that he couldn't be here with us today, wrote me the following. just wanted you to know that i am thinking of you and smiling whenever i think about clem. i miss him so much, but i feel his presence everywhere in this museum. i feel so blessed to have had clem in my life. thank you. how true that is. this museum, the national museum of african american history and culture, as part of his life as a public historian, whether it be documentaries or lectures. he believed history should be available and disseminated widely. on behalf of the over 50 members of clem's clem -- clan , i think the staff for this lecture. thank you rex ellis. deirdre cross. and aaron bryant and everyone who works here with such amazing devotion and diligence. you have already made this a shrine to everything we believe in a

let's start with roberto clemente in duval county, jacksonville, florida. when you say that book was banned, who banned it and why? well, it was banned by the school district and the answer why is sort of an interesting question. look at it from the perspective of one year later. i think people who remove this, and 173 other titles, books from the shelves in the schools in that district, i think they were doing it as a form of creative protest to ron desantis' -- governor ron desantis' new law, the anti- woke law that was put into place, making it a crime to present books on certain topics that covered, say, sexuality, gender identification, racism. they removed all of these books i think for the purpose of drawing attention to them at the time. it seemed like they were doing it simply because they were being good soldiers and following the law and removing all the books that needed to be removed, but certainly, the impetus for doing this is legitimate. desantis was making it a crime and still is to present books on the topics that i mentioned to children a

and lieutenant clement would remain with them.en split bamboo to transport down river, johnston saw that he had won a minor but significant victory. they were using machetes instead of bayonets. his appeals had taken effect and misuse had apparently ended. as they prepare to move down river, men of the battalion were deeply concerned about something, and it wasn't the prospect of back-breaking work in 120-degree heat or the almost certain casualties they would take. tet, their version of chinese new year, was two weeks away. unless they completed the sdc post before then, 30% would miss leave time at home and the rest around the feasts and festivity. at a nearby port on the oriental river, the equipment was loaded on board lcms. responding to requests through command and advisory channels, the navy of the republic of vietnam had assigned four landing craft in support of the battalion's mission. johnston was on hand to watch the lcms pull out. manned by vietnamese navy personnel, the craft would transport the equipment by river and

the president, john ehrlichman, bob haldeman are all in san clemente. i called john and i said, i have something we should talk about eye to eye, person to person. i jumped on the next courier flight and flew to california. i met with him the next morning and he said, what's troubling you? i told him what caulfield had done. by then i had pulled dc code and learned it's a capital offense the district of columbia if anybody dies as a result of arson. i said i cannot believe the white house would risk getting involved in a capital offense or would get involved in this kind of insanity. i just went on and ticked up all the reasons this was absurd. colson was still back in washington and ehrlichman picked up the phone. you would get the white house operator immediately when you picked up the phone. he told her to get chuck colson on the line. he came right on. ehrlichman said to colson, young council dean is out here and he does not think the brookings plan is a good one, turn it off. he put down the phone. ehrlichman turned to me and said anything else i c

clements. he is a professor of meteorology at san jose state university and the wildfire disciplinary center, and he leads wildlife center and behavior and wildlife center interactions and conducting wildfire land experiments, and he has over 20 years experience in the meteorological field observance, and teaches courses in wildlife, weather, meteorology, and climate change and weather instrumentation. and next is jessica mccarthy who is the director of the geological center, and as of this year, associate professor of geology. she has years of experience to quantify agriculture, and food student, and land use change. she is the coauthor and author of more than 20 peer-reviewed articles and 12 peer-reviewed conference proceedingssh and three book chapters and four data citations, and ones that is a technology transfer. our third witness as mentioned by the ranking member is mr. george guysler who is the washington state forester, and deputy for wildfire and research in oklahoma, and he has expe

clement? >> even as to the experti factor, the scc may have lacked expertegarding the way which the removal protections for the pc you >> it certainly has expertise the way adjudic are conducted. the second thing i would say is his were a challenge for instance to a rule of evidence that bound t, and it was being attacked on the ground that it violated do bra size because it did not allow in the proceeding a sufficient opportit to rebut agencies charges, we would surely say that challenge has to go through the administrative whetherue process challenge succeey be unrelated to the merits of any particular allegthat a regulated party has viol the ftc act. but it's still not collater to the review provisions because it goes to ty in which the administrative adjudication we'll conducted. here we have basically the same thing. the challenge to the removal protections for the ftc commissioners is a little bit differcause the ftc does a lot of ohings. if the commiissued a rule, then the rule could be

clement. you press to a judge barrett in her opinion on the seventh circuit called the first potential reading. but the problem that it generates, as everybody has recognized, is that it's awkward to speak of equipment storing anything using a random number generator. that's what justices alito and kagan just pointed out. and initial response to that might be wet judge barrett called the fourth potential reading, which is to say that the phrase using a random or sequential number generator modifies the object rather than the verbs. it would be sensible to talk about storing telephone numbers to be called, that are to be called, using a random number generator. the problem there, of course, is the calm of. i feel that. my question for you is you didn't raise the fourth argument as essential. i am not sure we need to rule it out. would it make any difference to you and your clients and any sensible way if we were adopting the first alternative, or saying that the fourth might also be a possibili

clement. >> mr. chief justice and may it please the court. the individual mandate is unconstitutional, then the rest of the act cannot stand. as congress found and the federal government concedes, the community rating in guaranteed issue provisions of the act cannot stand without the individual mandate. congress found that the individual mandate was essential to their operation. and not only can guaranteed issue and community rating not stand, not operate in the manner that congress intended, they would actually counteract congress's basic goal of providing patient protection but also affordable care. you can -- if you do not have the individual mandate to force people into the market, then community rating and guaranteed issue will cause the cost of premiums to sky rocket. we can debate the order of magnitude of that but we can't debate that the direction will be upward. we also can't debate -- >> that may well be true. the economists are going back and forth on that issue and the figures var

and lieutenant clement would remain with them.s the men split bamboo to transport down river, johnston saw he won a minor but significant victory. they were using machetes instead of bayonets. misuse of bayonets had apparently ended. as they prepared to move down river, men of the battalion were concerned about something and it wasn't the prospect of back breaking work in the 120 degree heat. t. tet, their version of chinese new year. at a nearby port on the river, the equipment was loaded on board lcms. responding to requests through command and advisory channels they assigned four landing craft in support of the battalion's mission. johnston was on hand to watch the lcms pull out. manned by navy personnel the craft would transport the equipment by river and by canal to the construction site. the battalion paralleled the river on foot to clear the area of viet cong. walking with them were johnston and the battalion commander. they cleared villages and searched huts along the populated route to the site of the post. johnston and h

and lieutenant clement would remain with them.s the men split bamboo to transport down river, johnston saw he won a minor but significant victory. they were using machetes instead of bayonets. misuse of bayonets had apparently ended. as they prepared to move down river, men of the battalion were concerned about something and it wasn't the prospect of back breaking work in the 120 degree heat. t. tet, their version of chinese new year. at a nearby port on the river, the equipment was loaded on board lcms. responding to

clement? >> another constitutionally of the act's plaszive expansion of medicaid depends on the answer to two related questions. first, is the expansion coercive and second, does that coercion matter. >> mr. clement, can i ask you, just in matter of clarification. would you be making the same argument instead of the federal government picking up 90% of the cost, the federal government picked up 100% of the cost? >> justice kagan, i would be making the exact same argument. >> the exact same argument. so that really reduces to the selection why is a big gift from the federal government a matter of coercion? in other words, the federal government is here saying we're giving you a boat load of money. there are no matching funds requirement, there are no extrainous conditions attached to it. it's just a boat load of federal money for you to talk and spend on poor people's health care. it doesn't sound coercive to me, i have to tell you. >> well, i want to make the point, even if you had a stand-alo

craig clements. dr.ments is a professor of meteorology at san jose state university and the director of the wildfire interdisciplinary research center. he leads research on fire, weather, extreme fire behavior, and conducting wild land fire field experiments. dr. clements has over 20 years of experience in the meteorological field observations and teaches courses in wildfire science, mountain meteorology, climate change. our next witness is dr. jessica mccarty, the director of the geospatial analysis center. dr. mccarty has more than 15 years of experience in applications of geospatial and data science to quantify agriculture and food security and land cover land use change. she is the coauthor of more than 30 peer reviewed journal articles, 12 peer reviewed conference proceedings, three book chapters, four technical reports, four data citations and one nasa technology transfer. our third witness, is mr. george guiseler who is a washington state forester and the deputy supervisor for wildfire and forest

clement. >> mr. conyers, i would just like to follow up on your analogy to the race context. and i would think if we had a dynamic on our college campuses where we felt like the existing title six prohibitions against harassment on the basis of race were being underenforced because people kept on saying when they were accused of harassment on the basis of race that they had some white supremacy symbol and that this wasn't anti-african-american, but it was all in service of this symbol, that if we had a consensus that that was wrong, that we could amend the definition and restore an adequate prohibition on harassment on the basis of race, and it wouldn't raise first amendment problems because it would only be triggered by harassment. >> thank you. chairwoman parker. >> thank you, ranking member conyers. i would just like to underscore that while i understand and i appreciate that academic study the problem, it's our students who are living the problem. they're the ones that are having the rocks

clements out of the block, but benefited from a decline of divisiveness in the 1960's. in the word of a kentucky state historian, ford represented a new wave of leadership in kentucky politics. following his work for governor combs, in 1960 three he managed a successful governor's race. soon after, he became a candidate himself for the state senate right here in this county area taking on, no less, then majority leader -- then majority leader. after hard-fought campaign in 1965, kentuckians went to the polls. on election day, ford anxiously awaited the results. after spending the morning providing doughnuts for volunteers, ford found himself with nothing to do. out to thed barbershop in town. that was the beginning of 2 day traditions. getting his hair cut and winning his campaign. excuse me. sen. mcconnell: in that primary in davis county, ford won the election by 305 votes. he would serve two years in the state senate, but it was productive. during his tenure in the upper chamber, ford secure 22 bills. as he was rapidly ascending the political ladder, ford suffered a

scott clements. >> madam chairman, it's my pleasure to present mr. scott clements. from the mississippi department of education in mississippi. in his role, he administers eight programs, including breakfast and child and adult food care programs. in addition, his office conducts several school-related health programs. he has 14 years of experience in child nutrition. he's the past president of the mississippi school nutrition association and has served on the usda child nutrition state systems working group. do i also introduce dr. wilson? >> you're welcome to. >> dr. kathryn wilson is the executive director of the national food management service institute in oxford. she serves as associate director -- sorry, she serves as associate professor at the university as well. she holds degrees in dietetics and related fields. she has 23 years of experience as a school nutrition director and has served as the president of the school nutrition association. i'm pleased both of them could be here today to help us review the proposals for legislation on nutrition programs tha

clement thank you, mr. chief justice, justice kagan, we didn't succeed really well under the current second circuit law and we never got to the point of proposing an injunction. the only thing my friend is alluding to is the relief in the summary judgment motion. if we would have gotten to that point we would have wanted clarity. the kind of clarity that a federal court applying the second amendment can provide and you don't have to represent -- >> mr. clement your complaint from relief states it. in order preliminarily and permanently enjoying the defendants and skip out whoever else who receive actual notice of the injunction from enforcing this prohibition from traveling beyond the borders of the city of new york to attend a gun range, shooting competition or to use a lawfully possessed and licensed firearm for the purposes of defending one's home, person or property and you asked for declareatory relief with those same words. >> that's right, and if we're going to go to the complaint and we should look

clemente. general verrilli. >> mr. chief justice, and may it please the court, the afford care act's medicaid expansion provisions will provide millions of americans with the opportunity to have access to essential health care that they cannot now afford. it is an exercise of the spending clause

scott clement is polling manager for the washington post. he is joining us on the phone. thanks very much for being with us. >> good to be here. >> first of all, explain this 50 state survey, what you were looking for, and what you found. >> there were a handful of state surveys done by all types of firms. during on-line polling company survey monkey, to conduct a really massive survey. the largest we've ever done. over 74,000 registered voters across the country, which gave us the ability to look at the vote in every state, but also how subgroups are voting in different states. we can look at men and women, whites and non-whites and other groups and help to piece out the way the dynamics of the election are playing across the country. we found a number of surprises. one of the big themes that this year has been how there's been a deep division among whites by education. with college educated whites. particularly being repelled by trump, but college agrees being more supportive. we definitely see that throughout the data, but it's particularly notable in places like the u

clements? >> sure. actually, we're about 30% of the overall giving last year was from the united states. >> okay. >> and collectively, we're obviously the largest single donor, but no. it's burden sharing. >> okay. so you're seeing other countries step up and help out? >> yes. >> you know, this is only going to get worse until we have a resolution to the problem within syria. and i think it's going to wind up being a regime change, which at this point i think the rest of the world would be safer off and the people of syria obviously. when you're going in and you're putting in, say, water are you building infrastructures, or are you just taking supplies in like bottled water? i saw you had jerry cans and all that stuff. are you putting in wells, septic tanks or sewer systems? >> that's a critical question. thank you very much. we are indeed putting in some small-scale infrastructure, as much as possible where we can in opposition-held areas and even in some of the government areas. but it's on a small sc