as we get out to the cortex, the cells in the cortex begin to respond to edges, to bars where they are horizontal or vertical. later on we get to more complex images and ultimately we'll hear from nancy kanwisher how the brain respond to faces of the land escapes. this is a progressive processing operation that the visual system performs. >> charlie: tell me about illusions. >> the brain makes guesses. as a result it could be deceived and we can sometimes present it with a two dimensional form that it sees as a three dimensional form and vice versa. one can actually see the creativity of the brain at work. because in solving an illusion, figuring out that there is a dog here or there's a face here, there's almost a high experience. like a sense of creativity. in the very primitive sense, we see in the visual system of everyone, you, me and the person in the street, the creative process that is probably specialized in genuinely creative people that do great science or art. the elementary forms of this creative process is built into the brain. >> charlie: we begin this conversation talki

what is it about the cortex that makes it vulnerable. if we can understand that question. >> which brings us to understanding genes and the impact they have on these disorders. >> actually my story, listening to brenda, my score is you just hear exceptional patients and people who give of themselves really and their families who make this research happen. so the first for me the story started with with a family i'll show you in the first image. a woman who wrote to me about her family, she's called carl jennings, she's still a friend of mine. she wrote to me about her family and in her family was an exceptional time of alzheimer's disease. what we think of as alzheimer's disease is latent alzheimer's pea disease people in their 70's and 80's. in carol's family the age of onset was about 55 years old. so multiple generations where the family had got alzheimer's disease in their 50's. actually i know of other families, subsequent to her family where people get sick in their mid 30's with halz hierms disease. the -- alzheimer's disease. the

-- what is the cortex? >> the cortex is the outer rhind. it is just a couple millimeters thick. >> on all sides? >> it's all around the cerebral hemisphere, yes. >> but there's an underside to the brain. >> there is. >> what is it shaped like? >> think of a boxing glove. you look at a boxing glove and the outer part is this wrinkled part of the glove and inside is a pem porl pole and under this we have the sub cortical area, basil ganglia area. but the thinking part is the cecebral cortex. >> you can eye dent regions of the brain, sections of the brain that are in play during various human cognitive thinking activities? >> yes, you can, yes. >> of what use is that? >> well, because you can then tell about how something is correlated. you can make these correlations if someone has sort of a problem. you know where to look for the problem. you also can study something likeke, take, for instance, dyslexia, people who have trouble with reading, by knowing what parts of the brain are involv in the normal reading

but there are other areas, hot spots, if you like, which we now know is the motor cortex and the premotor cortex and they're shown here in this colored regionhere vy w iensity stimulation would illicit movement. and more than that, that was a precise register or map between the place in which the stimulating probe was located and the type of movement. and so it turns out in the remarkable way that somehow the brain achieves a map of the body surface and so stimulation in one place will produce the movement of the thumb. stimulation of an adjacent reason will produce a movement of the wrist and elbow and shoulder and yet another region will produce movements of the leg. in this way people began to realize that there was this precise register between the surface of the brain and the mull groups, the 600 or so you mentioned that have to be activated in precise pattern to produce a coordinated movement. >> rose: this is really a beautiful example, perhaps the best example we have in the brain of functional localization. that different aspects of behavior, different aspects of sensory percepti

be very central to memories in general the reason for that is its connections for the whole of the cortex. dr. merzenich: on the hippocampus we're you're hanging memories on a curtain of time and place. we're constructing a world in which we locate things in their three dimensional in a three dimensional realm. and we're also constructing things in the complex passage, domain of the passage of time. coyote: dr. frackowiak and his colleagues were interested particularly in visual memory and its relationship to the hippocampus. to explore this association, they had to find the right test group. after much searching, they discovered the perfect population was right outside their door. [scooter noise, music] dr. frackowiak: we were talking about memory and down the road were coming these little scooters with plexiglas fronts with a map and these are guys who are training to get their taxicab license. gary: when you're on the knowledge of london the way you study the streets of london, is you physically go out on your moped following a set route. and then you have to learn that set route. you

if you look at that gyration, that's the cerebral cortex, where our perception of the world around us happens. now let's look on the inside what happens inside the brain. and this is really beautiful, because it's almost like choreography. we start off very early in the pregnancy, a few cells are born and they have to migrate and find a place within that cortex. so the first layer of cells will be migrating. the next group of cells will divide and migrate; they'll go past the old ones and take a new position. and this process will continue until you have six layers. all these layers have very specialized neurons for the brain to function properly. think of a thousand dancers at the opening of the olympic ceremony. imagine them having to make the color of the olympic flag and to have to perform a coordinated dance. if any of them takes the wrong spot, the dance will be ruined. and that's exactly the situation with the brain. we talked about intrinsic factors, genes. if we were to study animal models, we've learned quite a bit about which genes tell neurons to go to which spot within th

>> it was mine. >> reporter: unlike the rest of his family, he remarkably low activity in his orbital cortexak on impulsive behavior. also abnormal in the brains of murderers. >> reporter: were you shocked? >> i was a bit concerned about it. and i was a bit shocked. i still was looking for an explanation. >> reporter: fallon then followed up his brain scan study with a thorough examination of his own family's dna. once again the results were startling. >> one person had all of the high-risk forms of genes known as warrior genes. it turned out to be mine. >> reporter: looking at these two, i should be a problematic. >> reporter: but here we are, you got the genetic inheritance, a brain that appears to function like a murderer's brain, but you haven't committed any murders. you never really hurt anybody? >> no, i'm peaceful. >> reporter: this dark realization threw his entire world into question, he believed that psychopaths may be wired to kill. so, why hasn't he out murdering people? does that mean that thesis is wrong? >> it could be the idea that the thesis is wrong or some other mitigatin

the newly appointed head of the un drugs and crime office is vowing to address the afghanistan no cortex threat russian official said daughter of the last month about his military on this new guinea khrushchev says it's high time the war on drugs was linked to the fight against corruption. in his new capacity will be leading the way of the international community a games that narco terrorist threat that comes from afghanistan of the russian voice has been mostly neglected by i said nato an international community so now we have this appointment russia has a unique opportunity to reinvigorate and to jumpstart the international efforts to build up and raise the world awareness about the one and only threat bit really is important significant and neglected in afghanistan and that is how to combat most when the galactic and forgotten drug threat that directly killed ten times more civilian people in afghanistan and all across the world general petraeus has already arrived applause with his reinvigorated effort against the widespread corruption in afghanistan he's anti-corruption efforts will

with russia becoming the main supply route to year by its southern borders next we'll talk to the russian or cortex chief on what should be done to stop the drug threat that's the spotlight. every month we give you the future we help you understand how to get there and want to bring the best in science and technology from across russia and around the world to join us it's acknowledging update on our g.

. >> neurologist and said my expertise is the cortex and your problem is the cerebellum so i can't reallypreciation was it got even deeper. i know this is not a book about your father but one of your -- a line that might not have been easy to write. you quite i had done an exhausting dance with his legacy my entire life. what does that mean. >> well, like any young person i wanted to find my own way, who i was, the songs i was going to write. just my individuality and my father cast such a large shadow that that was difficult. it's not that my experience of doing that was any different than any young person. it's just it was probably more intense because he cast such a large shadow and i was going into the same field. but he left me this list of songs that elizabeth was talking about earlier and i always thought, oh, this is this great thing dad gave me and i didn't realize that it was my dna that he was giving me, my legacy that was very precious to my family. until he died and then i -- it's like you realize what your parents leave you after they're gone whether it's a recipe or set of

secretary -- with the secretary of state spoke with tony blair, bitchy discuss options other than the cortex or unilateral statement by the u.s. -- bandied quartets or unilateral statement? >> the work that has been done with our partners in the region, including members of the quartet to make sure that the leaders know that they have the international support to make this difficult decision. we are working with our international partners. the secretary may have additional calls to make today. we want to make sure that the political support is there. when the leaders feel that the time is right to enter into direct negotiations. >> when the secretary speaks with the prime minister, at did they give her different messages? >> and her calls today, -- in her calls today, it is on the current state of our efforts to move the parties to direct negotiations. she has a regular conversations with the prime minister. her discussion with the minister yesterday was more about the ongoing efforts to institution building within the palestinian authority, making sure that the resources are there to contin

the brains of psychopathic killers. >> and this whole area of orbital cortex ventral media cortex was just shut off-- just like these killers. and i held up some of the slides id been using of all these different killers that we have this information on, and i looked exactly like them. >> fallon suspects he may have inherited genes associated with a tendency to commit murder. he thinks that's just one of many human behaviors built into a person's genetic profile. professors amir barnea and henrik cronqvist have a similar theory. >> what you do and how you invest your money-- that in part is determined by your genes. >> reporter: they think inheriting certain genes can lead an investor to tolerate a certain level of risk. >> what we are saying is that genetic variation across people can explain how much risk appetite they have. so those that are born with more appetite for risk, they end up also with portfolios that have more equity exposure and more risk and more volatility. >> reporter: barnea and cronqvist studied the records of nearly 35,000 swedish twins. they found amazing similarities in the investment styles of ident

the u.s. department of state was in charge of trafficking becomes an art cortex program for ten he's now retired says he has a point and would grind to have lunch with his fingers before spring it on the weeds it's got this substance it's not that harmful but it can be very efficient in eliminating plantations that. i see this part of the way it's a mystery of an off which let's now talk about drugs in russia. as far as i know drug consumption is on the rise in russia. despite the outstanding measures being taken to choose what causes that demand to supply other afghan produces and dealers to blame or is it the situation in no country that generates the demand. for luck term or first that the number of drug abusers has not been grown actually. the actual number of people but yes the number of drug consumers practically stabilized scene two thousand or two thousand and want to do it approach and it's going to growth was basically exponential what about the good thirty four cent that it's added every year well torrington still the current levels on acceptably high but the most because it's too man

the rig. they were meeting in some kind of cortex at the life raft. i had my leather work gloves on. i do not recall when i put them on, but i can remember feeling the intense heat through the gloves and on my knees. i went to the far side of the life raft. i heard the injured person on the gurney start hollering about his leg. i heard andrea screaming that we were going to die. i honestly thought we were going to cook right there. the life raft [no audio] [inaudible] at that point, though life raft dipped forward and started rocking back and forth. there was smoke in the raft. the next thing i knew, it was descending. as we get closer to the water, the smoke cleared. when we touched the water, are heard someone hollered out for the paddles. i was right by the exit door. i jumped out of the raft and grabbed the rope on the side and started swimming trying to pull the rest away. chad murray jumped out and was right behind me. paul jumped out and was right in front of me. i was on my side looking up at the rig. 30 feet above me there was a tremendous amount of smoke coming out from und

that a frontal cortex does not turn on and stop the flow of the things that could keep people calm.there in an altered state 44-6 our -- they are in an altered state for 4-6 hours. >> thank you. thank you to all of the members of the panel as well. cross is for your service. >> senator mccaskill. >> there are three areas i would like to cover quickly that i think are important. an overarching concern is that of confidentiality. some in the issues surrounding mental health, whether is brought on by a brain injury or by substance abuse, alcohol abuse or prescription drug abuse, so much of the problem we have been the military is the stigma associated with getting for activeicularly u duty personnel. i am sure you are all aware of the pilot program that is ongoing for the confidentiality of alcohol and substance abuse treatment at three different facilities. these soldiers are not being read third -- referred to the chain of command after they have sought treatment. general, could you address of the program is going and whether you think this pilot program shows potential for allowing

anything, i think could be best described as a chemical injury, because that frontal cortex doesn't turn on and stop the flow of those things that keep this -- a person at this altered state for 4 to 6 hours. so, i think we have to look at these two together and realize the real difficulty that doctors are having trying to separate and understand the symptoms 100 percent in every single case. >> general, thanks. let's continue this spirit of discussion. i want to thank all the members of the panel, as well. and i thank you for your service. thank you. >> thank you, senator udall. senator mccaskill >> thank you, mr. chairman. i thank all of you for being here. there are basically three areas i'd like to try to cover, quickly, that i think are important. an overarching concern is that of confidentiality. so many of the issues surrounding mental health, whether it is brought on by a brain injury or whether it's brought on by substance abuse, alcohol abuse, or prescription drug abuse, so much of the problem we have in the military is the stigma associated with getting help, particularly for active military,