as the cold war ended and as noted above, these nsnf, nonstrategic nuclear forces, short-range weapons, were reduced under the us businesses of the p.n.i.'s -- that's presidential nuclear initiatives -- and also the treaty on intermediate range nuclear forces of 1987. nonetheless, russia reportedly retains a very large number of such weapons. senior russian experts have reported that russia has 3,800 -- let me repeat that -- 3,800 operational tactical nuclear warheads, with a large additional number in reserve. some russian military experts have written about use of very low-yield nuclear scalpels to defeat nato forces. the combination of new warhead designs, the estimated production capacity for new nuclear warheads and precision delivery systems such as the isekander short-range tactical ballistic missile -- known as the ss-26 in the west -- opened up new possibilities for russia to threaten to use nuclear weapons to influence regional conflicts. that's at page 13. there is a lack of russian transparency on this particular issue. now, one of the things that this -- that this treaty d