this is a concept named by peter singer, but first endorsed by charles darwin more than a century before. the idea is that evolution bequeathed us with a sense of empathy. unfortunately, by default, we apply it only to a narrow circle of friends and family. but over the course of history, you can see these circle of and the these and spending to embrace not just the family, but the village and the klan and the tribe and the nation and then it is extended to other races, both sexes, children, and eventually to others engine beings, other species. this begs the question of what expand the circle. as i hinted earlier, technologies that increase cosmopolitanism may have that effect. the growing appreciation of history, literature, media, a journalism, growing opportunities for trouble, and we know from the social psychology laboratory that if you get a person to adopt the perspective of some other real or fictitious person they are more sympathetic to that person, and they are more sympathetic to the category of people that that individual represents. historical evidence includes the fact th