certainty that was walter litman's repetition bachan eisenhower, kennedy and johnson era. when litman broke with vietnam johnson felt personally wounded. and you do see that, the american newspaper column evolved over time. didn't spring wholesale. the earliest examples we have our ben franklin writing. mark twain, amber spears. there is american colonists is a woman named franny fern who rode bright around the 1850s, 60s and 70s for the new york ledger writing a regular column under her pen name which she was buried under into that we. that you see columns at their peak of influence around 1890 with richard harding davis who really creates theater russo by chronicling his charge up san juan hill. and really sets a model that people like hemingway would follow that globe trotting journalist who is a figure in his own right. but the apex of thomas in the 30s, 40s 50s and 60s these folks had a direct impact on policy whether railing from the outside or people from within. >> page 47, steve hamill's column from september 12, 2001, at death takes hold among the living. weiss is