i think the vra is empowering in a broader sense. a sense to all local officials, be it sympathetic or not to the goals in the statute. what i mean here, or relies on a larger literature that recognizes the way power can be augmented through the restriction. the vra is empowering by the constraints it imposes. it offers a system to competing questions about equality. think about the texas dispute n district. democrats want to push back. republicans want as many seats. the question becomes how many influence will they be given or allowed in the midst of the fight? that fight occurs and continues now. not as a question of what is fair or an open-ended inquiry of what it might require, but in a limited inquiry of the voting rights requires. that question is disputed hotly. we will not see a resolution to it for a while. i suspect. the vra's role is not eliminating the controversy, but given the terms and procedures through which the claim is litigated and resolved. when texas puts forward its plan, it complies with the is being opposed.

then, of course, at the end, the vra has outlived its utility. it is really helping us. i'm not going to agree utility. we have strong claims in the case. i'm looking to the future. that is what it is about. that's what it is about. my son is 15 years old. he came with me today. he will vote soon. but not too soon. he won't be -- he won't after we die in texas, but notfo he will be voting in this decade. it is not just my own interest in casting aniluted vote. that is where we are going. i think there will be greater latino participation in primaries, and in generals. we will present a tremendouson growth. i think both political parties will have to wise up and stop fracturing and start reaching out. what is the ideals forhe latino community? knock on your door and say i want your vote. hopefully that will cause the latino-ization of both political platforms. thank you. >> i want to give the panelists to respond to each other and we will take questions from the floor as well. i don't know. maybe start in reverse order. nina, is there anything you want to ask joshua or el

socioeconomically groups in the district, that district no counts as valid remedial district under the vra. you showed us charts and dprgra and data on various districts, but i was curious if you look at not only the latino numbers but with the socioeconomic, culture income similarity in different districts, or are you basically neglecting that side going forward? >> when we do litigation under section 2 and we're proposing a district especially a district that might be new, we have lots of lay testimony. in addition to demographers who might talk about the more quantitative view, i think it's a good idea to bring in lay withins to talk about -- witnesses to talk about similarities or differences or what it's really like on the ground. whether there's a particular mall over here that folk goes to. i think it's tremendously important to give the court a rich sense of what it is that you're proposing to put there. as to lieulock versus perry, i'm in the same point of view as pam. you had to be there with respect to that case and sort of understand what was going on in terms of being able to

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