so women's christian temperance union decides to use the great moral power, moral suasion. and to mobilize and get rid of these saloons that you were talking about being so nice. >> and the saloon league eventually. >> exactly. they also ask that the members of the wctu make a pledge, could we hear that. >> i hereby solemnly promise, god helping me, to abstain from alcohol distilled, fermented and malt liquors, including wine and cider and to employ all proper means to discourage use and traffic in the same. >> you can tell she was serious. she had the sense of purpose in her voice. remarkably clear recording from 1877. and it seems to be a direct rebuttal to benjamin rush. including wine and cider. i don't care if it's distilled or fermented or malted we don't want it and i'm going to make a pledge and i'm going to try to stop its spread. so, across the last third of the 19th century, north and south and east and west, urban and rural, the great campaign is to bring alcohol under control, as a matter of fact, remove it. there is no good reason to have that. back in your da

so the women's christian temperance union decides to use the great moral power of women across the nation get starred. >> that's right and to mobilize and to get rid of these sal loons that you were talking about being so nice. >> anti-saloon league eventually. >> exactly. and they asked that the members of the wctu make a pledge. could we hear that? >>. >> i hereby some lem little promise god helping me to abstain from all distilled fer meanted and malt liquors including wine and cider and to employ all proper means to discourage use and traffic in the same. >> and you can tell, she was serious. she had the sense of purpose in her voice. remarkly clear recording from 1877 and you'll note, it seems to be a direct rebuttal to benjamin rush. including wine and cider. i don't think care in it's distilled or fer mentioned or malted we don't want it. i'm going to trial to stop it spread. so across the last third of the 19th century north and south and east and west, urban and rural, the great campaign is to bring alcohol under control, as a matter of fact, remove it. there's nols good reason t

given time for tempers to cool so that you could postpone and delay the confrontation, you might, in fact, convince some of those states to recant secession and come back into the union peacefully. if that didn't happen or confrontation was necessary then, yes, i'll create the circumstances where you bear the responsibility. but i kind of suspect that he hoped that the relief expedition would be allowed to go into ft. sumter. that that would prolong the period of uncertainty, keep eight instead of four border states in the union, undermine the sovereignty and the pretensions of the confederate government. if that didn't work, if instead they open fire, well, then we know where we are and you have started the war and we will react to it. so i think to a certain extent he had two possible outcomes in mind. either one of which he would be willing to deal with and wasn't sure until that shot was fired which of those would eventuate. >> adam, you wanted to add something. >> yeah. i wanted to add that i don't think lincoln at all welcomed war, but i do think he thought if there was going to be a war, he didn't want to fire the first shots. and you know, that also played it