so churches encouraged slowly, grad waem, and in limits ways immigrants to engage in civic activity as well. the study of churches in providence found that by the 1910s, you had catholic groups that were staging voter registration drives. through the church, essentially, through the catholic network. so church activity, religious activity could also morph into civic activity amongst these groups. then there's another dimension of this which is the work that civic groups did in immigrant communities. there was, and this is again something that there are clear pa parallels to what was going on in europe. sports clubs, singing societies, gymnastics clubs, you have all kinds of civic organizations that are organizing in ethnic communities, are very ethnic in their character, but are also avenues towards more civic participation. my favorite example of this, really the best example probably is the development of a group called the united societies for local self government, which was an organization that started in chicago in 1906. situation that triggered its organization was the imminent