astronomers try to come up with models on epicycles and copernicus as we get the same appearances by displacing the earth from the center and putting the sun at the center. so we look for regularity in world and comprehend it. all so moral and political philosophy to look at how the world works. a tradition of natural law. quite often, when you mention natural law, people think you are talking about religion. that is supernatural law. it is about the law of nature. i am puzzled why people associate natural law with religion. it not be understood that way. it may be compatible with religion, many important figures in the church fought that natural law had the truth and religion were run, they were compatible but natural law was not discovered by means of faith as such. it can be known by reason. aristotle talked-about nature of the human being. a human being was the creature who talked. the rational animal as translated into latin and english and there are accidental features of human beings that are accidental whether one is for paler dark for example. accidental legally nonessential

this view prevailed in the western world until the 16th century when copernicus advanced the radical notion that the planets orbit the sun instead. then, in the 17th century, galileo pointed a telescope skyward to study the heavens. in his observations of the moons of jupiter, the phases of venus, and the craters of earth's moon, galileo provided startling new astronomical data that strongly supported a heliocentric or sun-centered view of the universe. meanwhile, in central europe, johannes kepler further refined this notion by demonstrating that each planet orbits the sun in a noncircular orbit known as an ellipse. but not until the work of isaac newton was the mystery of planetary motion finally unraveled with absolute mathematical certainty. in the years since then, countless scientific breakthroughs have provided still more clues about where our planet sits in the celestial scheme of things. yet questions linger as we seek to better understand planet earth. how exactly did this world of ours form, and why is it so different from the other known planets? one characteristic that m

. >> i think there has been kind of a copernicus revolution in science where we thought consciousnesss this special thing that distinguished us from other species and there has been this onslaught of research narrowing it and showing everything the unconscious can do, i think it is perhaps time for that to retreat a little bit and show that the role of consciousness in the processing. i think stan's work is doing this, to a large extent, to see what really is special about consciousness. >> for me, the challenge is to identify coherent signature of consciousness. this would be markers in brain activity that would a person labels a person states he is conscious and the channel is to make it available for normal people, for impaired patients, for anesthesia, for sleep, to have a coherence story about what makes the state of the brain conscious or not. >> yes. indeed. and i am really preoccupied by a question that affects both unconscious processing and conscious processing and that is how is information integrated? how is it that a sensory signal from ear and from the eye is integrated

by administering hemlock to socrates and crucified jesus and burned joan of arc, excommunicated copernicusnd galileo and driven and hutchison to the congregation in the nineteenth century. in every case the crime was freethinking. the danger freethinking -- to power. first half of the eighteenth century philosophers began to feel this was a pattern of contrasting wealth and good government. a virtue they said. by the time we get to tom paine in 1776 he writes in common sense we should put crowns and titles in europe and bonfire, kings have nothing to do but give way places, charge rent and the worshipped in the bargain. there is no moral sentiments in aristocracy. the american constitution offered largely by james madison was intended to drive a degree of separation between wealthy and the wealthy in government. they would allow reapportion of non aristocrats to some extent madison's extremism in 1789 more people had access to education and more socially mobile and participate in some degree in elections. to some extent also, madison and his fellows failed. most significantly the constitut