the emergence of cardiovascular disease as a health risk in the united states in 1931, due to paul dudley white famous treatise on heart disease. we can see, as things went above the threshold, that is when heart disease started to become an issue. here is a 1988 when we started realizing that we have an epidemic of adolescent type 2 diabetes. you can see that the temporal relation between sugar consumption and our two biggest problems in terms of chronic metabolic disease -- heart disease and diabetes -- are at least temporally related to this increase. of course, temporal relation is not causation. this is a worldwide per capita sugar supply. you will notice the light blue here is how much of the american heart association says you can consume everyday. notice the entire world is darker than that. here we are, 629 calories. the rest of the world is right behind us. now sugar is cheap. the early history of the sugar epidemic was actually nicely delineated in this piece in the "national geographic" this past month, for anybody who is interested in how we got here and the slave trade and all the