those cases the shia were persecuted and one of the things that iraq unlocked was this, you know, what vally calls the revivalal of the shia. i remember reading his book and in it he said all the wars of the middle east are now going to be wars within islam on the sectarian lines and it turned out to be quite -- >> i think vali was right on that point. not only shia majorities coming to power but we really saw kind of the up ending of the whole orders in the middle east. we're still seeing that play out. where you have minority vee geems governing majority regimes. >> like assad. >> some ways syria is the exact mirror opposite of iraq where you had a sunni minority governing a shia majority. i agree there's been an up ended but it's too easy to think that calm stability which we fondly look back on in some cases, would have persisted in the absence of what happened over the last decade. as both our guests here have already intimated, sectarianism didn't come about after 2003 and the removal of saddam. certainly as someone who spent the better part of two years in iraq, i'll be the first to a