in 15 # 17, martin luther nailed the thesis to the door of the castle church in whysenberg, germany. he was angry about the catholic church selling indulgences, and it was printed on the recently invented press, and sold 300,000 copies. this was the first best seller. there was the partisan reformation and enlightment. the next big step was not until 1949, a teacher names anglo ruth from spain invented and pa tented the first electronic book to increase the number of and way the -- weight of the books the pupils carried to school. with the creation of prishing companies that printed and sold books in the modern era, self-publishing continued. it became expensive and cumbersome. fast forward to the interpret with self-publishing platforms available, there are now or very little barriers to entry. anyone can write and publish a book. the important thing is that no matter what form it takes, publishing is still communication from a writer to a reader. publishing requires specific skills, writing, publishing, editing, marketing, sells, managing budgets and communicating with the readers.