so let's begin with walter lippmann. his masterwork here -- "drift and mastery." this edition is 1917, but it comes out in 1914. look at this quote. men find themselves working and thinking and feeling an -- in relation to an environment that is without precedent in the history of the world. let's talk about lippmann, what he thinks the way he does and what is at stake for him and all of this. yes? >> one thing that i thought resonated in all of the texts, purpose in place of tradition. we have, i guess we had the victorian order of to this point, just doing what was dictated or expected of us, and he suggested there were other ways, namely the scientific method. >> yeah, does he remind you of anyone we have read before? >> all the pragmatist. >> right. the scientific method as a way of living. of shedding our assumptions about authoritarian and traditional a priori ways of thinking. he is right in line with william james in that regard. but he used this word -- "purpose." what does he mean by purpose? what does he contrasted with? >> he contrasted it with traditi