by the united states army to receive the thousands riverview refugees fleeing communism in east germany poland and czechoslovakia. during my time there that number reached over 3,000 persons a week. those brave east germans czechs, poles all were demonstrating that the appeal democracy was and is universal. in response to that human tide the east german government with the help of the soviet allies, built the infamous wall. i believe then and believe now that the wall is the most tangible symbol of the failure of communism that exists. is -- for it demonstrated for the world to see in the most stark and barbaric way that the only way the east german government could keep their people within their country was to prevent them from leaving their country. #could keep their people within their country was to prevent them from leaving their country. for nearly 30 years the berlin wall has stood as a symbol of the failure of communism. many saw that failure occurring over time and now it is said that even communists themselves and even to the east german leaders. today's decision, not an act of democ

germany appeared imminent. to the east, russian armies their way through poland. he south, anglo-american forces were moving relentlessly of the italian peninsula. to the west, allied armies gathered along the borders of western germany. >> good old in one rifles -- m-1 rifles. seems a lot heavier than it did 20 years ago. my name is john shop. i was with the av fourth -- 84th infantry division. 3000 of us shift down to the 84th division before we went overseas in 1944 and we were trained hard and sent overseas in september and we were in england for a while and only caught the red ball express. before we knew it, we were on the edge of the line ready to go into combat. all of us wondering what things were going to be like. we could see the shells going off. we could hear them. we were all nervous, but i do not think anyone was fully conscious about what was going to happen. x they managed to penetrate the enemy lines. this had become a shield behind which german troops assembled. the general, chief of staff to field marshals, had this to say about the situation. >

it will develop into snow across parts of germany, poland and away to the east. snow across moscow. looking at the forecast. dry as we head through sunday. largely to the north. the following weekend where we may see snow. it's the gays, during the dry, bright, sunny weather. >> in romania, up to 50,000 people have been made homeless in recent years. the government has been handling back, and it's the roma minority that are convicted. it's one group in the capital taking the stand. >> winter is here. the only heat available is a small camp fear, kept alight by burning whatever day brie comes to hand. the families pay represent, and live inside two townhouses that they camp outside of despite having nowhere else to go. they were thrown out. >> translation: i agree with giving back the house to the owner. what are we supposed to do. stay in the street with the children. is that reasonable. >> we are at the end of our strength. we are cold. we can't endure the cold, snow and rain. what are the authorities doing. >> the roma have become the unintended victims of romanian laws. which ret

clear that soviet tanks would stop rolling into eastern europe, as they had done in poland and hungary and east germany in the past. he made clear he wanted reform to be the order of the day. but that wasn't enough to open the wall. it creates the possibility that it can open but not the actual reality of the opening. he of course dealt with his american counterparts, president ronald reagan and president george h.w. bush, who previous to becoming president was vice president george h.w. bush under reagan, and he had a series of summit meetings with ronald reagan but they did not result in any agreement to open the wall, even though though there were agreements about arms control. i when president george h.w. bush took office in january 1989, it turns out that he had an entirely different attitude. that was one of the biggest surprises of my research, was discovering the way that the bush administration -- when i say bush today i'm talking about george h.w. bush, the 41st 41st president of the united states, not the son, not george w. bush, the 43rd president of the united states. when george h.w. bush

germany appeared imminent. to the east, russian armies pushed their way through poland in the balkans.e south angelo american forces were moving relentlessly up the italian peninsula. to the west, allied armies having advanced through france and the low countries now gather add long the borders of western germany. >> good old m-1 rifle. semi-automatic, breach loaded. seems a lot heavier than it did 20 years ago. my name is john shaw. i was with the 84th infantry division as a buck private during world war ii. i was one of these astp boys, 3,000 shipped down to the 84th division in april before we went overseas, 1944. and we were trained hard and sent overseas in september and were in england for a while. then we caught the red ball express and then before we knew it, we were right on the edge of the line, ready to go into combat. we were, all of us kind of wondering what things were going to be like. we could see the shells going off. we could hear them. and we were all sort of nervous, but i don't think anyone was really fully conscious and aware of what was going to happen. >> the me

germany appeared imminent. to the east russian armies had pushed their way through poland and the balkans.italian peninsula. to the west, allied armies having advanced through france and the low countries now gathered along the borders of western germany. >> good old m-1 rifle semiautomatic, breach loaded, seems a lot heavier than it did 20 years ago. my name is john shaw. i was with the 84th infantry division as a buck private during world war ii. i was one of these astp boys, 3,000, shipped down to the 84th division in april before we went overseas, 1944, and we were trained hard and sent overseas in september and were in england for a while and then caught the red ball express. then before we knew it we were right on the edge of the line ready to go into combat. and we were, all of us, kind of wondering what things were going to be like. we can see the shells going off, we could hear them. and we were all sort of nervous, but i don't think anyone was really fully conscious and aware of what was going to happen. >> the men of the 84th division had managed to penetrate the enemy lines a f

east. you have a fight between poland and germany over whether this is a good thing. >> absolutely.s is a question for all the big nato members, the traditional ones, they don't want ukraine in. but the problem is ukraine asked for nato membership, do they have to begin negotiations, and what does that do in terms of the russian position? >> what's happening now is that you have the same thing happening within nato that you have happening within the european union, which countries like poland are raising their hands and saying we don't want to be junior members anymore. we are members. the balance of power is shifting towards us. >> give us a clinic the difference between our oil analysis and natural gas analysis when we see that ukraine cuts off power to crimea. >> this is what is so fascinating right now. a couple of weeks ago we said we see the signs of a nascent off ramp. we have this deal for russia to supply ukraine. the financing has been worked out. ukraine can make this payment. there's been a sense that we were moving forward in negotiations with the east, and now all the

extending outwards to the middle east i think there would be a lot more concern if concerned if the u.s. were to suddenly pull out and the nato members, germany, italy, poland, if they had to suddenly put their own military expenses to raise their own military to meet whatever threats are out there asia is another case that's interesting. someone made the comment that the united states is the least distrusted actor and as some have argued that it is a linchpin for stability in the region. it's not -- again there are different views about whether the u.s. military presence is a source of stability or instability and further militarization of the region but at the moment even in the democracies in japan and south korea come even they can't really trust one another and so of course if the united states were to remove all the troops the first thing in japan would want to do is raise its own self-defense. but let's not kid ourselves that is a military and it would give them the right to expand so if japan begins to build its military power that makes the chinese feel. the same with some southeast southeast asian countries like the philippines, vietnam and indone

germany through more of the central and eastern european economies, given that the biggest markets for german capital and intermediate goods is still the likes of poland, hungary, and countries to the eastby ann in this comfort zone --re i still think a logical there is a symbiosis between germany and russia. half of russia's tax revenue comes solely from its exports of oil and gas to the eu, while as much as two thirds of germany's oil demand comes through russia. there is the case of knocking heads together and sorting this out, but clearly, it's not going to happen in the short-term. >> neil williams come stay with us. we will continue our conversation about things on his mind, as we did with russia and greece. 6:21 here in london. ♪ >> welcome back. hermes investment management chief economist neil williams. i did enjoy reading your notes on the outlook for the next year. the word "bazooka" was in there, and i haven't seen this word for a while. is the bazooka going to be rolled out of the garage? >> yes. bazooka is very much in the shed and will be dusted off next year. the interesting thing is, what is the trigger for him to use it? possibility linking it with e couldthat i've hea

poland without worry of interference from the great power to the east and on september 1st, the same day that hit the launch the blitzkrieg against poland commencing world war ii, william sebold left germany. the whistle to make a run for the border. flag down two motorists with foreign license plate to refuse to help, fearful he is being followed by the gestapo and mindful that he lacked proper papers to get past the jack points, he gave in. he wrote a letter saying he accepted the proposition 100%. in time he introduced william sebold to dr. rankin, one of the many deliuss for nicholas fritz reuter, an english fluent officer based in hamburg and today we have nicholas ritter's daughter, kathryn wallace in the second row here. just to fill in slightly who she is and how she came into the story, catherine was the young girl during the war. ritter live in the united states in 1920s, married in alabama born woman who he took with him to germany, they had two children. one of whom was kathryn and by the time ritter matt william sebold and brought him into the spy service they were already going through a divorce and catherine was a young girl who had an extraordinary wartime story she has wr

germany and spain disappeared. they have low marginal costs but there is no chance with the exception of poland and other east european countries i don't think that we will see a final decision in europe ever again so this is the last of a dying breed. and for the first time ever if the market projection and so far we've done only by carbon capture and storage is coming back from the grave into the reelection is taking place in the next five years it is good to be 0.2% so that is a long way to go. with that i'm happy to pause the floor. >> thank you very much for the very interesting and somewhat sobering projection in particular anybody looking for more use in europe. we will go to you next. >> i'm honored to be invited back to this event. [inaudible] today i would like to elaborate the importance of the context not only from economics but political standpoint. people tend to have negative power just because we are talking about what to do against climate change and we have to maximize our efforts to protect. many people tend to be [inaudible] [inaudible] and in the area to find herself without any bit of doubt or po