joining us, john boyle, assistant professor, specializes in terrorism and political violence. >> first, has law enforcement underestimated reach of isis in europe? >> i don't think they've underestimated the reach of isis in europe. the problem is security services are overwhelmed. they've known several month there's are up to a hundred operatives planning attacks but you're monitoring large numbers of people, it's difficult to arrest prior to an attack. belgium has been on a high alert for a long time. capabilities are strained in dealing with it. >> we saw the sophisticated planning of isis militants during the paris attacks. would you describe this the same way? what can we learn from this attack how isis operates? >> well, it's clear that isis is improving trade craft. it has advanced from the paris attacks. aside from hitting soft ctarget it working with advance the explosive detonators, different chemical compounds used for explosives and using burner cell phones frequently. they are learning and adapting in ways to improve their trade craft for attacks from what we saw in paris.

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle'se deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish communi

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle's or the deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish c

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle'sr the deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish com

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle's or the deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish c

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle's or the deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish c

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle's or the deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish c

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle'spart of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish communities i want to say an

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle'sthe deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish commu

volunteers that keep our celebrations alive and the history alive over the jim considering the john boyle's or the deferring admit our part of our celebrations of the sister city and charlotte said earlier anita and i have a great trip on behalf of the city to celebrate the sister city and treernd things that help our city for example, the first direct flights between san francisco and dublin e bin gosh what wonderful (clapping.) and from what i hear it is more successful than we knew that was going to be a groundbreaking thing it is more successful and continue this wonderful flight and it brought kids from other parts the city to help us with technology and help exchanges culture exchanges it has brought trade and more cultural and educations challenges and, of course, through that all we're able to have the t kenny come and visit, of course, timing mike hig goes on and several carbon monoxides with him and the cultural center and talk about the international significance of those exchanges that is so many things have happened as a result of the the sister city work and the united irish c

to the best way boyle, white americans terrorized each other based on their beliefs regarding slavery. culminating in a spectacular raid on harpers ferry in 1859. we can talk about john brown in more detail later. but it bears mentioning that brown believes slavery was an active war and therefore should be destroyed using terrifying violence. he was not alone in this belief. he drawn the examples of people who had come before, like net turner. briefly by up terrorism,that though perhaps not known by that particular term, has the brutes in american history. and i've only scratched the surface in these remarks. i think that reflecting on the violence that shaped early american history can be a sobering experience. that it is necessary. direct -- as a corrective, but because it moves us into a more accurate rendering of that past. and by placing terrorism's past in a proper historical context, we can begin to see our own violent times more clearly. from this perspective, terrorism is not an aberration or something that al qaeda imported on september 11, 2001, but rather a crucial aspect of american history from the very beginning. thank you. [applause] announcer: that w