in an unchanging climate, in ththe absence of human caused climate change, t that raratio shoould be one to one. you shoud break cold records as often as you break warm records. what we're seeing is we're now, if you look a at the past few year, for example, seeing warm records, all-time heat records, broken at 3 times the rate cold records are being broken. 3 times the rate you would expect from chance alone. that's actuallyly like rolling 6s6s the timmes as often as you would expepect. so rather than rollilg a 6 one in 6 times as you would expepect fromom a fair die, 6s e coming up half the time, so every other roll is a a 6. >> is climate c change happening faster than we expecected? >> the current trajectory that we're on leads to the conclusion that within a matter of a couple of decades we may see ice-free coconditions in the arcticic at the end of the summer. this is something that the climate models predict shouldn't happen for another 60 years, till the endnd of the 21st centutury. and indeed nature seems to be on a course that's faster, that's momore dramatic than whatt the