i'm such a layperson around all of this. so the twin bore tunnel boring machine would allow us to tunnel a tunnel wide enough for three tracks; is that correct? >> that is correct. the idea is we would use two tunnel-boring machine that would contain one track essentially, and then there would be an sem mine cavern in between the two that would contain the third track. so it's essentially two relatively medium size tunnel boring machines, i guess you would call them, and one between those. >> is that the most affordable option or just the only option available to us given the technology that exists? >> so we ran several different scenarios and different options during this. this is the one that came out the most cost-effective, yes. >> so there were other tunnel boring machines, but they weren't as cost-effective as this? >> the big tunnel boring machines are, yes, but they're not feasible because you need to go deeper. the vertical grade, if you will, wouldn't align for those. >> now, did you study a loop extending out of t

. >> just so everyone understands that, because when, you know, to a layperson that word corrupt means money changing hands. that's not the legal definition of corrupt, is it? >> it is defined five different ways under the statute. lie, threat, bribe, concealing evidence, destroying documents, those are the examples in the statute, but there are others. clearing somebody for a political reason and ignoring the law would also qualify as a corrupt purpose. >> the statute of limitations didn't even run until after trump was in office. so nobody's been cleared of anything. anybody could have picked up that investigation at doj. anybody could have followed through with the prosecution. i think on some charges the statute of limitations still exists. so when you say that he ended the investigation or he stalled it, well, maybe, and if that was the case, why didn't somebody else pick it up? >> yeah, but i think this is very telling. i mean, let's be honest. this was james comey's show. he was the one running the investigation. he was the one deciding when he shouldn't have improperly -- wheth

otherwise to layperson, informant, spy, it's a distinction without a difference. the guy, you've talked to congress, you've testified to congress in this russia ve investigation. you know, he's the one who oversaw the 253 paged republican conclusion about what happened. and manu said she admits she was an an formanhattan. did you know about it? does this change >> is it troubling that she was a russian informant? >> no. there is no evidence that she acted on that. just because she confesses without any evidence, that is not, that doesn't rise to the level of re-opening anything. >> does that make sense? >> i don't know what exactly his logic is, but what i can say for sure, is she was here, in new york on june 9, 2016, on behalf of putin and the russian government meeting with one specific request which was to repeal the act. hoping if donald trump became elected he was repeal that. >> we do know after he won, she followed up. she said let's follow up on the act now. >> well, what we know for sure is that they weren't going to stop at one meeting. what we don't kn

as a layperson and not a lawyer especially and as has been described, a guy who doesn't always take theadvice of counsel. so, katie, if we take a look back at this week, does the dr. jackson incident become a kind of -- i don't mean to diminish him or the incident. does it become a blip on the time line of the trump presidency, or is there a deeper cautionary tale there about things like vetting? >> i think there's totally a deeper cautionary tale about things like vetting. mainly that it doesn't seem to happen in this white house to the degree that perhaps president trump's predecessors might have carried out hiring and vetting individuals i think, you know, starting with somebody like rob porter and now, you know, dr. jackson's nomination. i think there are serious questions about how the president is appointing new nominees for very high-profile, very high-responsibility jobs and their readiness for it. i mean this came out. it was kind of a land speed record to have somebody say, never mind. i don't want to go through this. so going forward, one would assume that these questions wil

the recording of events and statements and observing things in a way that others might not, that a layperson might not, the attention to detail. and i just think that is. you're right. it's hugely important for people to see themselves because we've heard about the comey memos for so long now. and even in reading his book, it reads differently because, you know, that's a novel in a way. that's, you know, literature. this is more like an fbi agent report. you know. they're called fbi 302s. that's how this reads. i think it shows his training and how it comes through. >> frank, i'm coming to you next. before i do, i want to play james comey was a guest on rachel maddow in this very studio earlier tonight. and he talked about this very process. >> you've explained to congress that you didn't write memos like this after other interactions with other presidents. what trained you or told you or made you believe that you should write a memo like this after interactions with president trump? >> well, the first meeting in particular, i was concerned that i needed a record to show the other intelligen

crime that you charge someone with that relates to engaging in conduct that might constitute as a laypersont, collusion is conspiracy. having an agreement or meeting of the minds by or between one or more people to violate the laws of the united states, whether that's campaign finance laws or anything else. i do think it does suggest that people on -- at the justice department do believe that things that we laypeople refer to as collusion constitute a crime but lots of people have been saying that for a long time. now you see more specific proof of that sentiment. >> it certainly in that memo seems to suggest that. preet, thanks for joining us. >> thanks, wolf. >>> just ahead, cnn's exclusive interview with stormy daniels' former lawyer. he's speaking out now for the first time about the hush deal he brokered with president trump's lawyer, michael cohen. >> can you tell me about the payment? did michael cohen ever indicate to you that he was paying this $130,000 for stormy daniels out of his own personal finances? >> yes. >> and back then, did he say to you, look, i'm having to take a loan

how does the layperson interpret the data? christie: that's a great question.oxy for chocolate demand. to create chocolate out of the cocoa bean, you've got to grind it down. and that's what people make chocolate out of. you grind the cocoa bean down to make local butter. and cocoa powder. these are the things that we use from the being. when we talk about grinding, we're talking about how much cocoa is being processed into something usable come into a chocolate bar, cocoa bar, cocoa powder. we look at grinding particularly by the largest chocolate companies to see how much chocolate product their making. the reports have been the grinding's are up in europe and the ivory coast. they are weaker than expected in north america. but what it basically means is that europe and the ivory coast have more cocoa than anticipated. that suggests higher demand. joe: real quickly because we have a minute. yousef north america kind of week. where do we see the biggest demand growth? kristy: that's a great question. i don't know if it's regional as much as it is -- asia has h

. >> am i wrong as a layperson to look at this and think my god, what must they have that they would take the series of steps that they have taken today? >> they've got probable cause to convince a magistrate and high-ranking doj officials that crimes have occurred, and that cohen is behind it. >> i want to read this from nbc about this sort of high legal standard at issue here. said it was a court authorized search which means there is sufficient probable cause for a federal judge to agree that a search involving the president's personal attorney could occur without any advance notice to cohen there is two bars here. you're not just subpoenaing and you're not just going at a lawyer you. are raiding a lawyer. >> right. because you have reason to believe that he might destroy evidence if he gets tipped off. a there and is lots of leakage. you've got to do this in the morning. you've got to do it so he doesn't know about. >> harry, i want to talk about the chain of custody which i find fascinating of this out of the mueller investigation into sdny. mueller is turning over a bunch of ro

could you briefly explain to a layperson what the patriot act is. the patriot act is a series of changes of law. 9/11,weeks after authorities were conducting surveillance of other things. the most relevant part of the patriot act is what is known as section 215, which modifies an existing law. it changed the law to be about specific business records from an order from the foreign intelligence court and expanded that to essentially anything covered by a typical subpoena. the reason why this is relevant katz is relevant here is a following case determined that phone records, the information on a phone call, is not covered by the fourth amendment because there is no reasonable expectation of privacy under the ktatz information you give to a third party. was utilized by the government to obtain all of the phone calls that took place here erahe u.s. in the post 9/11 under the authorized program, and later under section 215 of the patriot act. fromelevance year of 215 the patriot act is this metadata issue that goes back to smith v. maryland and katz. it

averagegess: candy layperson look at the terms and conditions and make the evaluation, is this a strongenough protection for me to enter into this arrangement? look, imus bad is anyone else -- i see an app, i wanted, i downloaded them just take me -- i breezed through the stuff, just take me to the good stuff. but if the consumer wanted to know, could they know? mr. zuckerberg: congressman, you are raising and important point. i think if someone wanted to know, they could, but a lot of people accept terms of service without taking the time to read through it. i view our responsibility not just as legally compliant and getting consent but making sure people understand what is happening throughout the product. that is why every time you share some thing on facebook or through one of our services, right there through the control in line where you control who you want to share it with, because i don't just think this is about the terms of service. it is contextual. you want to present people with the information about what they might be doing and give them the relevant controls in a line at

is that a layperson's understanding of the 5th amendment? >> well, there are a lot of reasons to plead the 5th. it is a constitutional right that is available to all americans. but i find this incredibly ironic because donald trump has been very outspoken in the past about people that plead the 5th. he has a number of quotes on the record. he was quoted extensively during the campaign as it related to various individuals pleading the 5th. and i'm going to paraphrase some of those quotes. he said only mobsters plead the 5th and you only plead the 5th if you're guilty. >> let me ask you to do a little bit of legal analysis for us. with that as the development today, a rather stunning development it would seem, where do you think that raid is leading the federal investigation into other potential crimes by mr. cohen? this is not obviously involving your client stormy daniels, but you know a lot about mr. cohen. he's now your -- you're obviously someone who studies the enemy, and i wonder what you have learned about your legal enemy in stormy da

could you explain to a layperson what the patriot act is? >> sure it was enacted immediately after 9/11 and a few weeks after 9/11 they gave more authority to conduct surveillance amongst a lot of things. i think what was relevant was 215 of the act. it change it had law from being about a specific sets of business records and how the records obtain them, to expand them and cover anything that was covered by a typical subpoena. the reason it's relevant and katsz is relevant here, the dialing information of a phone call is not covered by the 4th amendment because there's no reasonable exception of privacy. under the candidates rule you give to a certain authority. the relevance here is this met dah data issue that goes back to smith v maryland, that goes back to katz and ultimately 'being discussed right now and debated than it was in jones. >> james in greenfield, massachusetts. hi. hello, james. we'll move on, next up is paul in white river mont junction, vermont. you're on the air. go ahead please sir. sounds like we're having problems wit

could you briefly explain to a layperson what the patriot act is?ct, you had a series of changes to the law in the weeks after 9/11 that gave the government more counterterrorism authority to cut -- to conduct surveillance among other things. the most relevant part is section 215 of the a treat act, which modified an existing law about business records. law from being about specific set of business records and how government could obtain them, to expand that to anything covered by a typical subpoena. the reason it is relevant and katz is relevant here that in a following case to katz, smith versus maryland, determined the dialing information from a phone call is not covered by the fourth amendment because there is no reasonable expectation of privacy. section 215 was utilized by the government to obtain substantially, all the phone calls that took place with the carriers they apply these orders to in the united states in the post-9/11 era. and then later, under section 215 of the patriot act, so the relevance here of the patriot act to this case is

you look at the optics, they're both crossing back and forth which as a layperson, you're saying, thisat we have to do now is prepare the president for the summit with kim. and to prepare him for that, he have to be clear with the president. here's what north korea's objectives are and here's what kim jong-un is going to do to try to pursue that and that should be the focus. >> can kim jong-un be trusted now? should he be given the benefit of the doubt, both of you? >> no. no. >> no. >> the kim regimes, three of them now have shown over and over a willingness to make an agreement and then either break that agreement or cheat on that agreement. so whatever we agree to, there's got to be a very tough verification regime. >> the president has the new national security team, a new secretary of state. in the past, though, president trump has said north korea must scrap its weapons programs before any relief of sanctions. do you think he's going to be able to hold the line on that? >> i think what just happened was very clearly choreographed to try to set up a more gradual process where ther

. >> well, can you -- can someone -- can the average person, the average layperson look at the terms and conditions and make the evaluation is this a strong enough protection for me to enter into this arrangement? look, i'm as bad as anyone else, i see an app, i want it, i download it, i breeze through the stuff, just take me to the good stuff in the app. but if a consumer wanted to know, could they know? >> congressman, i think you're raising an important point which is that i think if someone wanted to know they could, but i think that a lot of people probably just accept terms of service without taking the time to read through it. i view our responsibility not as just legally complying with laying it out and getting that consent, but actually trying to make sure that people understand what's happening throughout the product. that's why every single time that you share something on facebook or one of our services right there is a control inline where you control who you want to share it with. because i don't just think that this is about a terms of service, it's contextual. you wan

michael, if you could just explain that for me in layperson's terms.fused as to why -- you had predicted that michael cohen would take the fifth so it sounds like your prediction is coming true, but why does he need to plead the fifth according to the judge? >> joy, thanks for having me this morning. good morning. >> good morning. >> the judge has effectively ordered michael cohen if he wants to attempt to stay the case to file a declaration stating that he believes his fifth amendment rights are implicated and explaining why. why michael cohen is under the belief that, in fact, if the case goes forward, our case, why it may implicate his fifth amendment rights. that's what he's asking him to do. he is a he not asking him to plead the fifth quite yet, but he wants more information about the overlap between the criminal investigation and the facts of our case because as it stands now and as the judge told michael cohen and donald trump's lawyers, that motion has gaping holes in it as it relates to their effort to delay or stay our case. >> so let's go t

>> well, can someone, can the average person, the average layperson look at the terms and conditionstion, is this a strong enough protection for me to enter into this arrangement? look, i'm as bad as anyone else, i see an app, i download, breeze through the stuff, just take me to the good stuff in the app. but if a consumer wanted to know, could they know? >> congressman i think you're raising an important point which is that i think if someone wanted to know they could but i think a lot of people probably just accept terms of service without taking the time to read through it. i view our responsibility not as just legally complying with laying it out and getting that consent but trying to make sure people understand what is happening throughout the product. why every single time thaw share something on -- that you share something on facebook or one of our services where there is a control who you want to share with because i just don't think this is about terps of service. it is it is context wall. not have it be in the background one time or make up front one time decision. >> let

their provider and can you say a little bit more about what shaken is, if you are explaining it to a layperson? >> you asked a rather long question, but -- so yes. so at its core shaken allows the originating service provider to sign the call and basically to attest to what they know. that's one of the key things. this, all calls that are assigned are not the same. if the service provider knows that that's your number then they can -- consign this is your number. if they don't know it's your number but they know who originated this, this is my customer, i know who they are, i know how to find them if they do something bad, you can do a lower level, a partial attestation that says this is somewhat reliable and then you have the ones where it's a gateway coming in from who knows where, i don't have any idea, but i know where it entered my network which might be very useful both for call blocking and analytics engines and also for tracing. the other thing and then at the receiving end that information is verified, it's crypto graphically signed and verified so that you can't mess with it in betwe

. >> well, can you -- can someone -- can the average person, the average layperson look at the terms and conditions and make the evaluation is this a strong enough protection for me to enter into this arrangement? look, i'm as bad as anyone else, i see an app, i want it, i download it, i breeze through the stuff, just take me to the good stuff in the app. but if a consumer wanted to know, could they know? >> congressman, i think you're raising an important point which is that i think if someone wanted to know they could, but i think that a lot of people probably just accept terms of service without taking the time to read through it. i view our responsibility not as just legally complying with laying it out and getting that consent, but actually trying to make sure that people understand what's happening throughout the product. that's why every single time that you share something on facebook or one of our services right there is a control inline where you control who you want to share it with. because i don't just think that this is about a terms of service, it's contextual. you wan