ms. jankowicz. i'm sorry. jankowicz. from your studies in other countries, about russian disinformation, we have the estonia example, where it was diminished by a government outreach to its citizens. fake news has spread by russia, civil society groups, fact checking. so, in terms of equipping citizens to fight foreign election meddling, what approach has your research led you to believe might be affecting in our country? >> it has to be a holistic approasenator. that is an excellent question. it's not just about literacy or teaching people to second check sources, it's about critical thinking and engagiin discourse and debate which i think sadly, social media has polarized us so much that we are not doing anymore. it's about building these critical school thinking, and also civics. i was a member of the debate team in high school. i think that led me to the work that i'm doing today, and gives me a greater understanding of the world. we need more stuff like that happening in our scols, but also for adults as well. an un

ms. jankowicz. from your studies in other countries about russian disinformation, we have the estonia example, where it was diminished by a government outreach to its citizens. in ukraine, fake news was spread by russia. civil society groups launched factchecking. so in terms of equipping citizens to fight foreign election meddling, what approach has your research led you to believe might be effective in our country? >> it has to be a whole holistic approach, senator. and that's an excellent question, because it's not just about media literacy or teaching people to second-check sources. it's about critical thinking and engaging in discourse and debate, which i think, sadly, the social media has polarized us so much that we're not doing any more. so it's about building these critical thinking and also more stuff like that happening in our schools, but also for adults, as well. understanding of the system is integral to trust in government. >> okay. senator klobuchar. >> thank you very much, mr. chair