and of course roosevelt being roosevelt, didn't listen to them. they made up a public statement about how serious this was and again shows the need to get involved. in the war. his lawyers were very concerned that the three german-americans would take great offense did. >> it was probably cooked in from his view that they had had him agitated. why did anybody say it was the same kind of jury examination. his lawyer could've said i object. >> it was a statement he made outside the court. when they were selecting, yes, it became the big questions became party affiliation mostly. but they and each side were using the challenges to try and the jury ended up being a mix of different parties on the jury. i think there were three democrats again define as progressive republicans et cetera. it was a political makes on the jury. definitely backgrounds like that came into play. in jury selection. >> roosevelt emerges and vindicated. maybe he thinks triumphant but if you say he's busily changes in susu and unbalancing it but how does the outcome affect what

hoover wasn't asking for roosevelt's cooperation he was asking roosevelt situation. i think it's worth giving attention to these months from november 1932 to march 1933 at the time when both roosevelt and hoover understood that the united states faced a pivotal crisis and they acted accordingly and they fought bitterly over this very short period. now in the near term of course we know that roosevelt prevailed and he didn't give into hoover's demands. he survived his assassination attempts. he became president. he was able to fulfill the promises that he had made on the stump together with his party in congress and he did indeed engineer a rapid recovery. it won over the people who had voted for him and by 1936 the people who voted for him as well. he became the leading influence in the united states for the united states adoption of an anti- nazi foreign policy and of course the american economy who helped he helped ensure became the factory engine and second world war. it's also worth pointing out though that in the longer term that hoover also one. the version of

but for roosevelt, it allowed him to move on and move forward and when theodore roosevelt died 1918 i think there was serious thought running in 1920 i was right about the germans forgot was right about world war i. >> and he was right about the bosses. >> yes. i think he viewed the space as lookingki back but also looking forward. >> i think we have time for questions. >> tell us about the lawyers and was there any attempted jury tampering on either side? >> no allegationue of jury tampering that we know of. butid the judge did ask them every day did you read anything about the case and instructed them not to read newspaper coverage he would ask the same question each day to make sure they had not been reading. and the judge was one of the most respected atpe the time. actually the plaintiff's lawyer worked on the case of 1875 that was the highest profile civil lawsuit and of course that was involving henry ward beecher with an affair but it was a very salacious and tawdry case. and it was a big time that they both had described as corporate attorneys and the kinds of attorneys and t

now, you might think, boy, roosevelt is really pushing it. roosevelt wanted more. he personally wanted a tax rate of 99%, 99.5% on all income over $100,000 is suggested that to his budget director. that means, just to put this in perspective, if you earned $200,000, you pay a lot on your first 100, but on your second, you pay, you get to keep $500 and you sent 99,500 washington. when roosevelt proposed this his budget director said oh, my gosh. then roosevelt said, why not? why not? and it was something called the why not solution. the why not solution. why not? when i bring this up, , okay, il be roosevelt. i think went to have a tax of 99% 5% of all income over 100,000. there you go. why not? when i raise this. that did not become law. roosevelt tried an executive order of 100% on all income over $25,000. well, that got repealed by congress. then roosevelt tried another attempt to, of 100.6% tax on millionaires. >> why not? >> 100.6% tax on millionaires. >> why not? >> what i'm saying is, if you were a millionaire, according to this tax bill, you would pay 1 mill

with roosevelt. roosevelt attempted to steer his rage but burns had become immune to stick burns committed the cardinal sin threatening rose up telling him if use click again he would not lift a finger to get roosevelt dealers through to conserve the congress. roosevelt, this was a kiss of death or roosevelt did not ignore the threat. burns posted his memoir and from that point on yet lunch and dinner with the president every day. he met privately with roosevelt before dinner. but roosevelt had marked his disloyalty and the relations rapidly cooled in fdr's final days. only roosevelt death save burns of political oblivion for as eleanor reserved no man was indispensable to the president. and i said there's time, time with you i would tell you about my favorite kind antiwar, leon henderson. he's just a fantastic, incredible individual. he is more than ten sinkers that tickets ticket of the people spot. he used to work in his underwear, only put on clothes if if you go outside his office and step on ot

and expanded under roosevelt. the program that is best known as the new deal is wpa. the works progress administration to give jobs and other things. there are a lot of roads being built by the wt a.. they are unemployed and now we'll have them build roads. that pokes them to get will -- to work and in media roads built and that's a good program to. and the wpa we find there's a familiar picture here. this sounds familiar like you are listening to a broken record those people who had influence were able to get at a lot of wpa funds. those people who were not from influential states did not get very much at all. i have some quotations that i thought maybe would make the point in the book. beachy copeland democratic county chairman of indiana explained in this quote what i think will help is to change the wpa management from top to bottom. put men in there who are in favor of using these democratic projects to make votes for the democratic party. that doesn't leave a lot to the imagination, doesn't it? james dougher

now, you might think boy, roosevelt really pushing it. roosevelt was wanted more. he personally wanted a tax rate of 99 percent, 99.5 percent on all income over $100,000 and suggested that to hisbudget director . that means, just to put this in perspective, if you earned 200,000, you pay a lot on your first hundred but on your second hundred thousand, and i can you earned 200,000. you got to keep $500 and you said 99,500washington . when roosevelt proposed this, his budget director, he said oh my gosh and roosevelt said why not. why not? and it was called the linux solution? the why not solution. why not? when i raised this up, i want you to, okay, i'll be roosevelt. i thought we ought to have a tax of 99percent on all income over hundred thousand . there you go, why not. well, that did not become law. roosevelt tried an executive order of 100 percent on all income over $25,000. well, that got repealed by congress. then roosevelt tried another attempt, a 100 .6 percent tax on millionaires. 100.6 percent tax on millionaires? what i'm saying is if you are a millionai

peter roosevelt does not like this. they have been promoted because of illness within the officers bumped up to take charge. that leads roosevelt as commander. now he has his own regiment. they are told to wait in reserve in the ground of a location on kettle hill. cattle hill is before the san juan bridge. as they are waiting there, they are being picked off. there are snipers in the trees, a lot of roosevelt orderlies getting kicked off. roosevelt is the only one on horseback in the assault. the snipers are trying to pick him off. they miss theodore and it is orderly. eventually, they took it to advance but if the "rough riders" advance, the account them up the hill and they haven't gotten those orders. roosevelt says if you are not going to go, then let's improve. then he starts and it starts a whole movement. we have african-american soldiers part of this and roosevelt allows the charge to happen. they can easily take kettle hi hill, then they can seek over to the left, the end of the ridge which has a big block out

roosevelt tells him to step back.oosevelt believing that he can make this a purely partisan issue, he would have a better chance. wheeler would have none of it. he actually worked with the republicans, the republican chief justice of the supreme court to concoct a pretty effective argument against roosevelt's proposal. and eventually leads the effort that resulted in the defeat of the proposal. wheeler, himself, here is a picture of him from 1935. this is one of the few pictures of roosevelt and wheeler together. he is the second on the left there in the picture. standing immediately to the left is a senator from kentucky, who would later go on to be the senate majority leader and vice president in the truman administration. just to roosevelt left shoulder is sam rayburn, later the speaker of the house. rayburn at that time was the chairman of the house interstate commerce committee. wheeler the chairman of the senate committee. so they were counterparts in the house and senate who passed the big utility breakup legis

roosevelt was terrific in so many ways. he had amazing judgment and saw things nobody else did because he was fluent in german, he read mein kampf in the original in 1933, one of the english translations, this is an inaccurate translation and it made a huge difference. he understood the menace hitler opposed to everyone. here is my question, my standard question. if you could ask franklin roosevelt for one question, this is for both of you. what do you think it's answer would be? >> franklin, could i have a martini? [laughter] >> and how do you mix them? >> i would ask if history helped you to be a better president and i know what the answer would be. sometimes we are really lucky, just before world war ii franklin roosevelt happened to be reading carl sandberg's biography of abraham lincoln. what is the lesson of lincoln? if americans are asked to fight a war they have to understand what the reason is. that will make them better warriors. the idea that you had in fdr's mind, vice president franklin roosevelt finally chose,

how did teddy roosevelt get to san juan hill in 1898. >> it was a lot of hard trying theater roosevelt said i put the weight he tried his best to form a regiment. it was just the force of will to get him to that spot where he created the iconic moment in 1898. >> he was not regular army he was volunteer. >> did he operate independently? >> yes to the chagrin of commanding officers he certainly have an independent spirit in his own way of doing things and he did have a commanding officer and he was part of the fifth corps. they did have their marching orders as to what their role was going to be. he took on additional roles and that charge at san juan hill a lot of the credit for that does go to colonel roosevelt. >> where is san juan hell. just on the east of santiago. and why was a militarily significant. the reason for his significance was one of the spanish fleet that was holed up in the harbor in santiago. the movie wanted to force thoughtfully out of the they thought the best way to do that was to send a land force to take santiago once he was taken. the fleet in the harbor was go

and roosevelt got the message. one of the messages was if you are ever a war president, make sure that every single american nose with the mission of the war is. they didn't in 1917 in 1918. they sure did in the 1940s. so in january of 1941, franklin roosevelt was newly reelected to a third term, it gives his state of the union, and what is he talking about? the four freedoms which should be something that we see all around the world. that essentially became american warring great in case anyone had any mess apprehension during the next four years, they would know that we are fighting for. the other thing is, i was saying earlier i had guts. not only in the fall of 1940, late 1930s when americans were terrified by any sign that their president was secretly plotting to bring about a war which people already were accusing roosevelt of as early of as 1937, he was in a position of having to ask congress for a big program for which would inflame those fears. he knew the alternative was, if we did not rearm and we did ha

began to spar with roosevelt. i will digress just a moment to talk about montana's importance in that 1932 presidential election. we now think of franklin roosevelt obviously as one of the great american presidents, most historians would place him in the same grouping with washington and lincoln in terms of their import in the history of america, but in 1932 it was far from a foregone conclusion that franklin roosevelt would actually win the democratic nomination let alone win the presidency. wheeler as early as 1930 publicly endorsed roosevelt for president. roosevelt hadn't even run for reelection as governor of new york at that point. roosevelt was -- or wheeler was on the roosevelt bandwagon very early, campaigned very aggressively for roosevelt in 1932, made speeches all over the western united states for the roosevelt ticket. played a very instrumental role at the democratic convention in 1932, probably most significantly wheeler had a friendship with louisiana senator huey long and wheeler convinced long to

roosevelt could give it back. the two of them were like gore vidal and buckley. [laughter] but he, look, at the end of the day, he was just kind of all over the map. and so it's very hard to swallow that. but when the war came along, you know, he went to war fundamentally because he felt he had an obligation, having supported the war, to actually go to war himself. i think there's also some boyish adventurism going on as well, i don't want to say it's only that. but, you know, he, i think, truly believed that he had an obligation to go do this thing. he was a very moralistic man in good ways and bad. i mean, there is a all of that. but, you know, he was someone who, i think, was, you know, was committed to honesty, was a very, was, you know, moralistic in the sense that he looked down on people who did not love up to his code, and yet he did live by a code. it is, so you go through these things, you find these sort of episodes, oh, that's so awesome. he's such a great guy. and then you turn to next one, he's a kin

roosevelt, however, was a politician. he never met a man or a person he wouldn't want to shake hands with. he always had a joke. he was always smiling, and laughing. and he also had that politician's deep-seeded aversion to ever answering a question with a straight answer. he didn't want to get tied down to one particular answer. he always wanted plausible deniability. he always wanted to be able to change his mind and go a different direction. which drove marshall absolutely nuts. because as a military guy, he needs decisions. he needs to know what direction the country is going so he can make things happen. marshall also never let the president get too close to him personally. he never laughed at any of the president jokes. he never allowed the president to call him george, and he never went to visit the president at his home in hyde park, new york. marshall was also an army man whereas the president was a navy man. he had served as the assistant secretary of the navy. he loved the navy. he loved the sea, and he was an

he roosevelt personally. he liked being in the same room and they got along when they were together, but in almost every instance, he felt that publicly roosevelt was a disaster, publicly. >> he calls him the tom sawyer of the political world and he doesn't mean that as a compliment. if you remember tom sawyer's character, he was a show off and he said he would go to halifax for half a chance to show off and to hell for a whole one. >> i remember also you pointed out that twain was somewhat disappointed or at least philosophical about hays' role n all of that. actually wrote down that he writes good friend from the church and says i'm sorry for ohn hay and ashamed. he wears a collar and he has to pay the penalty. e meant it in terms of moral conscience, which i think also leads us to the acquisition and the building of the panama canal. >> can i mention one thing? that letter i had read years ago and read at different times. it sort of, when they lay their lives together, you learn when he wrote that letter.

he always insisted people calling colonel roosevelt.what i want to do is capture of wawhat was it so important to hm and it was the first moment in the. he's done a lot but he's never been a leader and we think of roosevelt fundamentally as a leader, presidential figure, leader of the country. i don't think we got ove all oft from his battlefield experience but looking at this writing before and after change and we are looking at what can they do to change. and then of course through it looked like he di you could chaa little bit. it was like the leading corporate lawyer in new york and fascinated. it has to be good biography. he didn't have residency status, a resident of dc for tax reasons so she finagled things and got proof. the point is mckinley and roosevelt felt in room paper from the argument and essentially took the lesson of the spanish-american war. there were a lot of kind of residual structures in the civil war a secretary of war and commanding general. he changed that to make the secretary of army secretary of war and it r

and never quite got over it and so even though franklin roosevelt really was a steadfast supporter of our smith, he nominated him twice to be president of the united states at the democratic convention, campaigned for him all across the country, certainly in new york state, succeeded him and was his hand-picked successor to governor of new york, to succeed our smith but once he became governor of new york smith thought he would be a puppet, smith would take it from here and he would write speeches and legislation and roosevelt was not that kind of guy. affable though he was he was going to be his own man and that was the beginning of the fracture of the relationship and ironically it led to our smith abandoning his own progressive values and endorsing wendell wilkie when they ran against franklin delano roosevelt for reelection in the 32 campaign and the 36 campaign. nonetheless franklin delano roosevelt kept up the friendship, and for gave him but it is an interesting friendship and incredible social history about working conditions for working men and women, our smith of the prime o

what is happening, and at the end of their meeting, roosevelt, he asked roosevelt, what are we going to do about this? this is a 27-year-old polish man in the oval office, probably intimidated, asking the president, the most powerful man in the world, what are we going to do? and roosevelt says, we are going to win the war, that is consistent u.s. policy for this entire time, we are going to win the war as soon as possible, that is how we will stop all the killing, not just the murder of the jews , and finally again, six months later, roosevelt signed the executive order establishing a dedicated rescue response. roosevelt, because he doesn't live to see liberation, he doesn't live to write memoirs, he doesn't live to reflect in a post-holocaust world, we don't know what his motivations really are for establishing the refugee board, we don't know why that change happened in him. and whether he is in the back of his mind, whether he is remembering that meeting, it certainly had an effect on him because he orders a ski to go see other government officials, and to tell his story, rooseve

what's happening and at the end of their meeting, roosevelt, carski asks roosevelt, so what are we going to do about this? this is a 27-year-old polish man in the oval office probably intimidated asking the president, what are we going to do? roosevelt says we're going to win the war. that is consistent u.s. policy for this entire period is we are going to win the war as soon as possible. that is how we will stop all the killing and not just the murder of jews, but all the killing and finally again, six months later, roosevelt signs the executive order establishing a war refugee board and a dedicated rescue response. roosevelt, because he doesn't live to see liberation, he doesn't live to wrat hite his memoirs and doesn't live to reflect in the post-holocaust war and we don't know what his motivations are for steak the refugee board and we don't know why that change happens in him and whether jan carski is in the back of his mind and whether he's remembering that meeting and it certainly had an effect on him because he orders carski to go see other government officials and to tell his st

roosevelt apparently reluctantly agreed to that but roosevelt also pointed out that he had some demands. he expect to get the very best that marshall had so they came to an agreement and marshall became the acting army chief of staff. this was in april 1939. he was acting in that capacity up until 1 september 1939 when craig retired. the day that germany attacks poland, world war ii begins, marshall becomes the chief of staff of the army. germany attacks poland in 1939, france in 1940 and the loss of friends is a shock to the united states. it begins to bring the united states out of complacency. not out of isolationism. congress and the american people wanted absolutely nothing to do with a war in europe but congress understands they have to begin preparing for war. so the louisiana maneuvers held in 1940 and 1941 were designed to see how well the army performed and the answer was not well. the exercises revealed a number of equipment problems such as iron pipes being labeled cannons and trucks being labeled tanks and singleseat planes being labeled bombers and that sort of thing so th

>> teddy roosevelt was the most annoying of all the vice president. nobody could control him, mckinley cannot control him, nobody could control him as vice president, there's a great story of assistant secretary of the navy, there's a great story of the navy where he goes on a six hour break get the equivalent of a spot treatment, and he is so worried about teddy roosevelt will do of the navy in six hours that he instructs him not to take the country to war. while he is getting that treatment teddy roosevelt mobilizes the country for work. in six hours. but what is interesting, beginning with teddy roosevelt, a recent one of accidental presidents get selected in their own right. and then you have way more reelections as president in the post- 1900s then you do in the period before, i attribute a lot of that to the fact that foreign-policy plays a more pronounced role in the president asserts a norma's amount influence on foreign policy. and to answer your question, the vice president that exerted the most amount of influence, the last three or four vi

roosevelt will have -- both roosevelt and francisco will have a modified schedule. roosevelt will shift to a seventh period schedule and francisco will stay after a sixth for a period schedule. they will be doing the aligned professional learning on wednesday after news and those already started with educators and it is a good time for teachers to learn, to collaborate, and build their capacity around this change. and unique to us, too is looking at the common planning time organized by content so they can think about the articulation between sixth through eighth grade. and both schools are honing in on a lot of the deeper learning principles, technology integration, and roosevelt will go further along. for francisco, they have a strong foundation already in place and we will be building on that and project-based learning. we shared earlier about some of the professional development and professional learning that the school is engaged in. there's been a significant focus on project-based learning. and francisco will have -- continue its focus on social emotional wel

my book is about us immigration policy under president roosevelt . during the years leading up to the holocaust and the early years of world war ii. it's a very controversial subject o. there being a lot of books attacking the president, others defending him. what i wanted to do was to integrate stories of what was happening in washington, the political struggle that was going on in those years. over immigration and refugee policy. with the stories of a specific group of people with whom we could identify, people trying to reach the united states from nazi germany whose lives were in danger and who were trying in order to survive, they needed to obtain what the american journalist dorothy thompson called a piece of paper with a stamp. and whether you lived or whether you died recently dependent on whether you can obtain this document. so i looked at one single community in the southwest of germany, a little village called time and i look at the jewish families in this village. particularly after kristallnacht, the horrifying violence against the jews

the go-between is the roosevelt administration. in may of 41 when their friends were falling he turned to his private bodyguard from scotland who congratulated him and said you have an enormous task ahead of you and churchill had tears in his eyes when he said i hope it isn'tch too late. that isn't public churchill, that was a private churchill. there's a fascinating character in london and the i u.s. embass. he fought in france and from an anglophile american family he was constantly at odds with the u.s. ambassador in london to the beginning of 41, joseph kennedy. utit should cut a deal whatever deal it can and it makes no sense to support britain because it is going to lose anyway. anything you do to support it is just a wasted effort. there are people like general eads are opposed to that and realized also that it's a matter of fighting the public relations war back in the states particularly with the help of american journalists. including by the way dorothy thompson he brought them into his office and had a staff of dictionar

>> welcome again to the 16th annual roosevelt reading festival. my name is kirsten carter and i'm the head of the archives department here at the library. we are so pleased to host such a wonderful group of authors this year, one of our very, very favorite events. if you enjoyed this event and would like to support the library, we would encourage you to become a member. you can do that online any time or by signing up at the table in the hallway today. so let me remind you of how the festival works. we are going to happen author speak now for 30 minutes, followed by a ten minute q&a, and then i walk the author out to the front of the visitors center to sign books, and you can purchase her book and a new deal bookstore and then meet the author and discuss the book even more. so our next author today is sandra bolzenius. she is a teacher and a story. for two decades she lived abroad first as a soldier in the united states army serving in germany and later as a teacher in international schools in europe, africa and asia. she earned her doctorate in h

theodore roosevelt uses the bully pulpit. he creates these relationships with journalists and uses public opinion to launch and advocate for very specific policies. franklin roosevelt takes this a step further. he capitalizes on radio and uses that to create an intimate connection with the american public. and i am going to play you a quick clip, just to give you a sense of what this sounded like. again, thinking about if you were a listener. you were tuning into your radio during the 1930s to listen to your president. this would have been what you heard. >> ladies and gentlemen, the president of the united states. >> my friends, i want to talk for a few minutes with the people of the united states about banking. to start with the comparatively few who understand the mechanics of banking, but more particularly with the overwhelming majority of you who use banks for the making of deposits and withdrawing of checks. >> what did he do, just in that very simple opening? >> he definitely personalizes the chat. he uses i, you, we,

franklin roosevelt takes this as step further. pucate foitalizes on radio and uses that to create an intimate connection with the american public. and i'm going to play you a quick clip just to give you a sense of what this sounded like. again, thinking about if you ab were a listener, you were tuning into your radio during the 1930s to listen to your president, this would have been what you heard. a what >> ladies and gentlemen, the president of the united states. >> my friends, i want to talk for a few minutes with the people of the united states about banking.i the mechanics of banking,co more particularly with the mpar overwhelming majority of you who use banks for the making of thet products and the drawing of change.hemajority >> what did he do just in that very simple opening?ma >> he definitely personalizes the chat. he uses i, you, we, and he ses , creates this personal link between the presidency and the people so that they feel like he's on their side and that the also have a place in this huge bureaucratic thing that h

in another, roosevelt dies. when japanese internment comes along, there is a lot of enthusiasm for the fbi to manage japanese internment, and hoover pushes back against that. the department of justice and fbi both opposed the policy of japanese internment, so what happens in large part through other channels. at the moment that roosevelt dies, he was actually considering taking up hoover's idea that when the war came to be the fbiought to in charge of global surveillance, sort of making the fbi into a proto-cia. so in the 1930's, the point to take away is that the fbi is not operating on its own. it is operating in conversation with congress, in conversation with the presidency, and in many ways is being empowered by the president's own agenda. hoover is certainly pushing some of this, but he's not the engine of his own empowerment, in many ways. in closing, i want to jump quickly to the 1960's, and offer a few last thoughts. if roosevelt is really the president responsible for creating the fbi in many ways, it

what does theodore roosevelt bring to the presidency. >> theodore roosevelt brought increased media connections at the beginning of the 20th century to start formalizing the process of the executive office in the media. >> excellent. >> the offices set up the west wing as a source to have the press within the white house in order to have a connection with them as well. >> these are key in terms of he saw the press as an asset, something he wanted to capitalize on to control and help state look opinion. excellent. caroline? >> he also had fireside chats but there was this idea of a personalized president that if everyone person has a radio they can listen to him and it's like he's speaking to them using rhetoric that's easy to understand and not super complicated political jargon. >> so roosevelt really brings in this idea of the fireside chats. he uses the president's as a pulpit and creates relationships with journalists and again uses public opinion to launch and advocate for specific policies. franklin roosevelt takes this one step further. he capitalizes on radio and uses that to create an

defended a glass the same way or he handed the drafted to wilson president roosevelt is elected and glass hands him the glass-steagall act. mostly done and it is enacted in the first 100 days of the new deal. but what is reflected is the idea of regulation is not the way to address financial problem problems, fragmentation, decentn so they try to regulate those affiliates and separate banks and securities firms. but there is one more act to discuss the sec act of 1934 way back in that committee in 19131 was to require somebody issuing new securities the second was to regulate the stock exchange and brokers. guess who they had as the regulatory authority? because they are very concerned about jurisdiction and the constitution gives federal government to regulate so nothing happens to the recommendations 20 years later roosevelt is elected the new deal comes in a turn to securities regulation first the securities act with disclosure and then they have a big debate on the roosevelt people select the ftc for cohen agency created in the wilson administration to impact liberal reformers b

president roosevelt walking a tight rope. helped the u.s.to become arsenal of democracy and use the selective service act and a lot of things were done by the u.s. government to help britain and its allies fighting the nazis. after the japanese attacked pearl harbor, they went away overnight, they were a united nation. would you comment upon that? >> that's a great question. it's a focus on a lot of my book. he was very focused on taking measures short of war. there was a need to keep america out of the war. they made very vocal statements condemning japanese and german aggression including the quarantine speech in 1937 where he talks about quarantine against aggressors but by and large, there was not public support for america getting what they saw as another european conflict. there's a lot of opposition on capitol hill from public area. they didn't want to see america get involved in this european or asian conflict between japan and china in brown's about was taking measures where he could to aid the allies. i'm writing about is this prog

elinor roosevelt also saw an appointment them only to referred to her assistant. with the vast majority of civilians who are following the case supporting the women then w acp chief attorney considered as potential in taking on segregation in the military. the fort devens case hit a nerve. added timely courts-martial, a black person claiming racial discrimination as routine as they were ignored outside of the african-american communities, this one stood out. the defendants were both black and pima, the case laid open fresh and thorny to context to the step three of the most contentious issues of the war. women in the military, racial segregation in the war for democracy. in the extensive war department, investigation of the strike, the army denied discrimination at fort evans. it just did not happen. the fact that 75% of black wac worked as orderlies compared to 12% of white wac would suggest otherwise. but not too many white personnel in 1940s. instead they pointed to the poor army test scores as confirmation that black wac did not qualify for skilled assignments

you talked about stalin and roosevelt but how did roosevelt kill with stalin and talk about the change thinking about that? >> that's very interesting because there is no doubt he ever on the ones went close to the front. he was desperately afraid of assassinations that he is looking at all these maps and he seized it in the theoretical strategic turn but he doesn't know just how difficult it is to cross the english channel into his winston churchill who flew to moscow in 1942 to tell stalin to his face that this was a major undertaking the russians certainly had never done before and they would need huge supplies and people that have actual combat experience to do it. he was initially disbelieving. i understand that he admired churchill but you could see that he was no coward so he trusted churchill that the allies wouldn't be ablallies wouldbe ad possibly wouldn't be able to do it in 1943. when the invasion did take place, stalin was the first to send signals to fdr and churchill saying this is a stupendous achievement nothing like this has ever been done before. there is a great mom

he is invited by roosevelt. and given the disability and the probe quantities. they have a lot of time in the bedrooms upstairs. and they would often just do their business wandering in and out of the businesses. it was in the bathtub. dictating something to his aid. he goes out into his bedroom and a certain point. the towel falls to the floor at that moment roosevelt rosen on his wheelchair and without a moments hesitation he is seat mister president i have nothing to conceal from you. you have that kind of relationship for me. you have a governor in a new ambassador who have come he had been governor of new hampshire. he was very pro- british and church hill. that relationship is cemented. that was a prerequisite. the big factors hitler's own gambles. the more things begin to go their way. and then when they began to go against them. what happens is his air force does not bomb britain into submission. he is frustrated and so he goes back to the original ideas which he spelled out again and again that the future lies in the conquest of the east. to enslave col

you think about roosevelt, such a complex person. she has a heart and spend time with his cousin and walled off his children but it was precisely that comports in a position that allowed him to give up all the empathy that gave him a feeling of empathy with the most downtrodden and just thinking about that is interesting. what they are trying to do is inspire people to be good citizen and that involves leadership and about what you think the constitution means and american history means and that's why i said we were paying too much attention on a daily basis, but they heavily into history because you need to tell stories and personalize it and make judgments and connect and you have to be a kid and be inspired to learn more and read those books. in that sense i think reading them is fun. >> i think we rate pretty much everything and i would say i don't know when this became true that the president is the most well known person in america. maybe mohammad ali was more well known saying i have better years that's why i got it more. but

roosevelt was different. roosevelt never made protcgcs of young congressmen. he just had a role. he didn't help. i started to realize there was one exception to this. it was lyndon johnson. johnson would have breakfast with him. i said to a man named james rowe who was a friend of johnson. i said what made this different for franklin roosevelt he said, roosevelt was a political genius. almost no one understood what he was talking about. lyndon johnson understood at all from the first minute and roosevelt saw that. it was just two geniuses. and roosevelt once said to dickies, he said if i had gone to west texas, i might have turned out like that too. yes sir. >> when you're doing interviews, people are aware they're talking about history and they care how they look. how do you decide what to believe? >> i never believe anything that shows told to me in an interview once. you interview people over and over again. i think i had 22 interviews. several hundred pages of typed notes. then you go to other people involved in the story. and you ask them the same questions. then you go back

the roan eelees are african-american, but roosevelt is going to sign off in making gettysburg a test case that not only are the enrollees afthe gettysburg battlefield, doing stuff like this. you all probably use this particular facility before, i bet, right? i know i have. you recognize it? that is the comfort station bathroom by the pennsylvania memorial.'re beautifying monume upkeeping monuments. they're protecting or building or upgrading roads. they're doing a lot of the modern infrastructure. here they are in the soldiers national cemetery painting the lafayette fence. remember the one that was first in washington, d.c., the lafayette fence, lafayette field has moved to the hill, and then it's going to be placed in between the soldiers national cemetery and the evergreen cemetery. here they are upgrading it. the you can drop your what ens great depression, not the new deal, but the second world war. when i was reading through the 1940's, this period of the park, i was wondering how the world war ii generation would use or relate to gettysburg. on december 7, 1941, the nation is