as author carrol anderson explained, chief justice roberts has long been an opponent of the voting rights act and in shelby county he used arguments that have been carefully crafted over several decades to eviscerate the voting rights act. without the constraints of the voting rights act, states with long histories of discrimination ramped up voter suppression from racist voter i.d. laws to eliminating early voting to purging voter rolls and closing voting places. in the six years following the shelby county decision, for example, states previously subjected to preclearance under the voting rights act closed at least 1,688 polling sites. texas alone closed 750 polling places. the clotured had -- closures had their intended effect. a study at harvard university found minority voters are six times more likely than white voters to wait longer than an hour to vote. longer waits impose greater costs for voting of minorities and deters them from voting in future elections. we saw the impact of these policies just last week on super tuesday. we saw inordinately long lines in minority precincts.