of experts quote unquote featuring former cia agent turned fake news guru cindy otis and the wilson center's disinform ation fellow mena jan quits. i'm sorry what in the hell is a business information fellow how do you become a distance or information fellow. these are good questions but none of those were asked anyway while the committee batted around ludicrous ideas like flooding queuing on sites with even crazier conspiracies to upset their already crazy conspiracies one of the biggest nods of agreement seemed to come from the idea of forming a new government agency yes this new government agency that essentially would be on behalf of the public making the rules subject to legislative authority as opposed to having the delegate that delegated to tech giants yes we need a new information agency a truth agency if you will because you know we've had so much success with other orwellian title agencies here in the united states like the department of homeland security and you know the national security agency. i think it's time we start watching dogs. she wanted was going on a cd you st you wa

roger invited me to my first seminar at the wilson center in 1988. it was so important in helping me with my historical work on the middle east. i am indebted, as i think we all are. tom, it's a wonderful book. i was told not to say how much about how good the book is. what i was particularly struck by was the humanity with which you wrote. this is an extraordinary hard achievement, given the where kissinger, the name kissinger, and the name nixon. i say this because i was struck by one article that was written 10 years ago. the first line was, "richard nixon is our freddy krueger. you have written a book with historical context of research, but also understanding that kissinger knew what he knew of what we don't know now. that is a second great wonderful thing about your book. these views you have gone hindsight -- i was struck by this. you are talking about the fact that they were so obsessed with the 1972 election. you are saying, but why are you upset, you won every state. you don't have that sense. it's almost a suspense book to read. what's goi

second, the disinformation fellow at the wilson center and next the vice president of the group and melody smith, head of an analysis. welcome again to all of you. thanks for your participation at work. doctor donovan, let me begin by recognizing you for five minutes. >> thank you for having me and it is a pleasure to be here in my house testifying for you all and thank you, chairman schiff. i think that it is an important topic. the information spun by the operatives targeted people seeking information, information about the election, the pandemic and the protest. as the research director at the shore and steameassurance team a team that is analyzing manipulation campaigns. today i'm going to speak about the sectors shouldering the true cost of misinformation at scale. in january, 2020, facebook published a really important statement and i quote, in the absence of regulation, facebook and other companies are left to design their own policies. we have based hours on the principle that people should be able to hear from those who wish to leave them. policies like this push for great respons

center for china and globalization in gutters burg maryland raised the program associate of the wilson center focusing on the u.s. china relations and they live search germany other many director of china policy center at australian based think tank welcome to you all and by laying out this new blueprint is china transforming or just trying to expand its economic power globally. well i think it's doing a little of lords so this latest well the coup lucian of this one and lays the groundwork trainers for teams 5 year went around and i think the key issues here are 1st of all that china recognizes presidents see that their. china is facing changes unseen in a century so this involves both domestic issues as well as school issues and was plan is designed to address the threats emerging from both the spheres but also be opportunities as well so i would say that the principles have not changed meaning pursuing the asp fulfilling the aspirations of the chinese people are pursuing the rejuvenating of the twenty's nation and making a contribution to their kind are the guiding principles but of course

of experts quote unquote featuring former cia agent turned fake news guru cindy otis and the wilson center'sthis information fellow nina janko wittes. i'm sorry what in the hell is of this information fellow how do you become a distance or information fellow. these are good question.

of experts quote unquote featuring former cia agent turned fake news guru cindy otis and the wilson center's disinform ation fellow mena janko it's. i'm sorry what in the hell is a business information fellow how do you become a distance or information fellow. these are good questions but none of those were asked anyway while the committee batted around ludicrous ideas like flooding q. and on sites with even crazier conspiracies to upset their already crazy conspiracies one of the biggest nods of agreement seemed to come from the idea of forming a new government agency yes this new government agency that essentially would be on behalf of the public making the rules subject to legislative authority as opposed to having the delegate that delegated to tech giants yes we need a new information agency a truth agency if you will because you know we've had so much success with other orwellian title agencies here in the united states like the department of homeland security and you know the national security agency. i think it's time we start watching dogs. if you will what's going on on a city stre

nina jankowicz is from the wilson center, she is the author of how to lose the information war.he joins us now from arlington, virginia. thanks for being with us. did today's hearing do anything at all to address all of the disinformation about voting that is out there right now on social media? frankly, i think there is hearing like a lot of the other tech hearings we've had in the past here on capitol hill didn't really amount to any new information for voters. was just a partisan to any new information for voters. wasjust a partisan part to any new information for voters. was just a partisan part of the ticking show, essentially. we've seen ticking show, essentially. we've seen the senators in particularjust wa nt to seen the senators in particularjust want to score points that can get reduced to a clip on twitter, facebook are tick—tock. it's pretty ironic that these things are being shared on social media. that's what they're trying to get, those sort of heads. and it really in terms of the policy response, nothing was advanced. which i think was expected given that we are

. >> we are back with david, a global fellow wilson center and author of great america russia in 100rs of electoral interference. here to discuss the book on the history of russia's electoral affairs. good morning. >> thank you for having me. i'm excited to be here. >> what prompted you to write this book? >> i was alarmed when, after 2016, so many commentators and analysts tweeted interference in the 2016 election as unprecedented somehow. to me, when something is treated as unprecedented, it suggests there's no historye behind it suggesting it's easy to create myths and lies about something so what i do is restore history to the subject and devote the dangerous myth that this is all combined to the 2016 election. soviet union interference election, the cia and during the cold war, russia is and is interfering all over the world today and only then joy examined 2016 and aftermath because russia is actively interfering in the 2020 election and to me, by restoring that history to public discourse, i appreciate the fact that this is not all new. we can prepare for and defend against th

we're joined by a global fellow at the wilson center and an international election observer.oken to folks about just how seriously they're taking this. first, let's begin, which groups specifically are considered at this point the biggest threat? most likely to cause civil unrest at or around election day? >> well, jim, i think with the president's remarks at the debate last tuesday night encouraging all of his supporters to go and watch along with the trump campaign's recruitment of election observers in a strange and militarized way calling it the trump army. i think there's a general concern about trump supporters showing up armed to the polls and these sorts of voter suppression, intimidation, that's illegal everywhere. there are rules for partisan observers to be in the polling station but in 40 states you need special accreditation to do that. i think there's a widespread fear, again, that groups of irregul irregular supporters are going to show up at the polls to intimidate people and quote/unquote watch. and that's very disturbing. >> armed. lord. >> listen to this fr

. >> reporter: nina jankowicz is the wilson center's disinfortion fellow. she says russian tactics have changed, but the strategy remains the same. >> the goal is to cause chaos and dirust in the stitutions that govern our democracy and frankly, to cause discord between americans thmsves. >> reporter: in the last month the f.b.i. and socanal media comps exposed two russian disinformation operations that posed as news sites: peacedata, which disparaged vice esident biden from the left, and the newsroom for american and european based citizens, which fueled right-wing outrage. both sites hired real, unwittinc ams to try and provide authenticity. and both sites' had photos of supposed "editors"-- which weren't real people, but generated by artificial intelligence. >> they were trying much harder to be convincing rher than creating lots and lots of very edgy troll accounts. >> reporter: ben nimmo is thein stigations editor at grahpika, and worked with social media companies to expose the sites. he says both highlighted t election, and naebc claimed the election

. >> we are back with david el steiner who is a global fellow at the wilson center and author of rate: america, russia and 100 years of covert electoral interference and he's here todiscuss his book on the history of russia's electoral interference . david, good morning. >> thank you for having me, and excited to be here. >> what prompted you to write this book? >> i was alarmed when after 2016 so many commentators, so many analysts treated russian interference in the election as him how unprecedented because to me when something's unprecedented that suggest that there is no history behind. that suggests it easy to create minutes

. >> we are back with david el steiner who is a global fellow at the wilson center and author of rate: america, russia and 100 years of covert electoral interference and he's here todiscuss his book on the history of russia's electoral interference . david, good morning. >> thank you for having me, and excited to be here. >> what prompted you to write this book? >> i was alarmed when after 2016 so many commentators, so many analysts treated russian interference in the election as him how unprecedented because to me when something's unprecedented that suggest that there is no history behind. that suggests it easy to create minutes and even lies about something so what i do in this book is i restore history to the subject of covert electoralinterference . i debunk as myth that this is confined to the 2016 election. i show how the soviet union interfered in elections during the postwar period and how they went toe to toe during the cold war, how russia is interfering in elections all over the world today and only then to do i 2 examine 2016 and its aftermath because at the moment russia

nina who is the disinformation fellow at the wilson center, next ms. cindy otis vice president of the althea group, and finally ms. melanie smith head of analysis at graphic out. welcome again to all of you. thanks for your participation and your work. doctor donovan, let me begin by recognizing you for five minutes.mi >> thank you for having me. it is a pleasure to be here in my house testifying for you all. thank youou german shift for organizing this hearing is a very important topic. >> the summer junk news operations, propaganda's spot by foreign and genetic operatives targeted people seeking information. the information about the election, the pandemic in the process. as research director at r harvard kennedy center i lead a team that is analyzing media melissa and chapman at pupation for their effect on society for today and going to speak about the sectors shouldering the shoot true cost of misinformation at scale. generate 2020, facebook published a really important statement. and i quote in the absence of regulation, facebook and other compan

we know the kremlin has targeted women with -- and today an ongoing wilson center project i lead has observed an increase in individual spreading demeaning and false narratives against senator kamala hair ashgs herri election day. these are meant to affect women and minorities' participation in the democratic process. every american should categorically reject them. overall, these trends mean that foreign adversaries no longer need creativity or brute force to be successful. they need only sit back and watch, regurgitating and amplifying what issa will ready endemic to our society. 19 days before voting closes in the 2020 election, i believe we are more vulnerable to online disinformation from both foreign and domestic sources than ever before. any of the recommendations we've discussed today need to have an underlying recognition that any government that claims to fight disinformation originating from outside its borders cannot do so while it embraces the same methods within them. disinformation is a threat to democracy no matter what political party it benefits. it is long past due

take on division-rival seahawks jimmy garoppolo and the niners are going up against russell wilson behind centereahawks it's a tough game for the niners as the seahawks led the nfl. in both points and yards per game last year the 9 ers and seahawks played to nail biters in the first matchup the seahawks handed the niners their first loss of the season on a game winning field goal. but the niners won the second game making a goal line stand against the seahawks in the final minutes. >>the niners locked up the number one seed after that and went to the super bowl this is different this seahawks super bowl favorite and i think the niners are pretty much on the bottom russell wilson is a front runner for the league mvp. >>when you're an athlete like russell has, but then you have the rap city has over time and i mean going back to washington in sea state, i mean he's always been such a poise player that the game to slow motion for when you're a player who seems like you can play in slow motion. you see so much stuff you let the game come to e a and just how long he's been doing it. i mean whether do

scholar withsenior the woodrow wilson international center for scholars and then the big thing. friend who has not been intending to write a textbook of worth about the history of america, but i only have one who has done it. it is recent and it is great and it is called "land of hope: and invitation to the great american story." bill mcclay. >> thank you and good afternoon. it is wonderful to be here. i'm going to talk about abraham lincoln. i want to tell a story about him that i think illustrates a point that we can then expand on. we all know that lincoln was a voracious reader. he had very little formal education. got most of his sense of the english language from reading shakespeare and the language of the king james bible. evidently, almost no history in his early days. the sole exception was the ofgraphy written in 1799 george washington. it is a book if you would read today, and certainly not for its accuracy. it is the book from which we get the fable about george washington chopping down the cherry tree and being unable to lie about it. lincoln went on to develop a so

host: we are back with david shimer, a global fellow at the wilson center and the author of america,ussia, and 100 years of covert electoral interference. he is here to discuss his book on the history of russia's electoral interference. good morning. guest: thank you for having me. i'm excited to be here. host: what prompted you to write this book? after i was alarmed when 2016 so many commentators and analysts treated russian interference in the 2016 election as somehow unprecedented. treateden something is as unprecedented, that suggests there is no history behind it, create is easy to myths or lies. i restore history to the subject of covert electoral interference and debunk the myth that this is confined to just the 2016 election. i show how the soviet union interfered in elections, how the cia and kgb went totally tow during the cold war, how is interfering in elections all over the world today, and only then do i examine 2016 and its aftermath. at the present moment russia is actively interfering in the 2020 election. to me, by restoring that history to public discourse and app

wilson, as he saw himself as a progressive leader, his job was to get between those two and hold the center, to make sure that through a reform the problem of unaccountable power can be ameliorated so it does not lead to anarchy and revolution. illusion for wilson, which he articulated for a published intellectual, and implemented as a leader. was to push for a stronger role for government in the economy, particularly for the executive branch, to break up the trust and regulate production, labor, and finance. with the goal of restoring political balance and order. these reforms included eight hour workday, limits on child labor, and the founding of the federal reserve. i was driving by the federal reserve bank of kansas city, which i'm sure you are familiar with. even before the outbreak of the great war, wilson could see this dialect between concentration, unaccountable power and russia to play a not only domestically, but abroad. in fact, the very first foreign policy crisis that wilson faced when he came into office as president. how to respond to the ongoing revolution in mexico. that r

wilson walker, kpix5. ? well, kenny choi joins us from san francisco civic center with how people are handling all of this election angst. >> reporter: liz, within two minutes of arriving here, i witnessed one woman storming out, was upset that she cannot scan her ballot three tabulator machine. she wanted to vote in person, to be clear you can do that here, you just have to fill it out and then submit it but it is that kind of angst and stress that one psychotherapist we stoe has seen a lot of this election year. >>> security is tight. that was not enough for this voter. >> i want to make sure my vote will be counted. >>> what would you recommend to those who are really struggling with dealing with that pre- election anxiety? >> take a breath. take a breath. >>> the psychotherapist has seen extreme behavior in clients, leading up to this election. >> against the fire, our prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain that does executive functioning, reason, logic, all of that? off-line. and that is what people are apps to make voices when you're in that mindset that you will regret later. >> i'm on pins and needles, y

wilson, what is the latest? >> reporter: we are here in toward the center of town, not a lot of people around, all the cars that you see behind me were left here by the people who got out of town thinking the property would probably be safer here the middle of town been out on the outskirts of town the fire has been threatening. now yesterday, cal fire described the whole situation around napa county as largely static. today we heard the word called be put those couple days together, there making some progress here. >> i think so, i certainly hope so, there is a line copy on the property here. several miles, so maybe that will help. >> reporter: if you people laughed have plenty of company, the law enforcement and firefighters that are stationed here waiting to see what the weather brings and the past 24 hours have been encouragingly quiet. >> it is been really calm. the wind that we were expecting last night did not make their way this way, so that is really good. >> reporter: it is allowed utility crews to start moving into position. and some of the challenges today were actually small ones for example, the a

and wilson, as he saw himself as a progressive political leader, his job was, if you will, to get in between those two and to hold the center, to make sure that through reform, the problem of unaccountable power in the hands of the few can be ameliorated so it doesn't lead to anarchy and revolution. so, the solution in wilson's political terms for wilson, which he articulated as a public intellectual and implemented as a domestic political leader was to push for a stronger role for government in the economy, particularly for the executive branch in the economy, in order to break up the trusts and regulate production, labor, and finance with a goal of restoring balance and order. these reforms included the eight-hour workday, limits on child labor, and of course, the founding of the federal reserve, and i just was driving by yesterday the federal reserve bank of kansas city, which i'm sure many of you are familiar with. now, even before the outbreak of the great war, wilson could see this dialectic between concentrated unaccountable power and revolution play out not only domestically but abroad. in fact, the very first forei

week and a half reviving old fears to display all who feel that wilson blown off to the 2nd world war was when i was a child at the center of stuttgart was still in ruins in where all my relatives come from the cathedral was still standing but everything around it had been flattened so naturally we were afraid that something similar might happen again. to suit us we don't go to those beers never went away nor did the victorious powers military barracks sprang up all over germany and the east the soviet army stationed in the west where the americans the british and the french promised and became the us has biggest military airfield outside its own territory the ultra modern us army hospital that was built in the small town of lungs which was also its biggest outside america military training grounds were followed by housing estates and schools the western forces also had their own radio station. allied protection didn't come cheap in the 1st year of its existence the young west german state paid half its tax revenue to the occupying armies. the occupying forces had a huge cultural impact on west germany bringing movies an

wilson by a lower percentage of the popular vote. john f. kennedy, the 43-year-old senator from massachusetts becomes president elect the united states. as president of all the people his family also becomes the center nationwide interest. his two-year-old daughter caroline and his lovely wife jack clean. surely after vice president nixon officially concede the electn, in the early afternoon of wednesday, senator kennedy appears before the press and amanda port, massachusetts. with him is his wife, father mother, many brothers and sisters. after acknowledging congratulatory praises from nixon, he addresses all americans. >> 12 americans i say, the next four years will be difficultt andchallenging years.

week and a half reviving old fears to display all who feel that wilson blown off to the 2nd world war as was when i was a child at the center of stuttgart was still in ruins in where all my relatives come from the cathedral was still standing but everything around it had been flattened so naturally we were afraid that something similar might happen again. you know combed those beers never went away nor did the victorious powers military barracks sprang up all over germany and the east the soviet army stationed in the west where the americans the british and the french promised and became the us has biggest military airfield outside its own territory the ultra modern us army hospital that was built in the small town of blonds which was also its biggest outside america military training grounds were followed by housing estates and schools the western forces also had their own radio stations. allied protection didn't come cheap in the 1st year of its existence the young west german state paid half its tax revenue to the occupying armies. the occupying forces had a huge cultural impact on west germany bringing movies and magazi

students at the center of learning, with limitless opportunities to explore the unique ways of acquiring knowledge and skills. >>> the schools formally made for former president woodrow wilsonbut the pta pushed for that change. >> they believe in the benefits of a new kitchen, and garden. it is called the central kitchen. city of the arts based on 29th and west streets, with a garden outside ultimately all of food distributed to oakland schools will come from here. all that healthy and homegrown. >> part of the project goal is to help kids with nutrition and they're not going to actually be involved in both growing and harvesting vegetables, and learning about where healthy food really comes from. could he >>> pardon the pun, but this was not a good move. police in west sacramento say that a woman was under the influence when she stole this u- haul, then try to take it to the carwash. she quickly discovered much like trying to cram everything you own into a box truck, it did not fit. >> she was not as rolling forward. >> there are burn marks entire marks. >> the crews finally managed to un-wedge that truck. and possession of stolen property. she will not get the deposit bac

unsuccessful in his quest, although it was a close election between woodrow wilson, who was vying for his second term. and very much at the center of fdr's court-packing scheme. indianola, mississippi, anita. hi, you're on the air. >> caller: hi, to the professor, i hope you have a healthy and hap happy baby. i love the show. try to catch it every friday night. my question is hughes sounds like a man for 0 progression and i hear you waxing and waning haw he wants the blacks to step forward. i wonder what you think about women stepping forward, them being on the court now and what he would think about the wrongdoings going on the court today. >> so i think that's a really interesting question about his attitude towards women. we heard a little bit earlier he was in favor of female suffrage, earlier than a lot of people. i think his attitude of women was somewhat ambiguous. some people argued he sort of had to turn more towards the right later in his career but among the kinds of legislation that he was interested in at that point was to protect women and children laborers. but some opposed to kind of measures because they thought

center for european economic research it's great to have you with us and you called it you said that wilson and milgram were in line for this this year what is it about their contribution to the field that's so significant you know they are actually tested research is this that it's that research in the eighty's and early about the internet is can still be defeated today and you know watch and yet you know they offer where you are in this 2nd so it will be brought also brought to sell a good system and who build a strong lot of options and what they will 90 swarthy speaks to more and. more and so it's not as it's a great book in theory but it also glad it worked then i think it's very impressive you know this you don't mock the design arm into research because it implying it to all into little or to little situations and what are the real world situations where we might encounter those the sort of work that they've been developing. last year we had reason going to spectrum auctions it's fired from auction earlier in the ninety's or was the starting of all the spectrum auctions around 2 book

center. dodgers win 4-2, they can capture their first world series title tomorrow night in game six. >>> seahawks and cardinals, russell wilsond off by buddha baker at the 2, and he is gone. looks like a touchdown, but metcalf turns on the jets, and 6.64 miles per hour, just incredible. cardinals are down 10 with under 7 to go. they come back to send the game to overtime in the extra period. russell will southeson throwing third pick of the game. cardinals win on a field goal with 15 seconds left f. first loss of the years for the seahawks. wild back and forth game between the browns and bengals yesterday. 400 yards, three touchdowns and run for another in a game, but it wasn't enough. baker mayfield, 15 seconds left, drops this one in to jones to win the game. five touchdown passes in this one, the browns also win by the final 37-34. they improve to 5-2 on the season. 43-year-old tom brady continue to go look dominant. brady throwing for 369 yards and four touchdowns, leading the bucs to a 45 hoff 20 win over the raiders. they're now 5-2 on the season, and finally, yet again, the falcons finding a new way to lose. down by tw

center for european economic research it's great to have you with us and you called it you said that wilson and milgram were in line for this this year what is it about their contribution to the field that's so significant. actually fantastic research is this that it's a research in the eighty's and earlier but the americans can still get food today and you know watch and yet you know there are everywhere if you're off your pitch in this 2nd there will be a box and a big drop also crotched will sell it to us mint who will this round of options and what's a kitchen with 96 what he speaks to more ships saving for more and so it's not as it's a great book interior but it also collided with your book and that i think it's very impressive you know this field of market design augmented research because it implying it's a 2 or 2 little or 2 words at which and what are the real world situations where we might encounter the sort of work that they've been developing in the last year we have been going to get his hands and he needs to option earlier in the ninety's or was the starting of all the spect

cast a vote and protest against the wilson administration's -- debs embodied at that point, all by mob violence, by state laws, by the postal censor to squash the centers' -- not just socialists, but passives had been rounded up. by 1920, many americans, in the grip of war fever, thought maybe that was a good idea, but started to reconsider that and they were particularly supported by a small group of people who became the american civil liberties union and trying to advance their rights. there were only about 100,000 socialists, actually far less than that at this point, i think the number is in the 20,000 to 30,000 dues-paying members at this point, and he got a million votes. some of those people were socialists, but i think a lot of those people were actually voting for free speech. >> terre haute, indiana. dave? >> caller: how are you all? >> do you have a question about one of your famous citizens? >> caller: i do. i'm a graduate of indiana state university, the same university that you all are sitting on. what was eugene v. debs' impact, on the university at the time, if any? did he have an influence and did he take part in the development of th

wilson really pulled back, in 1916. overbearing intervention mindset, because of what was taking place between the u.s. and germany. what has been useful to me about this panel is the extent that we do you center europe from our discussions of u.s. border relations in the further half of the 1900. >> from the perspective of an ordinary person living in occupied 80, dominican republic, in 1915 or 16, things have not changed in a lot of ways, suddenly, but not suddenly changed in world word one. we need to think of the prospective people are talking about. the u.s. was involved with the world diplomatically and economically, prior to its entry in european war. we need to remember that when we teaches period, when we think about this period. it's not just the u.s. and the relations with europe, with the entire world. throughout the western hemisphere in other parts of the world. i do think u.s. entry into the war does change a lot of things. we can point to a number of ways the size of the expansion and u.s. military. the involvement in european affairs. nothing happened after the u.s.. nothing changes at all. it's important to think about the fact that u.s. european relations are not their only

wilson. who is vying for his second term. and then charles evidence hughes, went on to serve as chief justice. his second term on the supreme court. and he was very much at the center of things during the fdr 's court packing scheme. so we have a question from anytime you say you're on the air. >> i love you show i try to catch every friday night, my question is justice hughes sounded like a man who is for progression, and i heard you know i actually was curious, what do you think about them being on the court, now and what he would think about what's going on with a court today. >> so i think it's an interesting question, about his attitude towards women to. we heard earlier, but he was in favor of women female suffrage. ahead of other people. and i think that his view on women with somewhat ambiguous. as governor of new york, he was an advocate for a lot more progressive legislation than he was later. so some people said he had to turn more towards the right later. but amongst that kind of legislation he was interested in that point, was to protect women and children laborers. some opposed those kind of measures, because they thought they were paternalistic. and

wilson, who was vying for his second term. and then charles evans hughes, talking about, went on to serve as chief justice, his second term on the supreme court, and was very much at the center of things during fdr's court packing scheme. ind nola, mississippi. anita, hello, you're on the air. >> caller: hi. to the professor, i hope you have a happy and healthy baby and i try to catch your show every friday night. my question is, hughes, just as hughes sounded like a man for progression and i hear you wax and wane about how he wanted the blacks to step forward. curious to wonder what you all would think about women stepping forward and them being on the court now? and what he would think about the wrongdoings going on in the court today? >> so i think that's a really interesting question about his attitude towards women. i mean, so we heard a little earlier that he was in favor of female suffrage much earlier than a lot of other people. i think his attitude was women was somewhat ambiguous. as governor of new york, actually, he was an advocate for a lot more progressive legislation than he was later. some argued he had to turn more towards the right later in his career. amon