. >> and then help being a communist in manchuria build bombs and then the great story in their and then to relate that to the audience. >> and word is trending and to be trained and work and she was an expert homemaker one of the things she had to do in japanese manchuria she was providing money and going back and forth you could just go into one shop to buy everything you needed because the japanese intelligence would pick you up in seconds. and then to go to a hide on - - it to a hardware store. and then asked for the 10 pounds of in a tree. the shopkeeper misheard her but then she stuffed it into the pram and we'll the baby back home. and then to go shopping for a while but it kept the bomb making going. >> looking at the author's ability and then to sabotage that is astonishing two worlds at once you're caring for your child at the same time. >> but the extraordinary photograph. and then you can see the polls and how they got away with that. >> the national world war ii museum. but sonja is were time spying which do you think were most significant? talk us through that and that is t

and the charging into manchuria we will launch attacks. and this was a tremendous blow to the japanese not only because of the emergency it created in that diplomatic exit in the race of talks between the americans and the japanese and then to extinguish that last hope so what is the relative importance of the atomic bombs to prompt the japanese surrender and i think it's difficult to say precisely because of the timetable and it is impossible to say which was more important but they were very important together in combination and then to see two mushroom clouds and then we have often forgotten and then to suddenly declare war on the japanese. >> we have time to the end of our our together and that flew by. and the third book in the trilogy. we have to get you back down here to new orleans where normal conditions assert themselves although that's a relative concept. >> i look forward to it. thank you for having me. good night to everyone. . . . .y bank run by black women. >> welcome back to our centennial speakers series. thank you for joi

where the japanese moved to manchuria and the court meanest underground was having warfare against them she was providing many going back and forth it was dangerous. women always buying material for the bomb you just can't go into one shop to buy everything that you needed because the japanese secret intelligence would pick it up so she had to go shopping and then she would we will the pram to another hardware store to buy ammonium nitrate because the chinese was so bad she asked for 10 pounds he misheard her and gave her a hundredweight sack shapes (-left-parenthesis and put the baby on top and issue the need any for a while so i kept them going shoes for the underground you enormous damage as the japanese tried to keep going maybe that had an impact on history. >> and the author's ability i appreciate the the top of the money in a trade with the sabotage to build a bomb that is an astonishing story to want to parent your child at the same time spirits impossible to underestimate the degree of payroll she is in. the secret police were brutal and hily efficient at all over digng out the

a situation where the japanese move into manchuria and the communist underground was causing warfare against them in ursula was there main agent sending money back and forth. there's this moment in she's always buying material for the bombs would you couldn't go to one shop and buy a raking in needed because the japanese secret intelligence service would have picked you out in the second. she had to go shopping and she tells the story about how she is at another hot hardware store to buy ammonium nitrate for building bombs. her chinese was so bad just for 10 pounds of ammonium nitrate the shop owner gave her an enormous one hundredweight sack of ammonium nitrate. she put the baby on top and will back up again and realized she wouldn't have to go shopping for a while so it kept the bomb makers saying who knows what this bomb was used for? the chinese party underground did enormous damage to the networks of the japanese. maybe she had quite an impact on history. >> you are looking at the author's ability to write a good tease and the baby on top of the stack of ammonium nitrate going b

pages of public historian with a county manchuria, she's also a social media manager for emerging civil war, and she's here today to talk about the carnage in the medical field of the civil war. >> thank you so much, chris for having me. and thank you all for listening in and watching these videos, and joining us for the virtual emerging civil war symposium. for some history at home. and so today when i'm going to be talking to me about, is i'm gonna be talking about is the life, the fight for life and death in the aftermath of these battles, over the american civil war. and we've heard a lot of talks today about different battles, we heard about prison camps, we've heard about raids, in the aftermath of the battle in the years and days and months following was, in a sense, a whole other world in itself. it was a fight for life and death. it was a war against battle wounds, and a war against disease. and one historian who wrote a book called learning with winded wrote that doctors were actually the unsung heroes of the civil war. and now the civil war was overwhelming in itself. and tha

allowed to expand the war by attacking into china itself and in particular, to bomb supply lines in manchuria and hinted at least that he might think the use of atomic weapons might be appropriate against the chinese. well, yes, in china against the north koreans and the chinese. bear in mind that hiroshima was quite fresh in people's mind at that time. the idea of another atomic attack -- well truman at this soured on somewhat macarthur apparently. he told him in essence, ordered that the war not be pushed into china. macarthur continued to demand that he extend the war into china, he said there is no substitute for victory. it became increasingly clear that macarthur was determined to defy the president, his commander-in-chief to expand the war and as soon as that came -- became clear, truman could not tolerate it and so to the shock of the public that regarded macarthur as an iconic hero, truman on april 11, 1951 removed the wartime hero from his command in the pacific. to say that was unpopular would be an extreme understatement, most of the american people rally to support of macarthur a

my grandfather was drafted by the japanese army has fought in manchuria. i keep seeing every year, they talk about pearl harbor. the american was attacked unprovoked, which is not true. truman said on that clip that japan bombed pearl harbor unprovoked. that's not true. because the flying tigers were flying under the awg. under secret order of the president. and until 1996 where reagan or clinton acknowledged the flying tigers were part of the military so they could get va benefits, then it showed that awg was under military guidance. so i keep hearing of this japanese unprovoked attack, but that's not true. i'm not saying that the war was not a bad thing because it was a very terrible thing what japan did to china and russia and the philippines, they were terrible things. >> we will get a response from our guest, ian toll. >> i think that the count against the japanese for the way they began the war was not so much that it was an unprovoked attack. fdr did say that it was unprovoked in his speech to congress the de-following the attack. but that there was

like to know about this what do i that you actually think of the failure, the soviet invasion of manchuria had a great impact on the japanese decision to surrender on condition rather than the two atom bombs. some historians argue the japanese surrender -- than the common soviet union. any thoughts on that? >> well, i would agree with the last part of that. just a timeline, we had hiroshima on august 6, 1945. we hit nagasaki in august 9. the soviet union suddenly declared war on japan come surprising japan also on august 9. essentially you had the red army charge incommensurate, one of the largest grand text and history of war. this was a tremendous blow to the japanese not only because of the immediate military emergency it created, but also because really their sole remaining diplomatic exit to the war was to bring stalin, ask stalin to act as the mediator in arranging truce talks between the americans and the japanese. the declaration of war essentially extinguished that last hope of a diplomatic exit to the war. the question is what the relative importance of the atomic bombs and the s

threatening its neighbor, china , for many years and in the 1930's invaded a chinese province of manchuria. the united states tried to front waysfferent of the medical to force them out. after failed efforts to get the japanese to withdraw from china, roosevelt took the unusual step of appealing directly to the japanese emperor hero he to -- emperor hero he to to demand japanese withdrawal from china. he received his answer the next day. the american public received the answer the next day. roosevelt announced it this way on the radio address. he said yesterday, december 7, 1941, a date will live in infamy, the united states was suddenly and liberally attacked forces by the empire of japan. that sneak attack on the u.s. harborace in pearl resulted in the destruction of virtually the entire american battleship fleet in the pacific. plus the loss of some 2400 men. in the immediate wake of pearl harbor, most americans believed simply that the u.s. had been treacherously attacked and we should get down to the business of war. if you made any attempts to analyze the issue further. however, not

. >> what do you think about the soviet invasion of manchuria and the impact on the decision. some historians argue they would rather surrender than the communist soviet union. any thoughts on that? >> i would agree with the last part of that. we had hiroshima 1945 and nagasaki august 9th. the soviet union suddenly declared war on japan surprising japan also on august 9th and essentially the largest ground attacks in the history of the war and this was a tremendous blow to the japanese not only because of the immediate emergency that it created but also the remaining diplomatic exit was to bring stalin to a range of troop talks between the americans and japanese so the declaration of war extinguished that last hope so the question is what was the relative importance of the atomic bombs and the russian attack prompting the japanese surrender. historians have debated this and i think it is difficult to say precisely what the relative importance were because the timetable was so compressed it was clear that they were both really important coming together in a short period of time

in the pacific the japanese army and navy had already captured parts of china, manchuria, korea and alands. >> pearl harbor would stun the united states into war. >> monday morning the first thing i did was go down to the recruiting station to enlist in the service of my country. i was told there was no quota for black troops. >> they've got to remember that this country was very discriminatory, segregated and there was no change. first of all, black sailors as sailors per se other than as mess attendants or stewards weren't permitted into the navy. >> given the fact that i was in the segregated army, that made no difference. i joined the army to fight for the country, for my country, because i was born and raised and nurtured by this country. and i saw no reason to slack off because of the segregated, nor being in a racist society. >> african-americans' participation in the armed forces was regulated by firmly held beliefs. blacks should be organized in segregated units. blacks would not mind segregation. blacks should be used only in service units. blacks should not command whites.

in the pacific, the japanese army and navy already captured parts of china, manchuria, korea and a numberby islands. --rl harbor would soon >> monday morning, the first thing i did was go down to the army recruiting station and enlist in the service of my country. --as told >> you have to remember this country was very discriminatory, segregated and there was no change. first of all, black sailors as were noter se permitted into the navy. >> given the fact that i was in the segregated army, that made no difference. i joined the army to fight for the country, for my country, because i was born and raised and nurtured by this country. to slack offon because of the segregated or being in a racist society. narrator: african-americans' cipation in the armed forces was held by a firmly held belief. blacks would not mind segregation. lacks should be used only in service units. blacks should not command whites. >> the motivation was basic. i fought for my country, shed my blood as necessary and i come back home, i would be treated as equal. i really believed we fought two wars. one was the war ag

japanese and rolled their army, their tanks and their enormous numbers of troops from siberia into manchuria. so there was a sudden soviet attack and i think that was the final straw that convinced the ruling group in japan that they had no other choice and it created the conditions where the emperor, who skrenly did not intervene to make decisions, was able to say i'm making the decision that we surrender and the japanese military then accepted that decision. and so it was a -- you know, it was a difficult process for them to kind of reach that point of consensus that explains that delay. the first decision to surrender on the part of the japanese really came on august 9th. but they responded to our demand for surrender by saying we want to preserve the status of our emperor. and so there was a last round of negotiations between our government and the japanese government in those last five days so that explains part of the delay as well. >> all right, here's bill in waynesboro, pennsylvania, go ahead. >> caller: hello, my dad was a medic in okinawa during world war ii. he treated people the