kids: house finch, mourning dove, european starling, brewer's blackbird, red-tailed hawk, american crowboy: hooded oriole, gray egret, great blue heron, and a mockingbird. rumble: the students love this. they love charging in here and really getting to know at a very deep, profound level what's showing up in our habitat. we observe, we record, we analyze, we share. all of these are important skills for our students. so, at the very bottom, do you see the live spider ithere? kids: yeah. rumble: i'm surrounded by deerweed, native sages, encilia, but if you go back to 2014, i would have been standing on asphalt. peel back that asphalt, allow the dirt to be there, to plant native plants and create a living laboratory for students to really explore. girl: my name is ramona ramino. i like the garden because we come here and explore nature in the garden. what see in the gden is hummingbirds, mockingbirds, and flowers. second girl: my name is jimena lopez. we're trying to illustrate poppies and deer grass. boy: the california poppy is a flower native to california. rumble: it was a beautiful th

who did violate the law in the last couple years and bringing divides and for the american people. >> congressman jason crowm also team multi-colored lights on the tree. thank you. have a very merry christmas. in the next hour i'll talk to general berry mccaffrey on the veto of the defense bill and what it means for the military. >>> millions ignore the warnings and travel for the holidays. but, first, a big milestone for one of america's top health experts. today is not only christmas eve, it is also dr. anthony fauci's 80th birthday and he got quite a gift for washington, d.c. mayor muriel bowser. issued a proclamation in his honor. we'll be right back. nor. we'll be right back. when our daughter and her kids moved in with us... our bargain detergent couldn't keep up. turns out it's mostly water. so, we switched back to tide. one wash, stains are gone. daughter: slurping don't pay for water. pay for clean. it's got to be tide. ♪ but come ye back when su-- mom, dad. why's jamie here? it's sunday. sunday sing along. and he helped us get a home and auto bundle. he's been our insurance guy for five years now.

the role of african-americans in the 75th is totally different than the 50th. we are still involved with jim crow and things like that and things were starting to change a little bit on that front. is that how we can see that as far as african-american history, getting more political clout at the 75th? is --what is interesting at the 50th, the veterans come back to gettysburg actually fought at gettysburg. at the 75th, if they had limited it to only man who had fought at -- the numbers would be really small. at the 50th, because the really were not african-american soldiers at gettysburg. yes, it is a jim crow period. they are also excluded by the fact that there were not black soldiers at the battle of gettysburg. in 1938, because they are not limiting it just to who fought at gettysburg, there are a number of african-american men and veterans who come to the 75th reunion and they are interviewed. a great collection of photographs at gettysburg of men who came to the 75th reunion. a number of african-americans are present at the ceremony. college housedrg most of the veterans. they had buildings

the role of african americans in 75th is we are still involved with jim crow and things like that. things are starting to change a little bit on that front. is that how we can see that as far as african american history is concerned or getting more political clout that the 75th or they are getting more now riding at the 75th? >> i think what's interesting is in the 50th, the veterans who come back to gettysburg actually fought at gettysburg. at least i think that is right. >> correct. >> at the 75th, you know, if they had limited it to only men who had fought in gettysburg, they would have -- >> to. numbers >> would be really small. one thing you have going on in the 50th is because there really were not african american soldiers at gettysburg. i mean yes it's a jim crow period and they probably would've found ways to exclude them but they are also excluded by the fact that they were not black soldiers at the battle of gettysburg. in 1938, because they are not limiting it just to who fought at gettysburg, there are actually a number of african american men veterans who come to the 7

the american public, overwhelmingly, as crow poiyou out, including republicans, want to see this $2,000 go out to generally middle-class families and people who aspire to be middle class, have less money than that, would go out to the great majority of americans. people overwhelmingly want to see this, but mitch mcconnell is doing a slight of hand, playing games and obscuring things and ultimately obstructing things. there's always a way to use senate rules to obstruct. mcconnell uses senate rules to fast-track big dollars and tax cuts for big-money friends, koch brothers and others, including many members of senate, as you pointed out, the wealthiest members in the senate. he's unwilling to use senate rules to help people. ultimately, in government, it's who's on your side, and which side are you on. >> yeah. >> every single time there's a fork in the road, are you for big corporations or are you for american workers? he always sides with big corporations every single time. >> yes, he does, but there are also some splits on your side. senator, tell me this, there are some like your dem

in the south after world war ii, african-american war veterans were not inclined obey the restrictions of jim crow. so they refused to sit in the back of the bus, demanded the right to vote, and that did spark a quite substantial, violent backlash against these attempts by black veterans to assert their rights. stan: so even before brown, there is quite a bit going on. with this widespread across the south, primarily in one location, or all over the region, and maybe beyond the region? professor gaines: i would say regionwide. but it is in places like mississippi and alabama where the backlash was the most violent and most fierce. stan: let's set the table a little bit and talk about -- we hear these terms all the time, and it is important to set the terms for our audience. and our audience, please submit questions, we will have time at the end to take your question street talk about the terms white supremacy and segregation. what did those terms mean on the ground for people living in the american south, let's say as the 1940's into the 1950's, before brown and the decision in 1954. professor gai

in the south after world war ii, african american war veterans were not inclined to obey the restrictions of jim crowso they refused to sit in the back of the bust, they demanded the right to vote. and that did spark a substantial and violent backlash against these attempts by black people to assert their rights. >> so even before brown, there is quite a bit going on. was this widespread across the south? was this primarily in one location? was this something going on all over the region? and even beyond the region? >> i would say regionwide but it is in places like mississippi and alabama where the backlash was the most violent in the most fierce. >> let's set the table and talk a little bit about sending the terms -- by the way, if you have questions please submit those and we will have time at the end to take those questions. talk a little bit about the terms of white supremacy and segregation. what do those mean on the ground living in the american south? let's say, the 1940s right when it turned into the 19 fifties, before brown. and that decision in 1954. >> segregation was a system of state la

americans. that is how it was done with every group. there was even a paper written called jane crow and the law extending the jim crow idea to women, to white women in this country. this is not to minimize the fact that women have been discriminated against and that mexican americans, especially along the south, the border areas of texas, face real discrimination, but the analogy was false when it was drawn to black americans. black americans suffered uniquely and we are still living with the consequences of that. that is another thing i wanted to do with the plot to change america, point out this false analogizing. host: mark from missouri, republican line. caller: i have a couple of points and i would like to hear your comments on them. first, i don't think america really should be looked at anymore as a melting pot. i like to look at it more as a salad where the ingredients are mixed together but still retain their individual properties. i think that is a big problem because representative bobby jindal said it best when he said immigration without assimilation is basically an inv

end of the day, what we spend overseas is to help americans at home, and it's also to support our military, as you were just talking with congressman crowthat terrific discussion you had with him. we want to support our military overseas and that's covering our americans. >> it was a paltry $600, but they were counting on it, and now there are small businesses and people out of work in america wondering how they make it to the end of the year, the night before christmas eve, and this is what we're doing. ambassador wendy sherman, thank you. thank you for joining us, david jolly. >>> we're going to have conversations about covid, the pandemic and your overall health. this year has been an extreme challenge for millions. tammy duckworth talking about what you need to do as the pandemic rages. d to do as the pandemic rages (senior) helping seniors. (boy) helping kids. (dad) helping families. (women) helping pets. (vo) these are the lives subaru retailers have impacted in our communities, through our support of over fourteen hundred hometown charities. in fact, subaru and our retailers will have proudly donated over two hundred million doll

american shopping center of mobile. there was nothing but black businesses on this street. anything you needed, you could purchase on this street. it was kind of during the jim crow days. either you were not accepted in the white, or go to businesses opened in the african-american part of the community, rate you could shop, you could buy clothes, get your prescription filled. whatever you needed, appliances, five and dime stores, restaurants, hats, clothing, shoes. it was all on this particular street. urban renewal came through. there used to be a two-story building right here. on the bottom floor was the drugstore. dora's father started the first chain of african-american drugs doors in the state of alabama. he had five drugstores. my father, john, was his oldest brother. the younger brother had more energy and created five drugstores. my uncle, james, he was a member of a group of neighbors that started a civil right movement. philosophy was they wanted to increase the living standards of african-americans in the community and provide racial reconciliation. in the 1950's, there was a gentleman who was the premier civil rights leader. his whole mission was to r

end of the day, what we spend overseas is to help americans at home, and it's also to support our military, as you were just talking with congressman crow terrific discussion you had with him. we want to support our military overseas and that's covering our americans. >> it was a paltry $600, but they were counting on it, and now there are small businesses and people out of work in america wondering how they make it to the end of the year, the night before christmas eve, and this is what we're doing. ambassador wendy sherman, thank you. thank you for joining us, david jolly. >>> we're going to have conversations about covid, the pandemic and your overall health. this year has been an extreme challenge for millions. angela duckworth talking about what you need to do as the pandemic rages. >>> this is an important week. in addition to us ringing in the end of the year, it's a deep you're not using too much are you, hon? charmin ultra soft is so soft you'll have to remind your family they can use less. charmin ultra soft is twice as absorbent so you can use less. enjoy the go with charmin. save for being a new customer. save more for addin

in the south after world war ii, african-american war veterans were not inclined to obey the restrictions of jim crow and so they refused to sit on the back of the bus. they demanded the right to vote and that did spark a quite substantial violent backlash against these attempts by black veterans to assert their rights. >> even before brown, there's quite a bit going on. was this widespread across the south? was this primarily in one location or was this going on all over the region and maybe beyond the region? >> i would say regionwide. but it's in places like mississippi and alabama where the backlash was the most violent and the most fierce. >> let's set the table a little bit and talk about what -- we hear these terms all the time. i think it's important that we set the terms and for our audience -- by the way, for our audience, as you listen, if you have questions, submit those. we'll have time at the end to take some of your questions. kevin, talk a little bit about the terms "white supremacy" and "segregation." what did those terms mean for people on the ground living in the american south, le

logix of jim crow rule were part and parcel of the efforts used to reduce vd among african-americans working as fevered doors on the docks whose off duty activities were believed to include sexual encounters or have sexual encounters with french civilians. evaluating the racial and sexual logix at play in crafting this proposal, it should be noted that young was unabashed in his opposition to sexual relations occurring between black men and white women. in his autobiography, he recalls a visit to the 92nd, the american negro division headquarters, where he met with his medical offers -- officers to discuss the venereal problem. to his surprise, he discovered all the doctors and captains were black. opportunity to make his talk about interracial sexuality known -- his thoughts about interracial sexuality known. about thetalked necessity of leaving white women alone and their duty as officers to impress these facts among their men. i heard afterwards my remarks did little good and most of these negro doctors became engaged to french girls." so, upon learning french women apparently "ha

louis at the time, gave some consideration to signing african-american players, but it did not happen, and, of course, jim crowreared its ugly head well into the '60s. >> we also had a question, were there blackout rules for night games along the coast? this is sort of an interesting question. the red sox are not that far from boston harbor. >> we had no lights at fenway park at that time. they only came post-war. >> 1947. >> but i believe there were blackout rules on the east coast. >> you mean on the west coast, bill? >> i meant east coast. >> oh, because there were no major league teams on the west coast. >> yeah, yeah. >> there is that. >> there were submarines that came rather close to the coast of the united states, the east coast. >> michael, what did you want to add? >> interestingly, during the war when fans would show up the same as before the first pitch was thrown, there would be an announcement made about how to evacuate a stadium. yankee stadium had arrows pointed to hoses and buckets of sand, and the players were instructed, while the fans vac waited, they were to continue to play and to be sold

american society. but when they arrive at ellis island the set their foot on the upper tier of a two-tier caste society that has been shaped by slavery and jim crow and they're able to rise into property ownership and economic prosperity, using tools are denied african-americans. >> host: this may seem a bit like a diversion but it's in the book and it's been in the news of late. the phenomenon of blackness a summit asked me white person, and what is offensive about blackface? your book comments on it a lot. can you tell us about the origins of blackface in this phenomenon, particularly tie to mardi gras but this phenomenon of whites putting on blackface and why that's offensive? >> guest: it's an interesting dimension of our psychological history in the early 1840s i think. there's this enormously popular art called minstrelsy arises and its white people putting on makeup to appear black and performing music that they have taken from or parodied from lack sources, plantation blues and jigs. and blackface, minstrelsy as it is called, becomes the popular former of culture for white americans for century. hundreds of millions of people going to min

louis at the time gave some consideration to signing african-american players but it did not happen, and of course, jim crow. it's ugly head well into the 60's. wear their blackout rules for night games along the coast? the red sox are not that far from boston >> there are no lights at fenway park at that time they only came postwar in 1947. >> but i believe there were blackout rules on the east coast . >> on the west coast? >> i meant the east coast. >> there were no major league teams on the west coast. >> yep. >> there were submarines that can rather close to the coast of the united states on the east coast. >> michael, what did you want at? -- want to add? >> went fans would show up at the stadium before the first pitch was thrown, there would be an announcement ain't about how to evacuate yankee stadium had arrows pointed to hoses and buckets of sand and the players were instructed while the fans evacuated, they were to continue to play to be soldiers during an air raid on the stadium, so they were ready for any. x the 1943 game i mentioned earlier, i have actually got that program a lot. >> we have a

american players. but it did not happen and of course gym crow reared its ugly head well into the sixties. >> we had auestion, where there blackout rules along the coast? >> the red sox are not that far from boston harbour. >> i know, suddenly part -- they only came postwar. >> 1947. >> i believe there were blackout rules on the east coast. >> do you mean on the west coast? >> i meant the east coast. >> there were no major league teams on the west coast. there is that. >> there were some summaries that came rather close to the coast of the u.s. on the east coast. >> what did you want to add? >> interesting only during the war when phoenix would show up at the stadium before the first pitch was thrown, there were beaten announcement about how to evacuate yankee stadium. yankee stadium had arrows pointed to hoses and buckets of sand and the players were instructed while the fans evacuated, they were to continue to play and to be soldiers during in a raid on the stadium. so they were ready for anything. >> the 1943 game that i mentioned earlier, i have that game programs. there is an evacuation plan on t

drawns a false analogy with the experience of african-americans and that is how it was done with every group . jane crow the law, extending to white womanea women in thiste country. this is not to minimize the fact that women have been discriminated against. mexican americans, especially , the southernh border areas in texas, faced discrimination. black americans suffered uniquely and that is something we are still living with the consequences of that. falset to point out this analogizing. mark from saint peters, missouri, republican line. yes, thank you for taking my call. i have a couple points and i would like to hear your comments. think thatl, i don't america really should be looked at anymore as a melting pot and i like to look at it more as a salad where all of the ingredients are mixed together but they retain their individual properties. and i think that is a big representative bobby gentles said it best when he said immigration without assimilation is basically an l said it-- bobby jinda best when he said immigration without assimilation is basically an invasion. i would like you to comment on

tens and enters a low level on the platform of american society but when they arrive they are put on the society that has been shaped by slavery and jim crow and they are able to rise into property ownership and economic prosperity's using tools that are denied. that is also a part of family history people are able to acknowledge. >> it may seem like a bit of a diversion but it's in the book and it's been in the news of late the phenomenon of blackface. someone asked me recently what is sensitive about it and i wasn't able to articulate but your book comments on it a lot. can you tell us about the origins and the phenomenon of whites putting on blackface and why it's offensive. >> it is a dimension of our psychological history. in the 1840s i think there is an enormously popular art that arises and people put on makeup to appear black and perform music they have taken from or parodied from black sources. plantation blues. and it becomes the most popular form of culture for a century. there's hundreds of millions of people going to the shows throughout right up until world war ii. it is the most popular form of public musical art for a cent

hate but they studied the jim crow laws against the human miscegenation laws about property liens and study the segregation laws the purity and pollution keeping african-americans separate from apart and below from white americans. they studied the american definition of race that in many states a single drop of blood. they looked at all these things and examine these laws that they were constructing this was wrenching to discover and to realize that these are the kinds of things that is a reminder of these connections that we would not have normally known and to make sure there are many people who do research on this and have done the translations and want to be sure to mention james from yale who done tremendous research into this area so the's were aspects of interconnectedness and i should also emphasize the subtitle of the book are the origins to emphasize these were the early years of the reich and we know toward the end of the war later in the reign of terror, they did the unthinkable to murder 6 million jews far beyond anything that any would begin to imagine. so this is on the origin of the hierarchy in each of these places. >> we are getting the hook

is lost on the merits and of crow laws on the merits even president trump's own cyber security chief overseeing our elections said it was the most secure election in american history and summarily was let go let me say it again his own cyber security chief over same this election said it was the most secure in american history you know respecting the will of the people is at the heart of our democracy even and we find those results hard to accept but that's the obligation of those of taken on a sworn duty to uphold the constitution 4 years ago when i was a sitting vice president and states it was my responsibility to announce the tally of the electoral college votes in the joint session of congress and voted to elect donald trump i did my job and i'm pleased but not surprised with the number of my former republican colleagues in the senate who have acknowledged already the results of the electoral college i thank them and i'm convinced we can work together for the good of the nation on many subjects that's the duty owed to the people to our constitution to our history you know in this battle for the soul of america democracy prevail we the people voted in

was denied to chinese american women not able to vote until much later black women of course face a particularly unique set of. prejudices and. access to the ballot because of jim crow laws and style the same laws that were already impacting men in the south like men once the 19th amendment passes that doesn't protect black women and so those black women are then facing the same set of exclusionary prejudiced and discriminatory obstacles to how it so what we know it's a 1000 amendment it's an incredibly important chapter with taurine american democracy but it's there are people in the character and for women of color description to barking on ranks but i've been to gloat about how perfectly i think a really summed up what that struggle was and how important you know important points will ever trisha we've made progress but we also have to look at the fact that some of that progress has been hampered by a lot of things that measure that progress with the way to where we currently are women make up only 23.7 percent of congress only 7.4 percent of legislators are women of color this november 32000 trains people could be turned away at polls because of the lack of an i

americans. i actually have written an op-ed on this very topic. it is crazy. it is unconstitutional, and it is just jim crowhe 21st century. it is a terrible idea. >> jesse: horace, i think republicans need reparations from the last election. maybe we can try that. thank you very much. coming up, say what you will about joe biden, but at least he is consistent. and "the last bite" explains that next fighting cancer doesn't start here. fighting cancer starts with you. covid has devastated our funding for lifesaving research. help us help patients. donate today. - i'm lea.steve. help us help patients. and we live in north pole, alaska. - i'm a retired school counselor. [lea] i'm a retired art teacher. [steve] we met online about 10 years ago. as i got older, my hearing was not so good so i got hearing aids. my vision was not as good as it used to be, got a change in prescription. but the this missing was my memory. i saw a prevagen commercial and i thought, "that makes sense." i just didn't have to work so hard to remember things. prevagen. healthier brain. better life. >> jesse: more than 40 days after decla

american political drama. it was a period of according to the scholars of the early 20th century their outlook was a part of the legitimation of the old solid south, the jim crow south. look what happened when black men were given the right to vote, the disaster of reconstruction. what conclusion do you draw from that, the light itself is correct to take the right to vote away even though they are violating the constitution. if you gave them back their basic rights, you would have another replay of the ellijay reconstruction. as a part of the profession played a very important role to put it bluntly into spreading races false history that helped to legitimate the denial to african-americans of their basic constitutional rights. now that whole edifice fell to the ground and since then the scholars have been rewriting the reconstruction history and i think we see it today as a critical moment in the history of american democracy, the great tragedy of reconstruction is not that it was attempted, but that it failed. and i've written a whole bunch of books dealing with this. this particular book even though it focuses on these three amendments it's pulled back a li

it mean to suggest we live in the afterlife of jim crow is to suggest there has been and indication of change and i think one way is look at american history ofan democracy in the believe that white people matter more than others and that is the matter of the material condition that is with the disadvantage. host: what should we know about james: baldwin? >> goodness. it's a pleasure for me to call him jimmy but i will most known him 30 years now. what should we know cracks a couple of things that he is an extraordinary example that when weth think about being born in harlem and coming of age in the aftermath of the catastrophe of the great depression and willing himself to become the world's greatest writer as he put it when we step outside of the expectations of ourselves we talk revolution. and then the second thing is courage and his willingness not only to speak truth too power and to make that real but his courage to risk self-examination in public and vulnerability. i interviewed angela davis , she said he was out there by himself even writing the second novel after he will go tell it on the mountain to embrace even though h

mess, but you still work for the american people, even though i don't think you are acting like it, secretary mnuchin. i wish you and your administration would stop crowing about the stock market and stop passing the buck instead of doing the hard work. president-elect biden will have to fix the mess you are leaving behind. my question is for chairman powell. you will be around at the beginning of the next administration. you will be part of the cleanup crew. i appreciate the conversations we've had, where you've made clear that congress needs to do more fiscal support. you have also committed recently that even if we take bold action, we are not going back to the same economy, and that it will be more difficult for workers going forward. we have seen how the fed and treasury actions supported the thek market and benefited wealthiest people in this country. what can the fed do to make sure that workers don't get left behind again? chair powell: thank you. i would say this. we have provided and will continue to provide very strong support for the economy and for workers in particular through the use of our tools, and we remain committed to using all of ou

crow territory. these 17 attorneys general are not just trying to suppress the vote. they're trying to cancel the fair and free votes that were cast by americanizens in four other states. they're not fryitrying to get rf i illegal votes, they're trying to get rid of everybody's vote in these four states who voted by mail. that's unconscionable, and far outside of the voter suppression and other debates we've been having. >> eugene, it brings us to this. at some point, joe biden will take the oath and be president of the united states. starting that day, the day after, he's going to have to govern. he continues to offer a sunny, optimistic view of his chances at cooperating with republicans in the senate. but i quickly remind you, most of those republicans are so scared to death of donald trump, they dare not call joe biden president-elect. so how is that going to work? >> well, look, i mean, donald trump is salting the earth for joe biden. let's be clear. despite what leader mcconnell and others have said, president trump does not have every right to pursue legal avenues, it's just ridiculous. these are not legitimate legal avenues to contest

crow laws . laws against miscegenation, anti-miscegenation laws prohibiting marriage across racial lines. a study desegregation laws that again. he and pollution keeping african-americans separate from apart from and below white americans in the south. a study these laws. they studied the american definition of race and american definition that in many states that a single drop of blood made a person black. they look at these things and examined these laws and debated these laws. they were constructed what ultimately would become the nuremberg law. this was wrenching to realize and these are the kinds of things that are a reminder of these connections that a lot of people, we would not have normally known and i want to make sure that there are many people who do research on this. many many people who have done research and have done the translations of these things and i want to be sure to mention james whitman from yale , just did tremendous research into this area. so many people have done research into this area and it was wrenching to discover that these were aspects of interconnectedness between these two cultures and i should also emphasize that the subtitle of t

. >> millions of americans did not follow the fauci over the thanksgiving, now we have to deal with the consequences but america's top doc says it is not too late to crow this super spreader >> we don't want to lock down completely, but we might have to >> a surge super imposed on top of a surge it's here and unlike anything we've seen before. a critical court date for bill cosby. his lawyers want a new trial some experts think this could be his best chance to get out of prison >> and later, the incredible survival of this man stranded at sea. >> announcer: the facts,he >>> actress felicity huffman is heading back to work she will co-star in a new baseball comedy playing a widow who inherits her husband's team. this is her first job since she was indicted as part of that college admissions scandal the 57-year-old emmy-winning actor was released from a california prison back in october. she served 11 days of a two-week sentence >>> bill cosby wants a new trial. the pennsylvania supreme court is set to hear that appeal tomorrow right now the disgraced actor and comedian is serving a three-to-ten-year prison sentence for drugging and molesting a woman. hi

. >> millions of americans did not follow the fauci over the thanksgiving, now we have to deal with the consequences but america's top doc says it is not too late to crow this super spreader >> we don't want to lock down completely, but we might have to >> a surge super imposed on top of a surge it's here and unlike anything we've seen before. a critical court date for bill cosby. his lawyers want a new trial some experts think this could be his best chance to get out of prison >> and later, the incredible survival of this man stranded at sea. >> announcer: the facts,he ok everyone, our mission is to provide complete, balanced nutrition for strength and energy. whoo-hoo! great tasting ensure with 9 grams of protein, 27 vitamins and minerals, and nutrients to support immune health. that's why we've merged with sprint.get more. now it's about to get even better. and as we work to integrate sprint's network, our nationwide 5g keeps getting stronger. with the capacity and coverage to reach more people and places across the country. who says you can't have it all. now is the time for 5g. now is the time to join t-mobile. >>> actress felicity huffman is head

it's just straight up jim crow politics attempt by a president of the united states, republican, backed by a majority of the republican party to disenfranchise namely african-americant it is. >> politico is reporting tonight on something they say washington republicans are opposing donald trump considering preemptively pardoning as many as 20 aides and associates before leaving office, frustrating republicans who believe that these pardons could backfire. and stuart, this is the kind of thing i've had in mind whenever i hear people telling us how powerful of a figure donald trump is going to be in the republican party, he's going to be a criminal defendant in new york state next year most likely. all of his family are going to have pardons. it's going to be a different world for them next year. >> look, the trump campaign from the very beginning has been a large criminal enterprise. you've never had a number of campaign managers -- it's sort of like the third person in al-qaeda. they all seem to get arrested or sent to jail. this is not an action. these are people who rose in that organization by their ability to demonstrate to donald trump they have no limit other

it's just straight up jim crow politics attempt by a president of the united states, republican, backed by a majority of the republican party to disenfranchise namely african-american reporting tonight on something they say washington republicans are opposing donald trump considering preemptively pardoning as many as 20 aides and associates before leaving office, frustrating republicans who believe that these pardons could backfire. and stuart, this is the kind of thing i've had in mind whenever i hear people telling us how powerful of a figure donald trump is going to be in the than serving donald trump. they have no moral compass. they have no allegiance to the rule of law. so, it's a gang. and the other guy who runs the gang named donald trump, who's in the envy able position to pardon his gang members. >> stuart stevens, thank you very much for joining us tonight. really appreciate it. stuart stevens gets tonight's "last word." "the 11th hour" with brian williams starts now. >>> good evening once again. i'm katy tur in for brian williams who will be back on monday. day 1,414 of the trump

american political drama, a period of corruption, according to the scholars of the early twentieth century many came out of my university, the so-called dunning school and their outlook, the intellectual legitimation of the jim crowouth. look what happens when black men were given the right to vote, the disaster of reconstruction, what conclusion to draw from that, they were right to take the right to vote away even though they were violating the constitution. if you gave blacks their basic rights he would have another replay of the alleged horrors of reconstruction. as someone who devoted his life to being part of the historical profession historians in this country played a very important role, spreading racist falls history which helped to legitimate the old jim crow south, denying them of their constitutional rights. once the civil rights movement took place that fell to the ground and scholars have been rewriting reconstruction history and we see it today as a critical moment in the history of american democracy. the tragedy of reconstruction is not that it was attempted but that it failed. and a bunch of books dealing with this even though it focuses on these 3 amendments, you pull back a little and it is a

american to represent georgia in the united states senate. and it would be significant if he were elected through georgia's runoff system, because that was something that was passed during the jim crowrnock was asked about the historical significance about his run this week, and he acknowledged that race is a big factor in this race, but he said that representation matters and that ultimately his goal will be to represent all georgians. erin. >> all right, ryan, thank you. so i want to go now to congresswoman-elect williams. she will be taking the seat of late congressman and civil rights icon john lewis, and she is also currently chair of georgia's democratic party. congresswoman-elect, i appreciate your time. you just heard that report from our ryan nobles detailing these relentless attacks that have really been focused on raphael warnock. what do you think that's about? >> i mean it's unfortunate. i think we see a man of character and a man of integrity. he is the preacher in the pulpit that dr. king used to preach in at ebenezer baptist freedom church and he represents exactly what this election is about, people claiming their voices and just looking at where we've come in this

crow, for example, was not on suffragist'' association agendas even as it affected women. and it was permitted to persist even as the amendment reported -- purported to extend equal voting rights to african-american women. so, our work in the wake of an equal rights amendment going forward, if that's where we're headed, i think will be to learn from that lesson and, in my view, be more expansive, intersectional, diverse, and inclusive in our definition of what a woman's question is. that jane: well, that certainly wraps it up. dr. jones, thank you for spending this hour with us. which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] bush be gore and it was not cited until december 12, five weeks after voters went to the polls when the supreme court stopped the florida recount this award of the state's electoral votes and the presidency to governor bush. next saturday, december 12, american tv and c-span's "washington journal" look back bush v gore decision and the coeditors of the book. they will take russians and comments live next saturday -- they will take your questions and comments live next saturday on c-span and "washington journal." america bringsal you archival film

southern legislatures enacted jim crow laws, legislation that technically abided by the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments but still allowed discrimination against black americans maintaining white spreemsy h asy and giving white americans preferential treatment. this persisted up to the 20th century which persisted until the blood sweat and tears of the civil rights movement in the joe lawyerry, and others put their lives on the line to stand up. we hear that slavery has been over for a long time, 155 years. and it may be long for an individual, but not for a nation. but to make -- we should make clear and make no mistake about it, it's a legacy of slavery still haunts america and still handicaps our ability to realize the nobel principles that this country stands for that all men are created equal and endowed by that creator with rights, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. keeping in mind we made a lot of progress. there is still much work to do. i challenge my colleagues in this body to keep in mind and ask yourselves the question, what are we doing today to make america a more perfect union for the next 155 years? i yield back. mr. butterfield: at t

in american history from rutgers university and very proud of it and the son of a man with a third grade education because the jim crownot let my father go any further than that. it is absurd to presume as that you can have generations of people that thvis in their family, not the happenstance ors so yore economic impedation but actual restrictions on people to gain education and then say, we're playing on an even playing ground. this is a level playing field. so what they really want, never went back and said, let's look at the university of georgia for all of those years that the black students weren't allowed to be there, weren't allowed to compete and ask ourselves whether or not those white students would have won those positions at the university if they had to compete on even keel with the black students? that's not the question we ask. so we pretend merit begins right, yesterday. begins this morning. there's no history that's relevant to this, or pertinent to this at all. that's really what's at stake here. >> and brining up a really good point about the narrow pathway to success. always pointed out about 20%

but you still work for the american people even though i don't think you are acting like it. i wish you and your administration would stop crowing about the stock market and stop passing the buck instead of doing the hard work. my question is for chairman powell. you are around -- you will be around the beginning of the next administration and part of the cleanup crew. i appreciate the conversations we've had where you've made clear that congress needs to do more fiscal support. you've also committed recently we are taking action, not going back to the same economy and it will be more difficult for workers going forward. treasuryn how that action support of the stock market. what can they do to make sure workers don't get left behind again? chair. powell: thank you senator brown. provided ande have continue to provide very strong support for the economy and workers in particular through the use of our tools we remain committed to using all of our tools to their fullest extent for as long as is necessary. to get us through this difficult period. we thought about this collective effort, this governmentwide effort as one that invol

mess but you still work for the american people, even though i don't think you're acting like it, secretary ma miu chin i wish you and your administration would stop crowingbout the stock market and stop passing the buck instead of doing the hard work president-elect biden and your successor will have to fix the mess you're leaving behind my question is for chairman powell you were arou wi you will be around the next administration and cleanup crew and i appreciate the conversations we've had, where you made clear that congress needs to do more fiscal support. you've also committed recently that even if we take bold action, we're not going back to the same economy and that it will be more difficult for workers going forward. so my question is this we've seen how the fed and treasury action supported the stock market and benefited the wealthiest people in this country. what can the fed do, chair powell, to make sure that workers don't get left behind again? >> thank you, senator brown. i would say this we have provided and will continue to provide very strong support for the economy, and for workers in particular through the use of our tools, and we remain