what have you heard from prime minister modhi? the effectiveness of a lockdown. ramanan: lockdowns are said to be more effective when done early. it is a tough situation for someone, a local government or policymaker, to decide a lockdown when cases are still on the rise but not high yet. this is what was done last march, but india's big lockdown when there were about 500,000 cases i think was successful from the standpoint of containing the virus. it is a difficult decision and message, but that is the only way in which lockdowns work. otherwise, they end up causing both economic damage and do not solve the health problem. haslinda: why is india suffering this crisis now? what missteps perhaps were made? ramanan: india is going through the same viral dynamics as we have seen everyone in the world, but in multiple waves. i think there was a perception that covid had been done and dusted in january and february of this year. everything opened up, the rallies, the gatherings, the weddings, the cricket stadiums. i think there was nev