the mrna goes in, gets into your cells. the mrna then goes away. once it signals to your cells to produce this particular protein. it's the way -- you know, vaccines, we have to get into people's body a portion of the virus but not the whole virus. we don't want to give people the virus, obviously. we have to get into people's body some portion of the virus that teaches our body to recognize it so it's ready to pounce on the virus if it ever -- if we're ever exposed to the virus. and so, the mrna is an incredibly safe way of doing that because the mrna teaches the cells how to make this thing called the spike protein. the body then creates antibodies to the spike protein. the mrna dissolves in the bloodstream within several days and it doesn't linger at all. it's been tested for many, many years. it's incredibly safe. people are going to have all sort of worries about what this is and what it does. the evidence is that it's incredibly safe, incredibly effective, and we know covid is really terrible. it's killed almost 600,000 americans, so it's not

his mrna something you favor over others? >> i think we need to focus on technologies they prove that work. mrna technologies aren't example of this. can forward into the future, we need to be prepared, look in case we need the vaccine boosters, looking at variants. so we will be looking at these kinds of technologies moving forward. alix: joining me now is guy rosenstein, of global health special -- a global health special advisor. let start with astrazeneca and europe for j&j. as jj paused its review and europe, denmark dumped astra, what is the effect? >> i think the net effect of that, the majority of vaccines in the eu will be mrna vaccines, in terms of supply and also in terms of preference. we have already seen a notable hit in terms of competency in the astrazeneca vaccine. i think it is fairly likely we will see a similar one with the johnson & johnson. there vaccine used the same approach. from a supplies perspective, the mrna supply picture is much more positive. there will be a big percentage of the vaccine in the

so definitely i think going forward it will be mrna.you think we will see that those who took astrazeneca will get the second shot of an mrna? ingrid: they haven't really investigated, you might have some antidotes coming out of people that are seeing the two kinds of vaccine. it's not something we can exactly expect to happen, it's not something we are precisely trying to understand how it works. we also have not seen any pushback otherwise. that doesn't seem to be any concern about any two shots. if we have a more nr -- mrna situation for europe, how will that -- how long will that take get some kind of herd immunity. >> i do think it will take quite a while. mostly the latest, the vaccinations in europe somewhere between 10% to 15%. that the goal of europe is trying vaccinate people. i guess expectations of a 70% already safe by midyear, in reality i don't think you can expect something -- we can something different because we do see vaccination rates are not going as fast as we were expecting them to go. alix: ingrid, thank you very

it causes every mrna under the center make protein in your body.ines and most of the vaccines, there vaccines against the virus in which there is no vaccine on the market. there are flu vaccines but as reported in the goodyear you get 62% which is not great and in a bad year you get 20 or 30% efficacy we believe we can agree to mrna is 90% against the flu vaccine. you still combine the covid boost with the flu vaccine and do one single dose so you can go to your cvs or gp and get one dose, that's whatever variant of coping and for that winter you can have a safe winter, that's another piece we talked about. and to disrupt the current market i think a lot of people that do not take a flu shot because they worry about lack of efficacy, we in the future what -- as you know before covid 60000 people in this country because of flu and many days of work lost in with family and friends and vacation lost, we can have a big dent on this virus with our platform. maria: award on cancer and hiv vaccine this is part of the growth story at the vaccine day this w

now scientists say they have hacked the genetic sequence behind moderna's revolutionary mrna vaccineshare the code with the world online and for free. the stanford university researchers sequenced moderna's patented drug by studying left over vaccine vials, with permission from u.s. authorities. mrna is the key mechanism used in the vaccine that tear -- that triggers the bodies cells to defeat the coronavirus. my colleague has been following this story. if i have a lab at home can i now make the moderna vaccine for myself? >> it depends how much money are spending on that lab and i think the short answer is no, it is not possible. you might think it given that github has a reputation as a place where onlinehacktivists post open-source computer codes which will allow you to download programs that are typically copyrighted for free. now stanford scientists posted at there and it looks like you might be able to download the sequence for the fact is that it is a complex, biological construct, that needs to be made using a very complex and sophisticated supply chain, that involves a lot o

>> where can i learn more about mrna?.com for all the info your heart desires. >> one last question. are you a real doctor? >> jimmy: no, i am not. are you a real grandma? >> no. i am guillermo! >> jimmy: oh, guillermo. [ cheers and applause ] you got us again. >> dicky: go to aboutmrna.com to find out how mrna is changing everything. sponsored by moderna. i'm not sure if there's anything i can say to my family members to convince them to take the covid-19 vaccine. i'm not even sure if i'm convinced. hi darius, i think that people respond more to what we do than what we say. so after looking at all the data and the science about these vaccines, i got the vaccine. and i made sure my mom and dad got the vaccine. because these vaccines are safe. ♪ ♪ >> dicky: the "jimmy kimmel live" concert series is presented by mercedes-benz. the best or nothing. >> jimmy: that was fun. i want to thank melissa mccarthy, octavia spencer, that sell pedrad, clayton kershaw. apologies to matt damon. "nightline" is next. first, his debut album

>> the mrna vaccines seemed like they were new technology.e not in the since they have not been used for pathogens anywhere, but they ha been used for tumor vaccines. they have been around and started being developed since 2011 when we had a much, much smaller pandemic from a coronavirus called mers and they were developed quickly because there was a public/private partnership and money was put to the problems. this was a terrible pandemic we needed to get over. there were lots of reasons they were developed ugly, but they're not profoundly new. 70 doses have been ministered -- 70 doses have been administered and they have been incredibly safe. profoundly effective. even more effective in the real-world setting and we saw in the clinical trial, which is very unusual because usually the real world setting is messy and more diverse populations and you did not think there would be so amazingly effective in the real world setting. study after study, including a six month study of the pfizer vaccine, releaseapril 1, shows these vaccines are 100% e

it is very clear this particular variant is covered very well by the mrna vaccines as well as why -- by the ashes in a car, novavax, and others, as shown by data from -- by the astrazeneca, novavax, and others, as shown is that up the right. in the united kingdom, using other vaccines, similarly, you see the same situation. this is good news, since this is the dominant variant. next slide. the next slide is the one that is the most problematic, the south african variant, which is not dominant here but is in south africa and in other locations throughout the world. the data i have i presented at eight former conference. the j&j is 64% efficacious. the novavax, 60%. astrazeneca, not so good. of note, pfizer did a small study in which they looked at the effect in south africa and found that, as a matter of fact, it was 100% effective. the caveat here is it is still a very small study. but note the j&j, even though it was 64% effective in south african study, there were virtually no deaths or hospitalizations. so although the efficacy went down for moderate disease, there was good protec

on one side, mrna is pumped in. on the other side, lipids. they are forced together with around 400 pounds of pressure. out comes a lipid nanoparticle which mcdermott says is the perfect package to deliver mrna to your cells. that's the vaccine. >> when you start to really scale it up like that, how confident were you that it was going to work? >> the first time somebody showed me this impingement jet mixer, i said how can you put billions of doses through here? my confidence level was quite low. not that it could be done. i knew it worked at this scale but how could you multiply it? >> reporter: not only did mcdermott crack that code and is on his way to producing billions of doses for the world, his life has now come full circle. >> my dad worked for nasa. he was lucky enough to be in mission control in houston when neil armstrong stepped on the moon. >> one giant leap for manmind. >> and the day we shipped the first doses out, it rushed over me. that was our moon shot. >> dr. sanjay gupta, cnn, kalamazoo, michigan. >> our thanks to sanjay

on one side mrna is pumped in. own the other, lipids and they are forced together with around 4000 pounds of pressure, out comes a lipid nano particle which he says is the perfect package to deliver mrna to your cells. that's the vaccine. >> but when you start to really scale it up like that how confident were you able it was going to work? >> the first time somebody showed me this jet mixer, i said you can't be serious. how could you put billions of doses through here so my confidence level was low. how could you multiply it? >> not only did he crack the code now on his way to producing billions of doses for the world his life has now come full circle. >> as a kid my dad worked with nasa and when neil armstrong stepped on the moon, that amazing moment. and the day that we shipped the first doses out of the site is rushed over me like that was our moonshot. >> reporter: dr. sanjay, gupta, kalamazoo, michigan. >>> fascinating. all right, georgia's leaders are reacting to major league baseball's decision to pull the

so one of the mrna vaccines that are currently available will be reduced in the u.k. and canada in april. younger cohorts are going to be able to get moderna over in the u.k. let's stay with the vaccine story and the eu. they will probably not be redoing -- not be renewing vaccine contracts with astrazeneca and j&j. joining us now, sam fazeli, who leads our pharma coverage for bloomberg intelligence. is this a good idea to not renew these contracts potentially? sam: well, at the end of the day , countries have to make decisions on a one by one basis as to how they feel about the risks they want to take, which are becoming more and more clear with regards to the vaccines, the adenovirus vaccines, johnson & johnson and astrazeneca. so i think it is a reasonable step to take if you feel that you're are able to manage the impact on your economy, on your people, and what is coming from the other vaccines. alix: that is going to put the pressure on pfizer and moderna, and at some point, cureva. where are we on that? sam: let's not forget, there's a smaller company that is i

it is very clear now that this particular variant is covered very well by the mrna vaccines, as well as by the astrazeneca novavax, and others, as shown by data from israel on the right, in which the dominant 117 predominant there. as you see, as the vaccine doses increase the cases come down. similarly, in the united kingdom, using other vaccines, you see the same situation this is good news since this is the dominant variant. next slide. the next slide is the one that's more problematic. the south african variant which is certainly not dominant here, but is in south africa and other locations throughout the world. next slide. the data i have a presented at a formal conference. as you can see the j and j is 64% efficacious. the novavax 60%. the astrazeneca is not so good. of, note pfizer did a small study in which they looked at the effect on south africa and they found that as a matter of fact, it was 100 percent effective. the caveat here is still a very small study. the j and j even though it was 64% effective in south african study there were virtually no deaths or hospitalizati

this is specially important from the mrna vaccine which is easier to produce. into sharing that intellectual property while necessary is insufficient to ensure that vaccines are produced around the globe and now locally here in the us turning shots into the arms. while that is a crucial step, from the us perspective should very much look at others who have been calling on pepfar for the vaccine administration to invest in building real manufacturing manufacturing capacity this would be important not only in this moment for covid-19 but also continuing to inoculate people against covid-19 for the future. we heard from the pfizer ceo we would likely need a boost - - a booster shot within 12 months. so how that flexible manufacturing capacity is important for the now but also continually protecting people from covid-19. your questions are important because it would be hubris sitting in dc or new york city were to only talk about the need for global vaccine equity with the deeply and equity this vaccine and the united states we have not had equity to achieve and th

mrna vaccines. are you looking at giving to have xiaozhu's are only one dose to children and see if that is effective, because obviously, if we choose not to do it in the u.s. it will have huge advantages for the rest of the world if you can demonstrate that approach that actually works. dr. fauci: as part of the age de-escalation. we know the 12 to 15-year-olds had 100% efficacy of that vaccine. if you go from 12 to nine years old, nine to six, 6-2 years, there will be a dose de-escalation on that, and perhaps dr. kessler can comment further on that. dr. kessler: getting the dose right in children is absolutely essential and in fact, one of the reasons why it takes longer and kids is because that data is being undertaken right now and that so we have, i am confident again that we will have it. but we will likely have vaccine from 12 to 16 over the next several months, but younger age groups will take longer. >> thank you. i believe my time is expired. >> the chair now recognizes -- for five minutes

the mrna vaccines have many -- nih comes to mind. scientists come to mind. the financiers who kept these small companies going certainly had a role. i would like to add one more. the u.s. congress. they doubled the nih budget from 1999 to 2003, and they provided a $10 billion stimulus in 2009 and 2010. does ricky times when funding was flowing to hire risk research. if you take a look at the flood, this is the paper that described the basic research that made the moderna and pfizer vaccine platforms possible. this is the seminal piece of research that went mostly unnoticed at the time. because a lot of times seminal pieces of research to go unnoticed. the research was funded by nih grants. they were first awarded during the 1999 to 2003 doubling of the nih. at that time, one in every three approved proposals for funded, and that enabled riskier projects to receive funding. today, less than one in five approved proposals received funding. it is harder to get riskier things funded. i would say the mrna vaccine are a product of doubling our investment in the ni

. >> the dna gets made into mrna, that's the message and that tells your cells to make a protein that's going to give you the immunity. >> reporter: the vaccine then starts its journey across the country from missouri to andover, massachusetts, where it is turned into mrna then on to kalamazoo, michigan, where the vials are filled when pfizer first started making the vaccine, it took 110 days now it takes 60. almost half the time one reason pfizer says is its quality control lab. >> there's lots of tests that we perform. strength, purity and potency. >> reporter: the lab is dedicated to testing only the covid vaccine, which pfizer says increases efficiency the day we were there, samples sent from kalamazoo were going through the final tests before the batch could be shipped the scientists here have worked with little rest for months on end motivated by a virus that a year later still has a tight grip. >> we recognize that we still don't have enough for many. that's a huge motivation coming in every day and looking for continuous improvement to get more out as fast as possible. >> stepha

in the case of the pfizer mrna vaccine, it was 7.5 months from the time the first person received one of the vaccine candidates to the time it received emergency use authorization -- that is a short period of time, so people wonder what was sacrificed in trying to do that as quickly as possible. i had first-hand insight into that, and i can tell you that no corners were cut, no measures were abandoned or compromised, that would give us anything less than a full understanding of the safety and efficacy of this vaccine, and even though this happen in short period of time, and that happened in part because there were so many cases of covid in the population, we were able to get the trials completed faster -- when we brought the application for emergency use authorization forward to regulatory agencies, they had all information with the complete level of confidence that we knew this vaccine had favorable benefit/risk relationships. we had good insights into the safety, and only we, but regulatory -- authorities around the world felt the benefits vastly outweighed the risks and it is somet

it comes mrna vaccinations those side effects are very well categorized. there in the vast majority of cases are some less than 10% less severe they are transit usually gone within 24 -- 48 hours. and no individual has been documented to have died from receiving the vaccine directly due to the vaccine. so you have to weigh theh uncertainty of what may happen five to ten years from now with the very real and present danger getting and dying from covid-19 the choices your prospectus from deb releasing folate pfizer vaccinated zero side effects. i've been holding my 1-year-old great nephew the last week break no better feeling. my hopes for him he grows up and becomes and scientist. [laughter] thank you for the phone calls linda's ready >> wonderful pricing that is great. i think we cannot underestimate that impact of the vaccination as well. that's not simply saying okay if got the vaccination. now do everything you did before the vaccination and keep yourself separated and isolated. it really is beginning us to allow cigar lives back. to allow us to travel

calling on the wto's two waves intellectual property rights and it's especially important for the mrna for vaccinations which are relatively easier to and as raj said sharing intellectual property in and of itself all necessary is insufficient to ensure that vaccines are produced around the globe and the vaccines locally in the u.s. turn into shops and arms. we know well it's a crucial step we also think from the u.s. perspective and others who have been calling on a presidential emergency program for vaccine administration in which we would invest building on the vaccine manufacturing around the world in a manufacturing capacity. it this will be important not only in this moment for covid-19 but also to inoculate people against covid-19 in the future. we heard from a ceo yesterday that likely we will need a toaster shot within 12 months of having her first inoculations completed and so investing in building that manufacturing capacity would be important for the now but also important continually protecting people from covid-19 and from other diseases that may prove themselves to be pr

this led to the use of mrna as a platform. next slide. with regard to the virus, the one used by j&j, the nih has been funding for decades a highly skilled and accomplished person from harvard medical school who had been working on this for a considerable time and demonstrated how immunogenic this particular vector would be. next slide. then you get to immunogen design -- really the most fascinating component of this story, and it goes to a different discipline. next slide. and that is the crystallography and capability of investigators throughout the country who are working to get the right confirmation of the hiv envelope trimer -- nothing to do with coronavirus. they were using these technologies to develop an hiv vaccine. next slide. this work was done was done with great intensity also at the nih vaccine research center, and i circled two investigators on the slide pit the one in the lower left is peter, who is predominantly an hiv investigator, and the one on the upper right is much more interested in respiratory virus. next slide.

it took years to make. >> so mrna really is, we're hoping it will be a big accelerator in our abilitytep is a human clinical trial using mrna to see if it can replicate the promising results they have already had. if it does, it will still be a long road ahead. dr. shief told us he hopes within five to ten years they'll develop the right series of vaccination steps that could be protective and then there's still more work to be done before it could be deployed. shep >> sounds promising. again, meg, thank you. >>> a big night for lakers fans. staples center opening to fans for the first time in 13 months. a lot's changed, including the lakers wenning a title while you fans were away getting a seat won't be easy only 2,000 tickets available, and if you're lucky enough to score one, the hoops you will have to jump through are extensive. fans have to show a recent negative covid test or proof of a full vaccination masks and social distancing required on top to have that, no cash, food ordered on your phone in fact, everything is digital, and no bags allowed. if all goes smoothly and covid

we have enough supply to deliver three million shots per day, and we have secured enough doses of mrna vaccines for 300 million americans. we have already delivered more than 250 million doses to more than 69,000 vaccination sites, and have enrolled more than 142,000 providers tad vaccines. i, along with my colleagues here today, are ready to answer your questions and discuss recent issues surrounded, for example, the johnson & johnson vaccine. the point i want to stress is that nothing, nothing should detract from the fact that americans need to get vaccinated and that we have vaccines available today that meet our high standards for safety and effectiveness. i hope we can all agree that it's important that our fellow citizens get vaccinated and that we help ease the minds of those who are considering getting vaccinated. we are in a strong position with respect to vaccines. and over the next several weeks, supply is going to continue to increase, and we'll release approximately -- up to 28 million doses a week. but we need to confront the reality of vaccine hesitancy. i have focused m

for example, given the phenomenal effectiveness and children of the mrna at least one of the mrna vaccines are you considering looking at giving half doses or maybe only one dose to children and see if that is effective, because obviously even if we choose not to do it in the u.s. there will be huge advantages to the rest of the world. if you can demonstrate that that sort of approach actually works. >> as a part of the de-escalation, which means that for example, we know now that for the pfizer, the 12 to 15-year-olds there was 100% efficacy of the vaccine. but when you do an age de-escalation and go from 12 to 9-years-old, nine to six, 6-2 and six months-2 years there will be a dose de-escalation and perhaps doctor kessler can comment further on that. >> getting the dosage right is absolutely essential in fact one of the reasons why it takes longer is because collecting that data is being undertaken right now, and we will have i am confident again, i don't want to get ahead of the fda, we will likely have vaccines for adolescents from 12 to 16 over the next several months. but the younge

vas: it's important to note novartis' presence in mrna is a ready quite skilled.which uses small interfering mrna to tackle cholesterol-lowering. the drug is already approved in europe. a large-scale effort in the u.k. to tackle this with a partnership with the nhs that we hope to launch over the summer. the tackle of cholesterol-lowering at scale. we are looking forward to getting this medicine approved in the u.s. we think this therapeutic could be one of the largest therapies in novartis. with that, we will already be one of the largest producers of small, interfering rna's in the world. we have another rna technology also for cardiovascular disease. we are very much present in the rna space. at the moment, on mrna, our focus is manufacturing for covid pandemics. we are not him vaccines. mrna technology has a lot a promise to tackle vaccines. my background is in vaccines. i am excited about the potential of the technology but not necessarily a strategic bid for novartis. anna: thanks for giving us your time. ceo of novartis joining us with response to the earni

i know that astra is more than just a straight up vaccine, but the mrna people like moderna, they areing to each peoples lunches here. they think the future is going to be mrna, and they are obviously talking their books, but is there a risk that these traditional vaccines kind of go to the wayside, and more treatment and vaccines wind up coming from mrna? eric: on this new technology, no doubt that in vaccines going forward, this will play a key role, so we can ask whether it puts at risk the more traditional vaccine players, which not exactly where az is sitting. beyond covid, they will have to into the question whether they are here to stay in vaccines or not. this will be a board decision. but beyond vaccines, there is an open question about how much it could revolutionize other aspects, starting with oncology. here, the jury is out. we will need many more trials, much more data before we can say if it is as revolutionary in other fields as it was in vaccines. guy: we talked to stephane bancel yesterday on this program. he sounded incredibly positive. we appreciate your time. than

who have gotten the mrna vaccines with out a single report of this kind of complication.at leads me to my next question, is there a link between what has happened with the j&j vaccine and what's happened with the astrazeneca vaccine in europe? dr. frieden: we don' know for sure, but it does sound possible. both use an adenovirus vector. it had to do with a very rare adverse event that has to do with platelets and clotting. that is something that will need to be investigated further. is this something about the immunity to the virus itself? covid also causes problems with clotting and platelets in rare cases, or is the problem with the vector, the app no virus. that's keep it in perspective. the risk of dyingrom covid is about one and 200 if you get the infection. the risk o dying from the vaccine, if there is a risk, will be less than one and a million. but even so, we take very seriously any serious adverse event that may be related to a vaccine. that's why it's important to stop, look, listen, plan and see what can be done going forward. can certain people be excluded f

you know, the vaccine, both mrna technology and other vaccines that have been developed, were developedo collaboration. it reflects investment in science over a period of decades. we can't forget that science and investment in science are driving the kind of advances that can help us to combat coronavirus, but the other big challenges that loom before us. >> i'm embarrassed to admit this, doctor, i was standing around the other day and eavesdropping on a conversation. they were talking out loud a group of folks talking about what vaccine they had had. which one did you get? moderna. pfizer and talking about which one they prefer one of the people, i'm sorry to say i'm eavesdropping. one said i didn't want the j&j they were trying to choose the vaccine at that location should we be that choosey? would you take the j&j vaccine should people decide which one they want to take? >> right now, when vaccine supplies are still limited and the pandemic is still raging, strongly recommend people take whatever vaccine they can get. these are a set of vaccines that are really extraordinarily safe a

it didn't require the same cold chain as the mrna. to create the infrastructure into those environments now there's a possibility after they go further we need to make sure that there's not more that we're missing that this vaccine is used again with a little bit of an errant label i don't think this is the final word on this. >> can you speak though to the supply chain issues in the short term and longer termaround these mrna vaccines? dr. patel was with us in the last hour and reintroduced the idea perhaps of delaying the second dose so that we can create more first doses if you will especially in hard hit states like michigan which are calling for access to more vaccines that will be harder that the j&j vaccine is not available in the short term by the way, these are all first world problems as you discussed. we're going to have a larger conversation longer term about places around the world that need to get access to these vaccines. >> yeah, look, i've said all along i think we were two to three weeks away from an inflection point

now, we are looking at the moderna and pfizer mrna vaccines that are a little less effective againstvariant. although they do provide some protection. the astrazeneca vaccine does not seem to be helpful against the south african variant. the johnson & johnson one provide some protection. the most widespread variant is the one that came out of the u.k. it does appear to be protective against that. the brazilian one falls a little in the middle. the bottom line is we are still getting some protection from the vaccines against all of these variants with the exception of the astrazeneca shot. the concern is that the variations are not going to stop. the mutations will continue to happen. and health officials are worried about is what happens next. emily: pfizer is testing a third booster to protect against some of the variants. what is the status of that, and if we are going to need a second or booster in general? third michelle: there is a couple of pieces going on. there is the idea of another booster. you can think of that almost as an annual flu shot, an annual covid shot, where we a

at least 3% of people in this country have only gotten one dose of the mrna vaccine. one dose is not enough. that's a two-dose vaccine. you're much better off getting one dose of the j&j vaccine than only one dose of the mrna vaccine. that worries me. it's not just that there are certain people in the population who benefit from the one-dose vaccine, the transient population, the home bound population. it worries me that some people don't ever come back for that second dose of mrna vaccine which puts them at risk for this disease because one dose does not provide complete and long lasting immunity. >> you need two kdoses for the moderna and pfizer vaccine. it's important to get both. if you just get one, you're not going to be fully protected. the cdc is officially recommending that pregnant women get the coronavirus vaccine. what led to this decision? >> well, more than 80,000 pregnant women have now received this vaccine. there was a study recently done by the cdc where they looked at pregnant woman who got the vaccine, compared them to pregnant women who didn't get

the other thing happening beyond getting another one of this exact same shot, the beauty of the mrna, is we can develop them quickly. those pfizer, biontech and moderna are working on a next-generation vaccine that specifically targets the south african variant. they are also working on the u.k. and brazilian variant. they want to have another vaccine that would be available to people, should we need it. emily: and then, there has been progress when it comes to kids aged 12 and up. what about kids that are younger? when can we expect those children to have access to vaccinations and for adults who do get vaccinated, do they still need to be careful for their children at home who are not vaccinated? michelle: we do know children are much less likely to get infected and less likely to have severe cases. but, if you are not protected, then you are not protected, and there is danger theoretically. specifically that they could perhaps be carriers of the virus and to be spreading it to other and vaccinated people. it is probably going to be a while before we get evidence on how well these