after its flood and of course the tax generated lots of money and rebuilt johnstown but once johnstown was rebuilt the tax didn't go away and we still have the tax today and in fact today pennsylvania has collected enough revenue from the tax to rebuild johnstown six times over. and of the tax willnot go away because once government gets attacks likes to hang onto it . >> professor you write in your book the essence of government isforce . >> the essence of government is force. when we wrote this book, what motivated it was we look back through history and what we notice is anytime humans come together to do anything, they organize themselves either according to principles of cooperation or principles of coercion. principles of cooperation means you come together voluntarily and you do something and things work out that's great, if they don't you're free to walk away. everything going on is cooperative, it's voluntary and then we also organize ourselves from time to time according to principles of coercion. we have somebody who says okay, this is what's going to happen and if you're go

. >> united flight 93 with 37 passengers and seven crew on board crashed near johnstown, pennsylvaniaorter: passengers and crew stopped the plane from reaching its intended target, the white house, by forcing the plane to crash. everyone on board died. but no one on the ground was hurt. back at the pentagon, ambulances were responding to reports of multiple casualties. >> my colonel came forward. so he and i just kind of locked eyes and it's like, we're going to die. but we just wouldn't give up. we pounded on the window with our hands and kicked it with our feet. and we kicked the seal of the window, and it popped open, just open enough. >> reporter: colleagues outside had formed eded a human ladder. >> so the people down looked up at us and said, jump, we got you, jump. the hardest thing i ever had to do is when he gave me an order and said, "colonel wills, you will get out of this window now." and i looked at him, "sir, no, i just know there are more people in here." he said, "get out of the window now, that's an order." i started thinking about marian. because marian was not in my

any moment, will lay a wreath at the flight 93 memorial, there they are moments ago getting off in johnstown, pennsylvania. we heard from george w. bush who was president on 9/11. vice president kamala harris spoke as well. u.s. military leaders led the ceremony early this morning at the pentagon which was also struck, honoring the lives lost, sacrifice of so many families not only that day but in the 20 years that followed in the war on terror, most recently 13 marines at the kabul airport. let's go to laura jarrett now. she's in lower manhattan. tell me about the scene. tell me what you saw. >> reporter: jake, as we have been listening and watching, it has been an emotional morning at ground zero. so many people coming here to pay tearful tribute in so many cases to loved ones lost 20 years ago today. it is a reminder this wasn't just a national tragedy, jake, it was a deeply personal one for so many of these family members as we've heard. fo fathers, sisters, mothers, brothers, nephews, talk about their loved ones, bring them back to life. talk about what their laugh sounded like, what th

immigrants fleeing the potato famine and create new lives in the country, disaster tourism at the johnstown flood of 1889, the impact of the triangle factory fire in new york city and disaster art that emerged from the 1930s's dust bowl. today, we are discussing the book "polio, an american story." you received questions that i posted. i'm interested in this topic. i also teach a seminar on the 1950s and that's when so much of this book takes place. i think just looking at polio really reveals so many different issues that affected that decade. before starting, i just want to mention one thing in light of what we were talking about in terms of dust bowl art. i was reading the new york review of books. there's a review of a novel that woody guthrie wrote called "house of earth." doesn't get a very good review. but he gets some attention. the introduction was by a historian named douglas brinkley and johnny depp. i think they are trying to sell copies by having a superstar on the cover. i divided the discussion today into four sort of major themes. we can't cover all of the books. i thought t

and philadelphia, that could be a remaining problem for flooding there have been evacuations in johnstownked a little bit about newark airport and the flooding that's happening there blocking the train station. many, many apartments and houses having water damage there. and then in merrimac, new york, water rescues this morning just last week when tropical storm henri came through there was flooding on the major highways and roadways through westchester county, the county north of new york city where many people liver and then come in to the city for work. but you can see that they've had to be out in rafts and boats this morning rescuing people from the waters out there. we continue to monitor all of this coming in but, again, guys, what we know at this point is that new york city police say seven people dead in flooding in new york city it was a once in 500 year rainfall event and it's not over yet because of those rising rivers because we're not expecting the crest until later tomorrow >> contessa, really it caught us offguard the severity of the storms, the rapid ne of the flood, we g

when the johnstown flood happened, the president wasn't responsible. it was the governor's problem.t biden. we will see it was relatively easy. he had to face the covid problem, but he had the single ability to laser focus on that and the economy. people were feeling a sense of freedom and the variant came and the vaccines. that is what you wanted the job for. the hardest problems come there. >> and president biden headed to louisiana today to survey the damage from the storm which will be added to the list. doris goodwin, charles and reverend al, thank you for being here. have a great labor day weekend. tune in sunday at 5:00 p.m. for a special 10th anniversary edition of politics. we would not miss it. thank you. >>> the short time we have remaining. a deep breath at the end of the long week with the jobs numbers. disappointing. a drag on the economy likely because of the delta variant. >> yeah, you know, willie, we're on the edge of the september 11th, 20th anniversary. you can recall how the country came together as one in unity after what happened in new york city and washingto