but there is a dispersal that happens from appomattox for appomattox. the dispersal begins when the armies, all of the armies leave petersburg. but the roads that take men south also take them west. they take them to other points of potential transportation. they take them to places like brookfield, junction which is small free for those people might be familiar with the southside, brooksville junction is not much of even a little village anymore. it was incredibly important railroad junction just east of appomattox. it is worthy working railroad line as far as the light is working in the immediate aftermath of appomattox. they're making their way there showing the parole passes you just gave us an example of, using that to get russians or hopefully to get passage on a train that will take them to someplace like a city point on the river at the junction of the appomattox and james rivers where they will hopefully either take a boat maybe to richmond to be the quickest way to get to richmond or perhaps i'll take a steamer and go all the way up to baltimo

but there is this dispersal that happens from appomattox, before appomattox. the dispersal begins when the armies, all the armies, leave richmond and petersburg. but they are roads that take men back. they also take men west. they take them to other points of potential transportation, they take them to places like berkfield junction, which is a small -- for those who may be familiar with southside virginia this junction is not even much of a little village anymore. but it's an important railroad junction, close to appomattox, and it's where the working railroad lines are. it's as far as you can get in the immediate aftermath of appomattox, and so paroled soldiers from the army are making their way there. showing their parole passes, that you gave us an example. of using that to get rations. or hopefully, to get passage on a train that will take them to some place like seapoint at the junction of the james and appomattox, where they can hope to get to maybe richmond. that would be the quickest way to richmond. but perhaps they can get all the way up to baltimor

meanwhile south of the appomattox he launched his attack on june 16 about 6:00 p.m..hree courts then present the left advanced. burnside demonstrated never seriously challenged in the confederates in the front. hancox was a bit more spirited -- spirit in the ran out of steam without seriously damaging beauregard's perimeter. a competitor commander recognized the hagood line was vulnerable and ordered harris to lay out a defensive even closer to petersburg. during the day on june 16 lee continued to press beauregard no fewer than four times to find out information on meade's were about 10 and 9:30 that morning beauregard notified lee of hancock's presence but here's another communication problem. he sent that message to lease headquarters are at the james butts id. we had moved its headquarters south and that message never caught up with lee not until 7:00 p.m. with beauregard mentioning the presence of the second core news to lead after two days that a portion of the army of the potomac was in petersburg. here's something i just don't understand. first of all beaurega

who cares, let's move on to the appomattox and we'll be done with it. you said, we are dismissing these. there are nine federal offenses. there was an awful lot of maneuver at petersburg. where there slack times in between?. there are various trench raids. there were various collaborates north and south of the james river. one thing you have to understand, the petersburg campaign involves directly all the actions up in the county. these mysterious battles that no one knows, second the bottom, first the bottom's, williamsburg road, second derby town roads, all these things that only dick summers has ever understood. it is all part of the petersburg story. there is lots of action going on north of the james. you certainly argue, without much of a stretch, that the 1864 shenandoah valley campaign was also part of the petersburg story. that is a direct relation to what is going on in petersburg. if i understand your question, was there a combination of world war i tactics and civil war tactics? to some degree. i have that's really a stretch. i don't think p

we also have records related to appomattox. so in this case, this is the articles agreement done at appomattox on april 10th. so the left hand signatures are the union officers that were handling and then on the right hand side where the confederate officers that were. handley so this the logistics of how these surrender itself would take place at appomattox. then the next three, i just happen really like so that's what i thought honor. so this one is, it's a recurring poster. most people see recruiting posters from world war one or world war two. the's a recruiting poster, the civil war men wanted for the navy, all able bodied men not in employnt of the army, will enrolled at when we pull this up on their tryg to read this on some of the smaller typologies all able body men not in the employment of the army will enlisted in the navy upon application at naval rendezvous on craven street, next door to the printing office. hk davenport what makes this funny is that this is a union navy officer recruiting for the union navy in nor

at appomattox courthouse.this is when lee issues his last general orders to the army which is sometimes known as general orders number nine. and in that order the army of northern virginia he fought a snoble and honorable war for greater union numbers have overcome that nobility and helped us to surrender. we managed to do it with honor and we have conducted ourselves with honor so now we can allo go home and believe that what we did was honorable. that becomes the root of this thing called a a lost cause and the lost cause will struggle from their to acquire a number of facets. one principle tenet of the lost cause is the southern confederacy and the southern states was not about slavery. what drove the confederates to seed from the union was concerned about states rights for the concern about or concerned about the northern economy and potential dictation by northern capitalism and so on and so forth. anything but slavery. so you find in the writings of former confederates like richard taylor his memoir dest

and and i surprising when i tl them, appomattox courthouse.what they are expecting me say is antietam or gettysburg, something like that, not appomattox courthouse. in the think wait a minute, that's where the war ended. yeah, and i put my finger at that harley as a rhetorical gesture but also partly to illustrate the fact that the american civil war could have ended very differently through much of its duration, and especially right up to the reelection of abraham lincoln. if, for instance,, if lincoln had not been reelected, if george mcclellan had been elected 17th president of the united states, then it seems to me at least that there's no question but that if not mcclellan himself, then certainly his party, would have moved as quickly as possible to open negotiations with the confederacy. and if these negotiations had begun by 1864 nobody was going to go back to a shooting war, there had just been too much bloodshed. there was too much weariness, too much exhausted. people in north would not have elected mcclellan because the anticipated

would carry does is look at what those moments looked like after appomattox. i think we all have in our mind that the war came to an end and the soldiers went home and that was the end of it. when you read her book, what's she does is she slows down the story. and so, instead of lead surrenders to grant and the guys go home and then reconstruction gets underway, she slows it down and she traces the stories of these individual soldiers of the army of northern virginia, who are having to make decisions about where to, go how to get home, do i try to keep fighting, do i surrender, do i get a parole, do i go somewhere other than home. the beauty of the book is, we all know the end of the story. but when you read her book, you forget, for that little bit of time that you're reading it, you forget that you know the end of the story. and you want to know what happens to these guys. and she doesn't only trace the stories of these men who serve in the army of northern virginia, she traces the stories of the people they encounter, white civilians, african americans, afr

we also have records related to appomattox. in this case, these are the articles of agreement done at appomattox on april 10th. the left-hand signatures are the union officers were handling that, and on the right-hand side were the confederate officers that were handng. this was the logistics of how they surrendered. and the next three, i just happen to really like. so this one is a recruiting poster. this w a recruiting poster fothe civil war. men wanted for the navy. all able-bodied men not unemployment of the army will be enrolled -- all able-bodied men not unemployment of the army will be enlisted in the application at a naval rendeous. hk davenport. what mes this funny is that this is a union navy officer recruiting for the union navy in north carolina. it's not even, if you are in the confederate army, we'll take you in the union navy is what this poster is telling you. this is the cancel the check that goes with that treaty. literally, we cut a check for seven point $2 million to russia, and this is that check, dated aug

i agree wholeheartedly and i do recommend ends of war the unfinished fight of lee's army after appomattox. please buy it with your copy of a house built by slaves. agree with that as well. thank you. yeah. yes. yeah. not right not to give people too many choices. okay house built by slaves john. i love this book. you may have noticed. i guess we're interacting on twitter the last couple days and i'm just been pouring through this book and i love it. and so the first thing that caught my eye is okay you clearly decided. okay. look let's look at all of the meetings of african american people abraham lincoln, but clearly you saw that that created that that boiled down into a number of different themes, right? he was to me that you've organized this thematically different people meet him for different reasons and have different interactions with him context means a lot. so tell me a little bit about how these themes play out in the book. what are some of the themes he talked about? yeah, so the the book follows a quasi chronological and also thematic approach and so some of the chapters deal

i agree wholeheartedly and i do recommend ends of war the unfinished fight of lee's army after appomattox. please buy it with your copy of a house built by slaves. agree with that as well. thank you. yeah. yes. yeah. not right not to give people too many choices. okay house built by slaves john. i love this book. you may have noticed. i guess we're interacting on twitter the last couple days and i'm just been pouring through this book and i love it. and so the first thing that caught my eye is okay you clearly decided. okay. look let's look at all of the meetings of african american people abraham lincoln, but clearly you saw that that created that that boiled down into a number of different themes, right? he was to me that you've organized this thematically different people meet him for different reasons and have different interactions with him context means a lot. so tell me a little bit about how these themes play out in the book. what are some of the themes he talked about? yeah, so the the book follows a quasi chronological and also thematic approach and so some of the chapters deal

no appomattox courthouse.a minute and i put my finger at that partly as a rhetorical gesture but also partly to illustrate the fact it could have been differently especially through abraham lincoln. if for instance lincoln had not been that seems to me at least there is no question about that if not mcclellan himself and certainly his party and if this negotiation had begun no one is going to back to shooting war they'd been too much bloodshed. there is too much awareness of tumescent exhaustion. people in the north would not have elected mcclellan they anticipate an extended work beyond that. so had mcclellan been elected there would have been negotiations. it would have ended and no other way than with confederate independence. if confederate independence had occurred, there are a number of really unpleasant things that i think were very likely resulted. one is the united states would have continued to dissolved in secessions. once you have a successful succession there's no reason you should not have more.

that's good seeing you here today at the american civil war museum in appomattox for today's hello and welcome everybody. it's good to see you here. today at the american civil war museum. for today's program i am pleased to introduce our guest author doctor can referred. ken rutherford ph.d. is a professor in the department of political science at james madison university. he cofounded the land mine survivors network and escorted princess diana on her last humanitarian mission to visit land mine survivors in bosnia and herzegovina. rutherford was prominent also as a leader in the international campaign to ban land mines, which won the 1997 nobel peace prize. he has served as director of the center for international stabilization and recovery at jam you. he's been a peace corps volunteer in -- unhcr merge unsee refugee coordinator in somalia, humanitarian emergency relief officer in northern canyons molina, and does a full rights scholar and jordan. he holds a ph. d. and government from georgetown university, a b. a. and mba from the university of colorado, where he lettered in footbal

that's good seeing you here today at the american civil war museum in appomattox for today's program, i i'm pleased to introduce our guest, author dr. ken rutherford. ken rutherford, ph.d., is professor in the department of political science at james madison university. he co-founded the landmine survivors network and escorted princess diana on her last humanitarian mission to visit landmines. survivors in bosnia and

and thank you all for being here on a saturday with nice weather here in beautiful appomattox. it's a honor and a privilege for me to present this topic to you. you'll soon find out that it's been a labor of love regarding the civil war. i grew up in colorado, or there's not a lot of civil war history, but i remember our east coast battlefield trips and arsenal landmine issue, an issue that i've been working with for in for over a quarter of a century. and it's matching up to my passion. so what i hope to do today is highlight the use of landmines in the civil war and the world. landmines have killed and maimed more people than chemical, biological and nuclear weapons combined. traditionally, it was thought that world war one was the first time that landmines were used. i wrote a book in 2010 at the international landmine issue, and it wasn't until 2011, which i'll show you, that i started discovering civil war battlefields where landmines were used in a thesis that the american civil war was the first time that victim activated mines command detonated mines or landmines of any

lincoln's final days, the alternating spirit of relief and revenge that defined the period between appomattox and ford's theater. i want to be invisible, he said before he started his. i've been so many voices. i have to go into therapy. he was edgy as usual, provoke, active and spellbinding. did he want to go where no one could dare question his absolute integrity, which he held my view for his entire career to retreat into the characters he had already brought so vividly to life. i don't know. maybe others today explore what either a bracing expression of new historical writing or a way to circumvent history's most pedantic, picaresque. i will say that stephen oates did not make himself invisible that night in gettysburg, or, in my view, ever in the end in whatever format he chose. stephen did make subjects live in a living world and even when committed to what he later called the drudgery of painstaking research, he molded it in the language of literature to evoke and dramatize his dramatized lives through the novelistic techniques. but not through invention itself, recreating what andre m

have ukraine actually do a victory and victory for me, and you have heard me say it before, is an appomattox type of response. that will end this sooner rather than later and will not drag it out for later. i don't buy the argument that putin's back is against the wall and he has to use a nuclear weapon, unless he wants to kill himself. i am not sure his ego would allow that. i think that is not the right thing. the right thing to do is to give ukraine what it absolutely needs to win now and use words like win and victory and stop talking about excesses and many failures. melinda: ambassador, we would love to have you jump in. amb. herbst: to follow up on what philip said, the important question, i think there is one more element as we consider what we should do if putin were to resort to some form of weapon of mass destruction, and that is, putin's aims don't and at ukraine's western border. debra said that the unit -- the munich treaty applies and i would agree. nato has taken additional steps to further strengthen so that putin wouldn't dare strike against a nato ally. i think that is wis

the appomattox tribe was located near current de chester field county and one ember of the chief donald come fantasy of 30 tribes at the time. was opposoquinuske related loosely to the line -- we're not sure what that connection was and so here in the out early contact time we see that women and political leadership roles across native society was a common occurrence. but it was very rare in european societies. so, that sort of an initial setup of seeing women in high political leadership positions was not a common occurrence appearance for the -- at first. they had just had their first experience with a soul queen monarch ruling with then that same 50 or 60 years. versus this was a very common part of native society at the time. so, during one of the initial encounters between the appomattoc and the english, the settlers at jamestown. i managerial archer, the first wave of settlers at jamestown. in his account, called opposoquinuske a fat, lusty, manly woman. i need to bring that up. it's both hilarious and awesome at the same time. i feel like i relate to her, she might be my alter eg

he got his command bottled up in the peninsula between the james and appomattox river's. that was that. the confederates were able to contain him with minimal force, and detach the rest of their troops to leave. 's eagle also failed in the shenandoah valley. so these two subsidiary campaigns that had the potential to help, they are out. so now it's all going to be on grand, and the army at the potomac which he has not commanded but he supervised, more on that in a moment. let's talk about the command, because this is a problem that grant has. what would really work best, we can say this with the benefit of hindsight, is that it would work best if there were two of ulysses grant. one of them commanded the army at the potomac, and the other one commanded the armies for the union. but there aren't too, and the confederacy would like to clone robert e. lee. you can't do that, you can't clone grant. you could, potentially, and maybe this would have been better, it's hard to say. you could just give rand, say all right grant, you're going to wear two hats. you are the commander

it's good seeing you here today at the american civil war museum in appomattox

right now professor caroline and her book ends of where the unfinished fight of lee's army after appomattox. let's take a quick look at it.

they communicated during the war by telegram and he had -- appomattox was a moment and by the way all the picturesque thoughts of the general general. he was dressed to the nines and the sword and perfectly immaculate and well shaven and he just looked the part and grant did not at all to the point where when he's winning battles some of the early photographers cut off his head up the picture and put it on at different general who's sitting upright. it was the first photoshop. but they did have a relationship and a continued after the war and he invited lead to the white house which was quite a moment. if i were in the press corps that would be a good thing to cover. >> they are only >> something like 15 minutes together. >> they are did. they kept in touch and that was mutual respect. there was a lot of debate about who was the better of general strategically and lincoln would say grand prix describe your writing process. you aim for a certain number of words or pages per day? >> i usually put in two hours and i put myself in a room for two hours and then we bounce back and forth. ca

got his command a bottled up in the end of a peninsula between the james and appomattox rivers and that was that the confederates were able to contain him with minimal force and detach the rest of their troops to lee ziegel also failed in the shenandoah valley. so these two subserior campaigns that had the potential to help grant a lot. you know, they're out. so now it's going to be all on grant. and the army of the potomac which he is not commanding, but he is supervising. more in that in a moment. well, yeah, it's time for that not right now. let's talk about the because this is a problem that grant has what would really work best we can say this with the benefit of hindsight is that would work best if as if there were two of ulysses grant and one of them commanded the army of the potomac and the other one commanded all the armies of the union, but unfortunately, there aren't two and of course the confederacy would like to clone robert e lee too so they can't do that. you can't clone grant. you could potentially and maybe this would have been better. it's hard to say. you could just g

which seems inevitable because of the and we know happened. 12 appomattox and, jerome don't do, that resist that. by july, 1860, three third already been many bloody clashes on the conflict and nobody knew whether another, one even more horrific than gettysburg, lay ahead. similarly, no wonder whether the army of northern virginia would mount another invasion of the united states. neither could they know that abraham lincoln would go to gettysburg and deliver what would eventually become the most famous political speech in our history. not at the time, but in time. the vast outpouring of writings on the battle to be written, as did the battlefields development as a major attraction for people interested in american history. i think affairs has been of gettysburg impact in the summer and early autumn of 1863 was up both sides of a bloody but not ultimately decisive battle, that represented largely good news for the united states and bad news for the confederacy. not nearly important at the time as vicksburg. vicksburg far and shadowed gettysburg, in terms of its impact both the united

how do we get to the end which seems inevitable because that's the end we know happen call it the appomattox syndrome. don't do that resist that by july 1863. they're already had been many bloody clashes in the conflict and nobody knew whether another one even more horrific than gettysburg lay ahead. similarly. no one knew whether the army in northern virginia. would mount another invasion of the united states. neither. could they know that abraham lincoln would go to gettysburg and deliver. what would eventually become the most famous political speech in our history did not at the time but it did in time the vast outpouring of writings on the battle remain to be written as did the battlefields development as a major attraction for people interested in american history. i think a fair assessment of gettysburg's impact in the summer and early autumn of 1863. is that both sides sought as a bloody but not ultimately decisive battle that represented largely good news for the united states and bad news for the confederacy. it's not nearly as important at the time as vicksburg vicksburg far oversh

you know, if you go to appomattox court house for the surrender grant lincoln's son robert is only his oldest son, rather. and joshua chamberlain and others. lincoln gave them orders. tell grant to take his sword and firearm and just go home. lincoln grant did not tell lee rather. i'm sorry. lee tell lee to take his horse side arm. you know, just go home. grant lincoln did not want to see lee dragged through the streets in chains at go home and lee became president of a college. and lee then told his fellow southerners surrender. it's over. and most senior confederates were pardoned. turner the commandant would have been tried. i think, if they caught him as the commandant of andersonville here. wertz was tried and hanged after the war. he would have been, but he escaped. -- turner, the deputy warden, was put in libby, but then afterwards they pardoned him and let him go. they pardoned two guards and let them go. you know, lincoln wanted to not just win the war, but try to win the peace reconstruction. one country, you know, lincoln even saying both sides drew the sword. we were both g