they form black college kids. they form black fraternal entities. affiliate of kappa alpha. you know, all of these that we've come to know so well black churches, these really take off in a big way in the late 1800s after the civil war and i think they're taking advantage this these opportunities that the developing feel of corporate law presents. and so that provides a basis for african-americans to organize and channeled their energies that is after all what a corporation is for. it is a legal tool that allows a group of persons, individual human beings to join energies, to pool their resources and channel it toward some that they ostensibly agree on. so what that what that does is it allows african-americans to these collective goals. the other side of the story, though, is when you look inside these associations, which you see again and again is this recurring tension over the question of whether members of associate black associates agents and corporations, whether they have rights, that a court can defend, or whether they merely have privileges which they hold at the p

black unemployment has reached record lows. wealth of black families up 60% the last few years.e spoken to on the ground in north carolina and georgia and michigan say they don't feel the effects. so where's the disconnect? >> i think that millions of black people were lifted out of poverty. that doesn't mean everybody's gainfully employed. it does mean there were strides made that hadn't previously been met. and i think that's important to know. >> byron: even with big voices like hughley's amplifying biden's record, democrats' messaging isn't always breaking through. the last three presidential election cycles, black men were more likely than black women to vote republican. >> i believe that voters in our country are shifting under beneath the feet of the political parties. >> byron: that shifting of america, why is that, you think? >> at the end of the day, i think the american people just want commonsense policies that work. >> byron: congressman byron donalds is being considered as the vp contender for former president trump. this past weekend, he was by his side at a churc

i don't think in terms of black on black crime. specifically mentioning homicides, homicide usually is a crime that involves people in close proximity to one another, people who know one another. we can talk about hispanic crime . it is an approximate kind of occurrence. one of the things you raise is this idea that ecologists -- sociologists call internalized oppression. sometimes oppressed people pick up on the negative self-evaluation that comes in a racialized society. if you are a person who devalues himself or herself, it is in some ways easier to engage in violence against people who are like you. that is a psychological dynamic that happens in society in which ritualization is a huge factor. host: coming back to viola fletcher's testimony before congress and a forgotten tragedy, where there other forgotten massacres on the level of tulsa that happened in the u.s.? guest: there are a number of historical racial tragedies that occurred throughout the u.s. in 1919, in elaine, arkansas, a so-called right. longview, texas. any o

my doctor was black. my denis was black parents divorce lawyer, black. yeah and yeah, you know, it's you know, i tell people all the time, think this was your story as well. and i mean, you know, i be insensitive about this because growing up in dc, the eighties and nineties, the narrative was very different and the mainstream media, hence me being in the mainstream media. but i tell people all the time, whatever insecurities had as a kid, being black wasn't one of them. yeah, no, i know i hear you and i feel you know what we're talking about. it's like growing up in brooklyn in the eighties and nineties. yeah you know? i mean, we were like the middle of the crack epidemic. we would find crack vials and in our front yard, i would hear my neighbor, who i write about, you know, it's like a composite. you know, i would hear her like know on a high just screaming, throwing things next door. and i remember, you know, i remember having so much love for my my neighbors because we always looked out for each other. we always there was always someone that was goin

black life. to the images printed in the black press that circulated across the country we must also see till mobley asks three and orator and four and educator due to her, that still story should always be told and taught. given her interest in subjects like english and poetry, and her experiences as a public teacher, playwright on the south end and playwright on the south side of chicago, mamie till-mobley believe that knowledge creation is a transformative because. she did not confine herself to the classroom. till mobley was also political lobbyists. she was a fighter for racial and was committed to holding state powers accountable for the roles that played in the death of her son. this image here shows mamie till-mobley canvasing on the us capitol a or so after emmett till is killed. and next we must see mamie till-mobley as a four mother. a few years prior to her death, till mobley was asked about her legacy and the role that she played in making the world. a better place. some things are b

the second black chairman of the joint chiefs of staff. black women had of military units.ho are overseeing the most diverse and strongest fighting force in the history of the world. folks, the threat trump poses is good in the second term than in the first. it is true that when he left in 2020, something really snapped in this guy. aughter] no, i'm serious. that is why january 6 happened, when he unleashed an insurrection. now he's running again that he is clearly unhinged. he calls insurrectionists who stormed the capital "patriots." if reelected, he wants to harden, quote, "every one of them." let me ask you. what do you think you would have done on january 6 if black americans had stormed the capitol? think about this? if black americans had stormed the capitol? i don't think he would be talking about pardons. this is the same guy who wanted to tear gas you as you peacefully protested george floyd's murder. the same guy who still calls the central park five "guilty," even though they were exonerated. he is that landlord who denies housing applications because of the col

i am sure you havepolls showingt biden is losing support among black v black men.ning? guest: no question president's numbers are strong and black america. i saw week at the white house for the juneteenth celebration. question that his numbers are at best soft and he has experienced someyet, i w not believe the posters have it right. i do not believe it is a size 25% of black men voting for donald trump. i think that will be the reality on election day. voters for granted, and that is part wrong may they be, there's something there. black voters are ten for granted by the democratic party and flat out ignored by the republican party. i am glad to see that this time around, black voters are in play. ■dblack voters matter. joe biden says it all the he would not be president if it were not for black voters, particularly black women in south carolina who came to his rescue four yearsgo. rest, as they say, is history. he understands the importance of black voters. donald trumpalth agenda is antithetical to the best interest of like people, he is courting blackhe spoke a

you had to get to the freedom of black women because of black women were freeg black women faced, itd be free. ow, all of those things on my mind as i was essae book came out reading it and just the sense of hope, it's ha. you know, a lot of reasons to despair. and somebody had once someone had confused me at work with another writer jane austen held and they said, oh, are you the person who encouraged joy? and i said, no, i couldn't do it. but you can't jh life that way, because then you've given up. and that's how the terrorists win. so i think the important thing is to keep that message out there and not ju aemwords in ac. you know, that's what we have.. we have our minds. we have to use them. get this country where it needs it's not even a matter. it's a matter of saving democracy, but it's also a er democracy the home that's which it never been. and i think that's the real work that needs to be done and not by black women, but by everyone who actually cares about this country. tely. thank you so much. so the next question is for you. honorable kim janey. i absolutely loved readi

families with younger black men and black women.he revival of a black middle class in america. you see, during jim crow, during jim crow, the black family was together. during jim crow, more black people were not just conservative, black people always have been conservative minded, but more black people voted conservatively. and then lyndon johnson, and then you go down that road and we are where we are. what's happened in america the last ten years and i say this as my contemporaries you're starting to see more black people be married and in homes, raising kids. when you're home with your wife raising your kids, and then you look at the world, you're saying time-out. this does not look right. how can i get something to my kids, it goes back to the conversation of generational wealth. generational wealth. >> i am joined now by florida republican congressman byron donalds. thank you for being here. we played that lengthy segment, what you posted on your social media. the part of what you said that people take issue with is this line.

black voters matter.it particularly black women in south carolina who came to his rescue four years ago. the rest, as they say, is history. he understands the importance of black voters. agenda is antithetical to the best interest of like people, he isouhe spoke at a black church r he is appealing to black voters, as well. so it is a good thing that black voters are being taken seriously. this and it cannotv legislation passed -- the senate could not get meaningful voting rights past, but i am happy to see voters are not being taken for granted. blackoter88■7 i quote jesse jackson, we lose too many question -- absence at the polls. we elections by the sibyl margin of our absence at the simple margin of our absence at the s. if you are leading the american empire, i have a critique if you. i want to hold you to be accountable for the things you ■Ñsaid ran. cans, certainly black folks. joe bidenble. donald trump should be held accountable. host: you mentioned a speech by former president trump in detroit sa

we see black rappers, we see black -- we don't see black entrepreneurs.hological shift that has to happen. alyssa: once you like help our generation understand financial literacy, then they'll be able to do it for that generation. and it'll really, like revolutionize the trajectory of what it means to be like a black person with money. capricia: what i'm seeing now is that we are in this financial revolution where people actually are being excited and taking ownership of understanding how to maximize their income, and also what it looks like to grow and to have ownership, which are things that weren't necessarily our story, in history. laura: joining me now to talk about the importance of financial literacy is robert smith, philanthropist and ceo of the private equity firm vista equity partners. robert: thank you. it's my pleasure. laura: what do you make of the current state of financial literacy in the black community? robert: there are a number of challenges. some of them are systemic. and some of them are personal. the systemic ones, our access to cap

that's thetory of black people.orge washington carver, how did you do you just had willie mays died just a few minutes ago. when i was in sacramento at shiloh baptist church working with the blackduá g to be the next willie mays. you see my life was just a failure. that's all right. try again, fail again, fail better. my life is fa bettersituation. we would go see willie mays play with my daddy and my mom. my mom would said i never be one half of the human being she was, and she comes from texas juneteenth we celebrated juneteenth every summer o my conscious life because texas celebrated juneteenth every year . but they told us the truth about juneteenth. we knew it wasn't speech given by some general because the black folks word. quit lying about the history. we know that slavery was abolished in mexico in 1829 by a black president whose name wa guerrero. he was executer because the anglo elites man should have that kind of power, no black man oughtack people in that way. in 1820 nine, california was mexico. 1846,

it's a it's a directory of not only black health professional, but but non-black health professionalswho have committed to providing inclusive, you know, anti-racist care. and they they get continuing medical education around equity. there is the earth app that is more centered on maternal health that was founded kimberly seals that she's a black woman and that's how can find maternal health providers. so there are you know i feel like we're we are the ones that are trying find these solutions. in the book i write about the roots center in minneapolis in minneapolis as people know, you know, has like one of the highest, you know, racial, racial, health and equity ghing white people. we're doing very, very poorly there. center in one of the most impoverished neighborhoods and a black midwife opened it up with the goal of providing people with with dignified aid and respectful care. it's so simple. but they've actually found, like they've done some preliminary studies that it's they've they've lowered the rates of preterm births. they've they've lowed maternal complications. so i think

at the spring meadow, as greenwood championed black independence black entrepreneurship, black strength. mary jones, parrish, a local typing teacher, was one of the first people to call it the -- wall. but more than riches was you, parrish greenwood was, quote the wonderful cooperation, observed our people just this terrain. but this terrain, the agreement it cultivated, it was contested neighborhood success starts on the in the minds of many white oklahomans. oklahoma, at its founding a declared that black ambition and intellect were at odds with the white agenda. as a rule, -- are failures as lawyers, doctors and other professions. william murray, a future governor, governor of oklahoma, said of the state's constitutional convention. it is an entirely false notion that the -- can rise to the equal of the white man. not long after murray speech, the state showed a show to segregate train cars, even phone booths in tulsa, interracial baseball games were banned. harper hateful rhetoric and dehumanizing laws inevitably lead to violence and so it was in these united states during the 19 te

blacks are second.n we say environmentalists in america, we establish sexy white guys with ponytails and pickup trucks like my cousin who graduated from fort street school on the white side of the family. -- from forton the white side of the family. way to recognize committees that haveand it seems not robbery to recognize the communities that are the most environmentally minded which are communities of color. fundamentally, we are environmentalists. community in party more poor but also becausegacy of jim crow racism are disproportionately impacted by the poison of the fossil fuel industry. yet in a country where since nafta passed, 65 factories have been shut down. we used to have a factory and when they shut it down, what shut up was despair suicide, opioidthe excitement in this movement is that what will define the next economy are renewables and batteries and electric vehicles and we have to be at the forefront of that movement because we will disproly benefit from the rebuilding of america's manuf

families with younger black men and black women he is also helping so breed the revival of a black middle-class in america. >> we see during jim crow going to go back into region chrome we're back. >> family wants to get ready to reject crow more black people were not just conservative. you always been conservative library for more black people voted conservatively and then hew lyndon johnson. and you go down that road. and now we are where we are what's happened that america, the land as ten years, i'll say there's my contemporaries is, was his contemporaries you're starting to see more than black people been marriage in home, raising is as point you hall, which your wife raising your kids. and then you look at the world you're saying i waited minute. this does not look right how can i get something? >> so my kids goes back to the conversation of generational wealth that is having a job generational wealth now, we should note that many democrats who jumped on donalds to neh claimed that he said that blacks were quote, better off as you heard there, he didn't use those exact words in the clip.

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black voters and the ballot. why some black voters in key states say that they are souring on both donald trump and biden. what democrats have to do to make inroads with that key constituency ahead of november. senator reverend rafael warnick joins me after the break to discuss. i know we had some technical difficulties at the start, but we are working on getting that altogether. just stay tuned for more on the katie phang show. we will be right back. back. ♪♪ ♪♪ citi's industry leading global payments solutions help their clients move money around the world seamlessly in over 180 countries... and help a partner like the world food programme as they provide more than food to people in need. together, citi and the world food programme empower families across the globe. ♪♪ i thought i was sleeping ok... but i was waking up so tired. then i tried new zzzquil sleep nasal strips. their four—point lift design opens my nose for maximum air flow. so, i breathe better. and we both sleep better. and stay married. [introspe

i mean, you the black panthers were black. they were all, all essential to the to the progress that we've made today. and unfortunately, a lot of those relationships. so one of the relationships which i talk about in my vanishing country that a lot of people don't know was frayed, that i wish they had an opportunity to to bring themselves back together before their death was john lewis and julian bond. oh, oh, my god. and you in the movement. they had a lot of there a lot of those personalities. and so i try to lift them all up and share their and share their light. that was a beautiful question, you brother. and with that, that was the final question. and i just want to celebrate and salute this great man, bakari sellers. he is a cnn analyst, lawyer, civil rights lawyer, author, father and just amazing husband and, a husband. we can't forget that amazing human being. and if you don't have this book. please get book the moment by bakari sellers and not only that get it for yourself a couple for other friend like for juneteenth

a black woman to be as vice president and who nominated the first black man to the supreme court. i'm not sure if i'm buying this. but ultimately, it is about the facts. i do care about policy and details. these things matter. i believe you should to so when it comes down to trump's own record with blacks and their voting in black voters, he likes to tout support for hbcus in the prison reform bill but nuance matters. so in a 2023 op-ed, doctor walter kimbrough pointed out that over the course of his four years in the white house donald trump tried to cut the budget and it was congress who appropriated more funding for hbcus and not donald trump. and while he does get credit for signing the first while he was in office it is important to know that this was the result of years of active some across the political spectrum before he even took his first seat at the resolute desk. still, donald trump is playing the criminal justice card hoping that black voters will feel a connection to him because he is a convicted felon? really? listen, while many may think this isn't the flex he thi

if a wte ride, a black person, y can't do it. if if a black personthey can't do it.he same law. they're all being equally restricted. that was the theory. and, you know, it seems to me that one thing that we ought to keep in mind is how powerful an idea that was. i mean. that's a long time. that's a long tim ask question, who were some of the people■) who were flummoxed by that lie? well oliver wendell holmes, jr, justice oliver wendell holmes jr. louis brandeis. and the list goes on. so, i mean, this this idea was a very powerfuid the reasons why you know brown versus board of education is justice in 1954d to overcome a lot to reach that the conclusion that they reached. but i want to point out really quickly, people got to ride where they wanted to during reconstruction. you know, in new orleans this was a clawback. right. right. people got to ride. so trains. the schools actually were reconstruction. so it's a clawback when court decides this fprinciple is particularly fake because people in new orleans had been used to right. itproliferate notion for the net crow

black men in the 1850s. it is meetings with african-americans in 1864 that push lincoln on this issue. he begins working behind scenes to push for black suffrage. a day after, i believe the second meeting took place with this delegation, lincoln sent a letter to the governor of louisiana, where he said that black men should have the right to vote. he, for instance, those who are very and especially those who have fought gallantly in the ranks. he said they would probably help in some trying time to come to keep the jewel of liberty, the family of freedom. in other words, black voters will help the nation survive during reconstruction, which might ugly. and it did. and required black voters, officeholders to help push the nation forward. all right. i think it's my favorite time. more questions. he's a great one. this is an excellent segway. dr. white, the letters seem so eloquent. american history has taught slaves were not taught to read and write. who taught them to read and write? it's a wonderful. literac

i am seeis time around, black voters are in play. black voters matter. joe biden says it all the time, he would not be president if it were not for black voters, particularlyht south carolina who came to his rescue four years ago. the he understands the importance of black voters. donald trump, although his agenda is antithetical to the est of like people, he is courting black voters. he spoke at a black church over the weekend. he is appealin well. so it is a good thing that black voters are being taken and it cannot get meaningful voting rights legislationenate could not get meaningful voting rights past, but i am happy to see that black voters are not being taken for granted. to black voters, i quote jesse jackson, we lose too many -- elections by our absence at the polls. we lose too many elections by the sibyl mar polls -- by the simpl margin of our absence at the polls. if you are leading the american empire, i have a critique if you. i want to hold you to be accountable for the things you said when you ran. and it is in the best interest of all am

children i mean i speak at one point in the book to to a black black psychiatrist named dr.has found that like when black children who are suffering with emotional challenges or mental challenges come to emergency rooms in the middle of a crisis, they are dismissed, discredited and turned away. and less than 50% of the time they're able to get ongoing mental health care treatment why deserve. and so you can't understand, one, without the other and probably about to get cut off by said good but thank you that is really such a crucial part of the heart. this book to you all. thank you so much for coming out tonight. man, this is a tremendous achievement. let's give it up for antonia

their contractual rights impaired, being now used to prevent black women from helping other black womenlevel, edward bloom is engaging in in the intellectual justification of discrimination, and tragically, the courts, the conservative courts are ratifying this intellectual justification of discrimination. and what we must educate people on in the court of public opinion, as we continue to fight in the court of law, is the fact that they are using a law that was designed after the civil war to make sure that african americans were free to enter into contractual agreements with white people. because before that it was illegal. black people will go to jail for doing that then. and so here we go, 100 years later, and they're using that law, not to deny opportunities for black people to do business. i mean, it is just hypocritical at every level, and that is why when they attack diversity, equity and inclusion and they attack black history, it is part of a greater scheme. and we have to make sure that we are educating our children to deal with these oppressors. because i have always said on

to in the black church. that also i wanted to note. let's go to los angeles last night. president joe biden and former president barack obama shared the stage for a record-breaking democratic fundraiser. amongst the company of other mega celebrities, the campaign has said it raised some $30 million. president biden offered a reminder of what is at stake in november, especially when it comes to the supreme court. take a listen. >> the next president is likely to have two new supreme court nominees. two more. two more. he has already appointed 2 that have been very negative in terms of the right of individuals. the supreme court has never been as out of kilter as it is today. i mean, never. i taught constitutional law for 9 years. this guy knows more about it than most. the fact of the matter is, this has never been a court that has been this far out of step. >> aaron, tell us about the highlights of that fundraiser and if there's any untruth said that you picked up. >> the q&a with former president obama real

black sea strategy. [applause] >> thank you madame foreign minister for the overview and i like the framing of the need for secure prosperous and connected black sea region and so in my conversation here with you i think i want to make sure we touch on all of those 3 elements. unfortunately as i was preparing for this and then t that framing, i think a lot of the topics fall security unfortunately because of the events that you described so we broaden it. the one thing that i wanted to t up front that we are not going to get into today that i want to flag i think it's important historical context for the u.s.-romania relationship. when i was president for europe -- radio liberty we returned to romania rel romanian language and manyab visit and the thing that the americans need to u romania's freedom and it's now in their dna and that an important bond given the work for radio europe during mm i had this experience in my countries i operate in but romania was most servant. with tears in their eyes, the ro

white and black students.d that progress was being made and recruitment of african-americans to medical school peaked in 1994. by 2018 pew research study showed that the poor foundation of stem education in k through 12 was the root cause of the recruitment problem for medical schools of medical students. there's a wealth of data showing better health outcomes when black patients have black physicians and this applies across different cultures and this is because when you have cultural connectivity, you have better communication, you have shared experiences and you can overcome the mistrust that has developed over the decades. alabama has a population of 4.8 million people, 25.8% of whom are black and yet we only have 7% to have physician workforce as black. we are dealing with some serious healthcare issues in our state particularly with limited access to healthcare and we had closure of rural hospitals and clinics particularly in the black belt of the state and we have to come up with some real solutions. mo

we've got too many black people who love everybody but black people.erybody has a love of black people but it has to start in place, your own family, your own community. iflike you are serious about love, service andhere00 e thgi

history talking about the issues that matter the most to black america, and the black america book that went to number one the new york timestseller detailing the issues that are most important to black americans that book comes out couplee barack obama shows up. i believe the covenant laid the groundwork in the enthusiasm and interest in giving us the first african-american i didn't do that by myself a lot of folks been engaged in issues that matter to our people, i said that there is no issue right now but many issues on the docket in the coveted anniversary of abu believe it or not it's been 20 years book out and in some ways we made progress in other ways words of to do but at the end of athe d the work that i think really matters. conversation about climate justice climate equity and resilienceng my name in l.a. we got together about how we can impact this issue and engage in the two medium dollar plus a a 12 month campaign around this tomorrow night on c-span is one of the issues on a campaign for the next 12 months. >> let's talk specifics what does climate justice l what are the

black voters.t they forgot to show was how overwhelmingly white that church was and how many empty seats there were. in fact, if you looked at the carefully selected images you would guess the crowd inside was overwhelmingly black and pro trump, literally cheering for him and chanting his name. you would be forgiven for believing that this re-enforces what seems to be the new hot narrative, that it is black people, specifically black men, who are driving trump back into the white house with their overwhelming and historically growing support. and the actual reality that you can see with your own eyes and know if you peel back the layers just a little bit is trump spoke to an overwhelmingly white crowd inside a large detroit church that, yes, does indeed have a black pastor, but which merely served as a venue. and that the people who participated in the roundtable like those in the audience at that church, were already trump supporters, not some new historic black supporters of trump. trump was in d

authors and black writing. it tended toward sort of european elizabethan and so on and history of books made often in britain, but one of the wonderful things that's happened in the current times in the 21st century is that fields have opened up to other. so for. oh yes. is a chance for me to bragw book. second edition of truth hope, think, ago. congratulations. wait. all. you thought i was just carrying this for my lunch. oh, wow. and this is the third edition of standing armageddon. the united states at the turn of so the old books are coming back and coming back and coming back. so i wanted you to know about any rate, one of the things that's happened in the 21st century really indecade of the 21st century, is that what we think of as the archive, what we think of as our society and the past? this is opened up tremendously. so i mentioned the history, the book i use that with sojourner truth. so i mentioned securing in truth. so this book quarter of a century ago could with the tools i had at that time. i di

i have an entire chapter in here, the black church and the. and the what? the black church.hat it's a generalization. and although some churches are doing some things as a collective. it ain't what it was. and i talk about the the, the, the how capitalism has it has caused some of this and these megachurches. now, what the church used to be communities you just there on sundays you were there all week you know and so we the church in this book, we talk about public education system. we talk about those environmental and social injustices. we talk about these structures. and the most amazing thing about these structures, i.e., criminal justice system, is that it ain't broken intended intended. they're profitable. and so i talk the fact that the only way we can fix it is if we go in with the mindset. we're going to deconstruct these systems and rebuild them in an image that looks like us. and so the prescriptions know, like, like i said, this book is just meant in the words ferrell. it keeps the people going. hopefully it'll give you something to chew on. all it's meat, not. t

do, you know white parents would pick white schools black parents would pick black schools and everything would go on the way had gone on for you know, since the end of the civil war and after reconstruction and jim crow, but my parents decided to do something different. they decided that they would send me to a white school. my mother taught at booker t washington, the inevitably named black school booker t washington nothing wrong with that bookery. washington was a great man many ways that were to k through 12. my older brothers were at booker t washington as well because i was beginning school my parents thought that it made sense for me to be the one. to go forward and do that now. this is interesting because i have kids myself. and i wonder if i would have sent them into this kind of environment. and i would probably say no. at this point but then i have this is actually when you write about other people's families, you don't have to deal with these kinds of things, you know, these personal issues that you have to to think about. what would they thinking was that the right thing to

this is someone who is harmful to black policy and black agenda or uplift., he is supporting turning point usa for he was today for we have a valid white supremacist nick fontes speaking, for you have like the people that lead that organization, who said that black people have smaller lanes, who is argued that black people don't need to be doctors because of black people become doctors people die. this is a known racist who has propagated racism policy after policy. you cannot be that on one side and be protector and savior of black people at the same time. donald trump doesn't care about black people. what he does care about is running the media in circles and he does that well. >> yes, he does. let me play for you this moment during trump's remarks yesterday. >> your biggest threat of the illegals taking the jobs. we have processed the security, too, because again, so many of them come from prisons and jails, mental institutions and even insane asylums. the first community, and this is open knowledge that is being affected, is the black community because t

for black teachers black communities. and so while some education reformers were definitely directly challenged, the encroachment of private interests into public domains, others sought to stake a claim in this emerging order. so i'll use the example of a woman named barbara sizemore, who was local to chicago. but then she ran this woodlawn experimental schools project, a black woman. eventually became the first black woman to be superintendent of a large school district in washington in the 1970s, and also edmonds, who was very much involved both in new york city public schools, but also in national public school policy. and they used corporate organizational models to replicate to replicate high achieving schools for poor black black children. but this was in form not so by their interest in privatized fashion as a solution to the problems that black were facing in education. but from their own work, in struggles, desegregation and community control. and i think their ideas reflected a different history and set of motiv