and hiram johnson was the progressive governor of california. he helped found the progressive party with teddy roosevelt. and again, it was seen as the states are these places where a lot of reform is happening, they're trying to bring that reform to the federal government. and so you have these very charismatic, dedicated reformers who are in government. and in the case of the progressive party ticket, you have two of them on the ticket. and in the case of roosevelt and appear. hmm johnson was a shock was the sudden death of the vice president in 1912. yeah i mean so the vice president had been ill with kidney disease for the better part of a decade at that point. but no one was expecting him to die just before the just before the election. so, yeah, it came as a it came as a shock and it required taft, who already kind of knew he was going to lose the election. it caused him to scramble to find somebody else. well, bring us back to those final months of the campaign and the general strategies of each one of the candidates there. you say taft k

and hiram johnson was the progressive governor of california. he helped found the progressive party with teddy roosevelt. and again, it was seen as the states are these places where a lot of reform is happening, they're trying to bring that reform to the federal government. and so you have these very charismatic, dedicated reformers who are in government. and in the case of the progressive party ticket, you have two of them on the ticket. and in the case of roosevelt and appear. hmm johnson was a shock was the sudden death of the vice president in 1912. yeah i mean so the vice president had been ill with kidney disease for the better part of a decade at that point. but no one was expecting him to die just before the just before the election. so, yeah, it came as a it came as a shock and it required taft, who already kind of knew he was going to lose the election. it caused him to scramble to find somebody else. well, bring us back to those final months of the campaign and the general strategies of each one of the candidates there. you say taft k

people like hiram johnson was a big supporter of direct democracy. lot of states adopted those rules early on. eastern states typically solidify their political identities 100 years before that when voting on a ballot measure or when voting on anything was a big deal. we have elections on tuesdays because that was market day. i'll let measures are more modern but not a terribly modern way of conducting public policy. >> anthony from massachusetts. a question about minimum wage tips. >> minimum wages on the ballot or something to do about minimum wage is on five pallets. california would raise it to $18 and in massachusetts and arizona the measures have to do with how much you pay a tip to worker. that is to say, a restaurant server. under state law in most states can make less than minimum wage on the presumption that there tips would make up the difference on an hourly basis. i have not seen a measure specifically dealing with tipped workers in the past but that is against -- a raise of minimum wages a bad bet because since 2000 there have been like

progressive party ticket, you have two of them on the ticket, and in the case of roosevelt and hiram johnson. >> wasn't a shock, of the death of the vice president in 1912? >> yeah. so, the vice president had been ill with kidney disease for about the better part of a decade at that point, but nobody was expecting him to digest before the election. so, yeah, it came as a shock and it required taft -- who already kind of knew he was going to lose the election -- it caused him to scramble to find someone else. >> well, bring us back to those final months of the campaign, and the general strategies of each one of the candidates there? you said taft kind of knew he was going to lose the election. at what point did he come to that realization? >> pretty much as soon as teddy roosevelt split the ticket, as soon as he left the party. that is when taft short of took a john to skew to his political campaign. so, taft is not going to campaign in any real way. he is not going to go out on the campaign trail. he is going to let surrogates do that. but, he, himself, will not be a particularly active camp