so chairman ajit pai alternative route to you . ajit: good afternoon and happy new year's to all of you. heartfelt thank you to the doctor. and my good friend for the opening remarks. it's wonderful to be able to work with you. i really appreciate you and everyone at the new international studies . this my first time speaking csis as we mentioned . in the first time and fcc has spoken and a quarter of a century believe it or not. 1986, hunt men chairman, two thirds of the population and never made a phone call. half of all people it was a tour date walk. enough course is very different considering we live in a world where there are more cell phones than people. thank you so fair to say there's been too long since someone in this position has addressed csis . was actually a connection in 1990, this was more personal . the debt this out of my own memory bank. as i was working on this speech . is a fall 1990, ancient history for those millennial's. an engine sears out there . one of my favorite classes as a harvard graduate prayed a hi

shery: that was fcc chairman ajit pai.e says where the money comes the pans on congress, including credit, before the process takes place. some of these small and rural carriers do not have the money to carry this out. amanda: great interview. still ahead, more details on walgreens, said to be exploring a potential deal to take the company private. this is bloomberg. ♪ amanda: this is bloomberg markets. i'm amanda lang in toronto. shery: i'm shery ahn in new york. let's get more on that breaking headlines from earlier this hour. walgreens sent to explore a potential deal to go private. it would be the largest leveraged buyout in history. ed hammond joins us now with the details. he helped to break the story. .e had a guest earlier as soon as he heard the breaking news, said it would not happen. too much money. what are you hearing? ed: understandable instinct, and people are saying that. it may will not happen. the biggest leveraged buyout in history. even if you factor in the fact that the ceo has 16% of the company, pres

coming up, fcc chairman ajit pai calls for a review of net neutrality. nders vow a tsunami of resistance. we'll hear from chairman pai. if you like bloomberg news, check us out on the radio. you can listen on the bloomberg app and in the u.s. on sirius xm. this is bloomberg. ♪ ways wins. especially in my business. with slow internet from the phone company, you can't keep up. you're stuck, watching spinning wheels and progress bars until someone else scoops your story. switch to comcast business. with high-speed internet up to 10 gigabits per second. you wouldn't pick a slow race car. then why settle for slow internet? comcast business. built for speed. built for business. did you know slow internet can actually hold your business back? say goodbye to slow downloads, slow backups, slow everything. comcast business offers blazing fast and reliable internet that's over 6 times faster than slow internet from the phone company. say hello to internet speeds up to 250 mbps. and add phone and tv for only $34.90 more a month. call today. comcast business. built fo

joining us is the federal communications commission's chairman, ajit pai. l to have you with us. first of all, i want to ask about how you intend to take on the tsunami of resistance. have you braced yourself? chairman pai: this is going to be a political debate that will engage millions of people. we will stay focused on the facts and the law. americans believe in a free and open internet, but they also want to have infrastructure investment. they want those next generation networks to be built out. we don't need heavy-handed regulations that saddle businesses with a lot of rules that this incentivize them from building those networks. that's going to be the course we are charting henceforth. caroline: have you had commitments from the internet service providers that, if these rules are repealed or changed, they will invest? i'm looking at the profits of at&t, $14 billion, $8 billion if you are comcast. shares have risen since that original ruling of net neutrality. they don't seem to have really been hurt. chairman pai: they are down 5.6% for the top 12 br

ajit pai: appreciate the question. we have received a position from among other advocates suggesting that the creation of a class at four for certain radio protesters. i put that in the floor for my colleagues consideration. in the request of my colleagues, we converted was originally intended to be a rulemaking into a notice of inquiry. my understanding from last time that we had these discussions there's not majority support for going ahead with the rules were making. so i look forward to create a solution to try and advance the ball in a way that reflects consensus on this issue. sen. roger wicker: who has doubts about this that you would like to voice. yes commissioner o'reilly. comm. o'reilly: i don't like to voice bible voiceprint have concerns, harmful interference from other radio broadcasters. and a disagreement among broadcasters and the impact of this and when it did and i asked the chairman to go from one to another. i thought we had a understand what it explain what this is. but the value is going for trea

thanks for coming on brendan cache, ajit pai, thank you ever so much. up on "kudlow," are democrats really going to block weapons to israel, supposedly our greatest ally? we'll talk about that former u.s. ambassador to israel, mr. david friedman. plus voters didn't really like joe biden's state of the union message, what do you think? isn't that interesting? actually they didn't like it by a lot. we have chris lowry and chrisre bedford. but do you have to wedge it into everything? what? i don't do that. this reminds me of my bike. the wolf was about the size of my new motorcycle. have you seen it, by the way? happy birthday, grandma! really? look how the brushstrokes follow the line of the gas tank. -hey! -hey! brought my plus-one. jamie? ♪ ♪ next. next. stop. we got it? no. keep going. aga... [ sigh ] next. next. if you don't pick one... oh, you have time. am i keeping you from your job. next. i don't even know where i am anymore. stop. do we finally have it? let's go back to the beginning. are you... your electric future. customized. the fully-electri

the guests will hear from in a moment, kim hart with the fcc chairman ajit pai. and the chairman run into each other at chick-fil-a on the weekends and so this time we will see that in a little more formal setting. our first guest was a federal prosecutor. he was a committee chairman in the state senate of my home state, california. in the house he has been a leader on foreign-policy, on the free press and is now the ranking member of the house intelligence committee it from the great state of california congressman adam schiff. welcome to axios. [applause] >> thank you. >> we are going to start with a quiz. i am going to describe a public figure and you're going to tell me who it is. one, very talented. number two, very smart guy. three, great negotiator. >> well, sadly, that fits the description of kim jong-un. >> it is. >> you know what a surreal world you are in when that's the description of the north korean dictator, and weak, obnoxious and dishonest is the description we give the canadian prime minister. >> what do you think of that? what is the consequenc

also fcc chair ajit pai live from the mobile world congress and later, jon favreau will join us fromvanity fair" summit in l.a. talking about the future of media, streaming, content, disney and more. dow up 51. - [spokesman] if you've tried college but never finished, (group cheering) snhu lets you transfer up to 90 credits toward you bachelor's degree. - [woman] it doesn't matter how old you are, you can do it, you can finish. - [spokesman] finish your degree at snhu.edu i am totally blind. and non-24 can make me show up too early... or too late. or make me feel like i'm not really "there." talk to your doctor, and call 844-234-2424. >>> jeff bezos making headlines about space. morgan brennan is there live >> jeff bezos took the stage to receive an award earlier this morning. here's the big news from his time on stage. he announced his other company, blue origin is partnering with some of the biggest companie and most well-established companies in the space industry to bid on the nasa contract to quite literally land humans back on the surface of the moon blue origin will partner wi

. >> a a discussion on the biden administration expansion of 5g technology with former sec chair ajit pai and current sec commissioner brendan carr. >> good afternoon and thank you for joining us this afternoon at the american enterprise institute to talk about i have with me a former chairman of the communications commission ajit pai who served at the fcc from 2017-2021 and we have the good fortune of having a flask of years is what raise questions of of harvard university and university of chicago law, worked as a lawyer and the department of justice and the senate judiciary committee and also did two years over at verizon.nd but he currently is a part of the private equity firm and he has been since 2021 so thank you for joining us today. i also have the opportunity of talking to commissioner carr. he is at the fcc as well since 2017, he was appointed by former president companies graduate of georgetown university and catholic university from 2005-2007 he was associate at wiley ryman to be a law clerk for judge shad and has been spent quite a bit of time at the fcc and we appreciate yo

brendan carr who is fcc commissioner and ajit pai former fcc chairman and fellow at american enterprisenk that my friend, i think that world of rand paul, but i don't think he is right. i was reading your notes, this stuff the. >> control is iran -- even then it has to -- a threat to national security, china qualifies. i think that some of these senators don't understand how this legislation has been written. >> thank you, senator paul has been good on so many matters of individual liberty this bill, as you noted is different, it only applies if you are controlled by a foreign adversary country, which is defined as russia, china, north korea and an iran, only then, a national security threat in addition to being controlled, it has nothing to do with surveillance or free speech, this is a clear and present danger that tiktok recents it is -- presents it is b beholden to the ccp . tiktok tries to do it, they failed. not because they are necessarily bad people but because they are beholden to the ccp any other reforms we want will only work once you break that link back to the ccp, it goes

earlier today, i sat down with ajit pai who warned chinese tech firms pose a threat to u.s. security. take a listen. mr. pai: we have seen a great variety of evidence with respect to particular chinese vendors of behaving in ways that are not consistent with the rule of law with free markets and the like. earlier this year, the department of justice announced an indictment against huawei in which case the indictment specifically states huawei officials offered bonuses to individuals who successfully stole confidential information from certain businesses. more generally speaking, this is part of the overall chinese government effort we fear to leverage their influence over global commerce. shery: no wonder they have to see has about coming up to prohibit companies of receiving federal subsidies from buying equipment from huawei and zte. will this banning of firms of selling to huawei or carriers not be allowed to use cheaper tiny equipment of an impact on the u.s. firms and jobs? mr. pai: i start with a bedrock principle. when it comes to the security of america's committee c

[applause] >> the chair of the fcc, ajit pai, was one of the featured speakers at the national rivera institute ideas summit. he spoke for about half an hour. >> please welcome charles c w cook and the fcc chairman, ajit pai. >> thank you for joining us. >> great to be with you. keep it clean. >> i will. [laughter] maybe we can stop by asking a basic question. what is the fcc? the federal communications commission is the nation's premier communications regulation agency. ago.re created 85 years essentially, it's enabling americans to be able to benefit from communications technology, whether it's more traditional, like radio, tv, and telephone, or the modern ones, satellite, internet, and wireless. matching the operation to the american consumer with the technological innovations on cap, that's what our core mission is. >> what was the mission in 1934? >> it changed a little bit. back then, we were created to regulate the airwaves, broadcast tv and radio airwaves, the spectrum being used. in addition, regulating the telephone monopoly. there's a list of regulations that congress charg

meantime, ajit pai recommends the deal be approved. reaction we spoke with our correspondent who broke the story and the founder of boost mobile. >> approval from both agencies is needed here, as well as from the state's attorney general who are investigating the merger. it is common in telecom deals to have both the justice department and fcc review a deal. they both have different standards when considering approval. the doj is focused on competition, will a merger lead to higher prices? the sec has a much broader standard, that's the public interest standard. typically, they come out on the same side of the deal and work closely together. here, it looks like the doj is leaning against the deal while the fcc chairman announced he intends to recommend approval. emily: interesting. obviously, this has been a long time coming. there have been many twists and turns. both companies have suggested concessions they can make. but it sounds like the doj doesn't think there is not enough. what is your perspective on whether this is good or bad

they met with ajit pai in washington. pai has a track record of opposing the existing rules.he internet association ceo, michael just -- michael beckerman, joins us from washington. david kirkpatrick, our guest host for the hour. michael, you have met with ajit pai. perhaps he wants to get rid of those. he wants to move it to the ftc instead. your view is that net neutrality should not be changed. was he open ear-eared or not? a very cordial meeting. i have a lot of respect for the chairman. we do strongly disagree on this issue. we think the fcc got the rules right in 2015. we are advocating they keep it the same. if it's not broke, don't fix it. as it results -- relates to moving to the federal trade commission, i would point to the comments from commissioner sweeney that they are not the expert agency. we have agencies in our government. all the engineers are at the fcc. that's the expert agency. we should keep it there. caroline: you're looking at a terrell, made by talking about the performance -- importance of keeping it with the fcc. pai does make out that clearly, he

michael, you have met with ajit pai.eresting moves perhaps he of oversightt rid fcc, andp's by the perhaps wants to move it to the ftc instead. your view is that net neutrality should not be changed. was he open ear-eared or not? >> it was a very cordial meeting. i have a lot of respect for the chairman. we do strongly disagree on this issue. we think the fcc got the rules one, right in 2015. we are advocating they keep it the same. if it's not broke, don't fix it. as a relates from moving the rules from the fcc to the federal trade commission, i would point to the comments from commissioner mcsweeney that they are not the expert agency. we have agencies in our government. all the engineers are at the fcc. that's the expert agency. we should keep it there. caroline: you're looking at a snake meant -- statement made by terrell mcsweeney about the importance of keeping it with the fcc. pai does make out that clearly, he has always tried to say that he wants net neutrality principles to remain, but a voluntary pledge instea

caroline: fcc chair ajit pai spoke to kevin cirilli about the plan. mr. he 5g fast plan to -- is the plan to facilitate america's superiority. a core part is to make more spectrum available for the commercial marketplace. later this year we will be , holding the biggest auction of spectrum in american history. 3400 megahertz of spectrum that will put a stamp on american leadership on 5g across the world. kevin: 3400 megahertz, what does that actually mean, especially when you look at global competitors like korea and china? mr. pai: we are very much ahead of the curve. we will be allocating more spectrum for commercial 5g than all the mobile broadband providers america has today combined. it's a huge influx of supply. we are confident carriers will use spectrum to deploy 5g. we want that to happen here because spectrum availability is a big part of the equation. kevin: which companies will be driving these auctions? mr. pai: i expect it will be some of the traditional players, but we are seeing a lot of interest from cable companies, silicon valley compani

joining us, the chairman of the federal communications commission, ajit pai., ajit, good to have you with us. it's been some time since we knew that both of these companies were turning over information that they gathered in the course of their normal businesses to the people's liberation army, to chinese intelligence. why this decision now? >> well, thanks for having me on, lou. unlike in commune nist china d communist china, we have the rule of law. the fcc proposed to ban the use of fcc funding being used by telecom carriers here in the united states on problematic equipment or services coming from carriers like huawei and zte. we initially proposed to designate them as national security threats, but we wanted everyone to make their case. we heard from the executive branch, we heard from congress, other stakeholders, and we heard from huawei and zte. the overwhelming weight of the evidence suggested that huawei and zte would be national security threats. that's why we moved forward with a firm designation to plant a flag to say that going forward, starting

joining us now in a first on cnbc interview, fcc commissioner ajit pai, now you've been against titlessification for internet but tom wheeler has said, fcc can make some tweaks to make it work the way it should. how do you feel about this proposal, you know, some cable stocks were up yesterday on the news? >> well, i think what people have been reacting to is, a spin about what the plan is. we haven't seen it, however, and the devil is going to be in the details. we do know it is going to involve as you suggested title 2 regulation of the internet and i'm opposed to president obama's plan for internet regulation because it is going to make for slower broadband for americans, increase their internet bills and will reduce competition in infovation in the broadband marketplace. >> it does appear though that there is a burden on internet service providers in the the basics of what we've seen in the last couple days, but there's some watching the cable industry saying, you know, it could have been worse. where is the burden and how strict in your opinion is it actually when it comes down t

and fcc commissioner ajit pai joins me now. welcome. welcome to the "newshour." >> thank you for having me. >> brangham: so you are not a fan of these net neutrality rules from a few years ago. what is your principle concern? >> i favor a free and open internet, as most consumers do, my concern is with the particular regulations that the fcc adopted two years ago. they are what is called title ii regulations developed in the 1930s to regulate the ma bell telephone monopoly. my concern is by imposing those heavy handed economic regulations on internet service providers big and small, we could disincentivize companies from wanting to build out to low-income parts of the country and rural and urban areas, for example. that's something nobody would benefit from. >> brangham: is there evidence these rules have disincentivized those companies? businesses are doing very well. they're spending billions on the spectrum. >> there is evidence that investment and infrastructure has gone down since the adoption of these rules. there is a study by a

pot, the chairman, and -- ajit pai,arr --metro pcsoner, has a robust prepaid business that is owned byis number one, a structural remedy that someone from the doj would like. he talked about his preference for structural remedies over behavioral remedies. there are also pricing commitments. three years of the best deal and it won't cost you more for 5g as it rolls out. that will allay concerns not only of the department of justice but also the states. public service commission has already approved this. they are looking at this as well. ajit has done a masterful job i think of finding a number of conditions agreeable to the parties as well as the states and department of justice. i think we have the perfect -- argue that even without these conditions, that the merger would be good for competition? >> absolutely. 5g will have up to 100 times more capacity and speed. we are at the dawn of that era. we need to frontload our capex in the global race to 5g. this merger cleans up a week balance sheet by combining assets like cell towers and things of that nature, then $40wing it to borrow ab

we spoke to fcc chairman ajit pai from washington, d.c.jit: this will be a political debate that will engage millions of people, but we are going to stay focused on the facts and the laws. the facts are americans by and large believe in an open internet, but they want to have an infrastructure investment. they want the next generation networks to be built out. and so i think what the fcc does , not need is heavy-handed regulation that saddle businesses with lots of rules that simply disincentive rises incentivize -- disincentivizes them from building those networks. that will be the course we're charting henceforth. caroline: have you had commitments that if these rules are changed, they will invest? i'm looking at the profits of at&t, $14 billion. $8 billion if you are comcast, shares have risen since the original ruling of net neutrality. they don't seem to have really been hurt. ajit: if you look at the actual numbers with respect to investments, they are down 5.6% for the top 12 broadband providers in this country. and that does not ev

willman ajit pai said he recommend approval. i want to bring in the reporter who broke the story, david. and peter in california. who has the authority, the sec or -- the fcc or doj? avid: approval of both agencies is needed as well as state attorneys general. it is very common to have the justice department and fcc approve a deal. they both have different standards when considering approval. the doj is focused on competition. will emerge early to higher prices for consumers. the fcc has a much higher standard, the public interest standard. on thely, they come out same side of a deal. they work very closely together. here, it looks like doj is leaning against the deal. the fcc chairman today announced that he intends to recommend approval. emily: obviously, this has been a long time coming. there have been many twists and turns. both companies have suggested concessions they can make. it sounds like the doj doesn't think there has been enough. what is your perspective on whether this is good or bad? time: i spent a lot of with t

ajit pai. >> thanks for having me on. trish: you heard what randall stephenson is ready to litigate. do you think he will -- >> i can say i think that the professionals at the department are going to do the right thing according to the law and the facts. we'll see where that takes us. trish: look at, say a company like nbc and comcast, right? so you get the distributor and the content provider, and they have merged. wouldn't this be sort of similar type of thing? >> there are questions like this that often pop up in context of mergers acquisitions, there is good news with the leadership at the antitrust division division and staff level that will review this very carefully. i think they will reach the right result. trish: what do you think of people saying, oh, i have friends at cnn, they actually believe this. that this is just the president's vendetta against us at cnn what do you think of that commentary? >> i know there is a lot of discussion. i try to stick within my lane and review any transaction before the fcc at

we do know that delharin and ajit pai who supports the deal met privately friday to discuss the mergert screaming at each other at the lunch place they were at. so maybe there's some meeting of the minds here. but this is heating up. decision is coming down the pike. can't tell you exactly when, but it's all over the place. could be this week, could be tomorrow, could be next week, we don't know, but it's coming down. by the way, that's you and mr. ledger. liz: yes, in the times square. if you're just tuning in, some of you specifically tune in just to see sharly gasparino, you're probably wondering about the shot -- take charlie, please. >> could we just see -- liz: just a minute. there's a lot of police and firefighter activity. if we can dissolve to our sixth avenue shot, this is, of course, in the wake of a helicopter crash onto the top of the axa building where the pilot of a helicopter -- and we don't know who owns that chopper -- died after hard landing on the roof and a subsequent fire from the fuel leak out of the -- >> apparently, he was the only one in the chopper. liz: righ

ajit pai is one of those. you cannot like the robo call during dinner? issioner pai: i certainly do not. but the agency opened the door to class-action lawsuits across the country and that's not going to benefit consumers. emily: the fcc also voted to expand subsidized broadband access to low income households. you also voted against this. isn't the internet vital to everyone? commissioner pai: there's a couple different reasons why. first and foremost the fcc refused to adopt fiscal responsibility reforms that have made the lifeline program as it is known rife with waste, fraud, and abuse. in terms of extending it to broadband, the fcc should be targeting these scarce funds on people who do not have internet access. instead the agency has opened the door to subsidizing people who already have rock band, who had incomes much higher than the poverty threshold. it's not diverting these funds where they are needed. for this reason i took a different view from the majority. emily: i want to bring in craig moffett from new york. another major headline -- a 100

i sat down with fcc chair ajit pai to see how he thinks the biden administration will handle it.na-u.s. relationship is complex, goes well beyond the fcc boundaries. we see a recognition the chinese communist party has a determined view about the way it wants to order the world. it is not content to simply focus internally. we see them exporting their own values abroad. as i mentioned on twitter frequently, if they are willing to take action to cause censorship on things like basketball and flag emojis or games, what will it mean in equipment from chinese manufacturers subject to chinese law, in our communications network? we see people on capitol hill speaking with a bipartisan voice as recently as this week, when they passed legislation saying, we need to think about a solution to navigate around problems we are seeing in huawei. emily: do you think samsung, huawei, zte, and others will change under the next administration? ajit: the fcc has spoken with a unified, bipartisan voice. whether it is a 5g network built in new york city or the navajo nation, everybody wants it to be

game changer is ajit pai.: he is the anti-regulation regulator at the federal communications commission. >> he would not say he is against net neutrality. he is against rules placed during the democratic administration that will diminish company's role and put government on top of them. that consumers will have a better internet experience and competition will and sure the precept of net neutrality, no blocking, no -- clean flowing traffic. julia: the democrats will fight. he has a core base to battle on that front. he is systematically reversing president obama's decisions. what is the endgame? what is he trying to achieve? from what i can see in his biography, and i've had the chance to interview him and watch him, he sincerely believes , so far as we can tell, that a problem with the communication sector is government intrusion. old ruse in place -- rules in place for decade need to be loosened, and the experience will be better for both companies and consumers. others say as he loosens those roles, compani

protesters demonstrated outside the fcc chairman ajit pai's home. ere attacking pai first is that internet regulations. shaking off criticism by poking fun at a few of a few of them being tweaked to scott. some of the comments are really at this. take a listen. >> freedom gain 1776. ajit pai, go back to africa were you came from. do you even english, bro? ajit pai is another fascist who needs to be apprehended and put against the people. you're not going to catch me if i'm back in africa, are you? isd the indian people. he's an embarrassment from nonwhites. his behavior kissing white as. as a conflicted brown man, i was on the fence but when you put it in all-caps, you persuaded me. charles: ajit pai joins us now. i love that you read those out. it's always great to hear how it sounds going from twitter to the spoken word and the hypocrisy of it all. share again with us a little bit more of the hypocrisy and the vitriolic anger aimed at you on such a personal level. >> well, it has been pretty picture all at your dose or some of them are pg-13 tweets

. >> fcc chair ajit pai sat down with the conversation about 5g technology and competition at the wilson center in washington, d.c. he discussed the need for the united states to leave the world and the development of 5g technology and how the implementation of 5g will impact how we view the world. this is one hour and 35 minutes. [inaudible conversations] >> good afternoon everybody. and everybody who is looking at us virtually and everybody in line in the security line trying to get in. and everybody who will be watching sometime soon on a cable network. so i am jane harman, president and ceo of the wilson center and today we are probing a very complicated issue that is in my view d valvoline policymakers in washington and all over the world. at least three parts of the problem are the u.s., china, and the 5g supply chain. the wilson center has just produced -- this is a prop, a spectacular policy brief by melissa griffith who is in the front row, and we will see in a little bit which is entitled there is more to worry about the huawei. i think you get the just of this. and she will ex

emily: that was the fcc chair ajit pai. ofat does it for this edition "bloomberg technology."ang. daybreak: asia coming up. this is bloomberg. ♪ bloomberg. ♪ are you frustrated with your weight and health? it's time for aerotrainer, a more effective total body fitness solution. (announcer) aerotrainer's ergodynamic design and four patented air chambers create maximum muscle activation for better results in less time, all while maintaining safe, correct form and allows for over 20 exercises. do the aerotrainer super crunch. the pre-stretch works your abs even harder, engaging the entire core. then it's the back extension, super rock, and lower back traction stretch to take the pressure off your spine and stretch muscles. planks are the ultimate total body exercise. build your upper body with pushups. work your lower body with the aerosquat. the aerotrainer is tested to support over 500 pounds. it inflates and deflates in less than 30 seconds using the electric pump. head to aerotrainer.com now. now it's your turn to lose weight, look great, and be healthy. get off the floor and

ajit pai has been pushing it since his first day in office .are joined to discuss why the issue is so important. alexis: reddit has been fighting for the internet here in this is something that steve and i believe in personally, deeply. that gave us the chance to start reddit in an apartment with $12,000 in the bank. and 12 years later, we have built the fourth most trafficked site on the internet. net neutrality made that possible. emily: the site costar can you have a message there. other companies are telling users to take action. google is saying today's open internet ensures that both new and established services, they have the ability to reach users on an equal playing field. do you think this protest will make a difference? -- alexis: yes. it's been great to see more and more companies come and join our ranks. a lot of people remember the internet blackout that happened because sites like road test -- reddit and wikipedia were protesting and that helped the push to get title ii. that helped crystallize a lot of these laws. those happened