white fang, bloody side to andrew jackson and his disregard for black americans and native americans. he has been thinking -- sinking by scholars. donald trump has praised jackson. on the right, he is having a renaissance. but in the presidential scholar world, he is moving downward. i saw a documentary on calvin coolidge, he is having an upward revision because like eisenhower, integrity matters. like jimmy carter. people will judge character as not just the defining thing -- some people said fdr would never let his -- he could make up stories. i am not talking about the moral

so in this cut, then we're looking at andrew jackson in the upper left. he was the famed indian fighter. so that not make him the best friend of native people. the white house. he promoted the indian removal act and he disputed the most dire versus georgia case, which actually recognized the sovereignty of the cherokee in setting the precedent for recognizing the sovereignty of indian nations. so he's really not a friend of native people branch vetoed a bill to stop slaughter of buffalo so we continue slaughter of buffalo in terms which less than 2000 west of the mississippi river. this peace policy with the plains indians largely failed in. we introduced a winter you with bill sheridan, is this general? so not so much is in the indian theodore roosevelt believed in eugenics national from many of the sacred lands in which publicly critical native people in that there's need to assimilate into to be like ourselves and thereby foregoing cultures. so he believed that strong we were in some way any so he was more the person in the lower left hand corner. i me

[laughter] 2021 marks the bicentennial of when andrew and rachel jackson and their son andrew jackson junior moved into their newly constructed home. while significantly more modest demand the mansionis that you wl visit today. there was a substantial upgrade from this two-story farmhouse they lived in for the prior 17 years. but the question is why did they choose to construct this type of house beyond the functional considerations, what did it symbolize to them, how did it position them and at the community and how did it express the familiesto aspirations? tonight we are honored to have doctor kevin murphy is this evening's speaker. the andrew w mellon chair in humanities and professor and chair of the department of history and art and architecture at vanderbilt university. he will explore virgos the history of early presidential plantation homes, but the buildings symbolized to their owners and to their constituents and what do they mean to ushy today. doctor murphy grew up in the boston massachusetts area. he holds an undergraduate degree from swarthmore college, masters in histo

2021 marks the bicentennial of when andrew and rachel jackson and their son andrew jackson jr. moved into their new newly constructed home here at the hermitage. while significantly more modest the dimension you will visit today. it was a substantial upgrade from the two-story log farmhouse. they had lived in for the prior 17 years. but the question is why did the jacksons choose to construct this particular type of house beyond the functional considerations? what did it symbolize to them? how did it position them in the community? and how did it express the family's aspirations? tonight we're honored to have dr. kevin murphy. as this evening speaker, dr. murphy is the andrew w mellon. chair in humanities and professor and chair of the department of history of art and architecture at vanderbilt university. he will explore for us the history of early presidential plantation homes what these building symbolized to their owners and to their constituents and what do they mean to us today? dr. murphy grew up in the boston, massachusetts area he holds master heals and undergraduate d

this enraged andrew jackson, and he resigned from senate, said the election was a fraud, he would gok and run again next time and debate adams, this almost led to a civil war. in 1860, presidential election, was not just contentious, has was pointed out, ite offe tore the nation apart, lincoln got 39% of popular vote against stephen douglas, democrat from illinois. also running for president was john brekenridge, and john bell of tennessee, lincoln won about 39% of the vote. but took most of the electoral college votes in the north and california and oregon. brekenridge won electoral votes in south along with maryland and delaware. and douglas captured missouri. you had a mess. just weeks after lyn lincoln victory, south carolina voted to succeed. -- they elected jefferson davis as their president, i would say that is contentious. america. it also gave us abraham lincoln. here is the biggest, 1876. democrat governor samuel tilden of new york won 250 thousand more votes hayes the republican and 19 or electoral college votes, but tilden was still one electoral vote -- one, short of the

so november, 2001, march 20, '21, the bicentennial when they and their son andrew jackson, jr. moved into their newly constructed home at the hermitage. more modern than the mansion you'll visit today, a substantial upgrade from the two story log home they had lived in for the prior 17 years. the question, why did the jacksons choose to construct this particular type of house, beyond the functional considerations? what did it symbolize to them? how did it position them in the community? and how did it express the family's aspirations? tonight, we're honored to have dr. kevin murphy as the speaker. as he's the melon chair in humanities, and department and history of heart and architecture at vanderbilt university. he will explore to us, the history of early presidential plantation homes and what the buildings symbolized to their owners and to their constituents and what do they mean to us today. dr. murphy grew up in the boston, massachusetts area. he holds master-- he holds an undergraduate degree from college, a masters in historic preservation from boston university, and his

have not seen some of those photos either and it was really interesting to see the photo of andrew jackson's inauguration as i also worked on some artifacts for that better in the tennessee state museum so it would be kind of interesting if both the robe and andrew jackson's top hat were in the same spot at the same time. very cool. my involvement in this project goes back to january of 2019 which seems like a very long time ago now but i flew up to richmond to basically spend a morning at the house examining the robe and just really kind of coming to grips with its current condition. i don't think anyone had seen it for quite a while. it was just very fragile and people had wanted to take it out so i spent the morning carefully folding it documenting its current condition and after that i wrote up a treatment proposal for virginia and that's basically a document that outlines the condition and also goes through what i suggest for the treatment step-by-step and gives the client time and cost estimate and so as leo mentioned there was a period of time grazing and we had quite a few days on th

so it's kind of interesting and andrew jackson's top hat were at the same spot at the same time, veryool. my involvement in this project goes back to january of 2019. which is a very long time ago now. but i flew up to richmond to spend a morning at the marshall house examining the robe.ch i'm really getting to grips with it. i don't think anyone had seen it for quite a while. i think people were reluctant to take it out. i spent the morning documenting its current condition. and after that i wrote a proposal and document that outlines the tradition and it also goes through when i suggest for the treatment step-by-step. and gives the client that all important cost estimate. tonto as liat mentioned there is a. and then we have quite a few dates on the calendar to drive up to richmond and two coats come up and i eventually made it up there in mid june. and then bring it back down to my studio. and so this photo technically show the road front and back up. .the front is on the left. i'm basically to run through a description it's a very simple construction that two panels on the front. i

so it's kind of interesting -- and and andrew jackson's top hat were at the same spot at the same time. very cool. so, well, my involvement in this project goes back to january of 2019 which seems a very long time ago now. i moved up to richmond to basically spend a morning at the marshall house examining -- [inaudible] and just really kind of getting to grips with the current condition. i don't think anyone had seen it for quite a while. it had been boxed up and, which is -- reluctant to take it out, so i spent a morning documenting its current condition, and after that i wrote up a treatment of sorts for preservation virginia. that outlined the condition and then it also goes through what i suggest for the treatment step by step and -- [inaudible] estimates. as ya mentioned, there was a period of fund raising, and we have quite a few dates on the calendar to drive up to richmond to come and -- various world events coming, and i eventually made it up there in mid june to collect the robe and then bring it back down to my studio in raleigh.ev and that's on. so these two photos basicall

andrew jackson yeah, so a little bit of andrew jackson what the vetoing of the right exactly got the vetoing of the means bill rhode sort of like some echoes of the bank we're here we see this come up and again in presidential history this idea that the president is like i've got the big picture idea. members of congress are just a little bit a little bit parochial and narrow in their vision but they also they have a tendency to come back and say maybe so. but this is what my constitu wants, want. and order to get a law passed. you need congress to vote on a president can't pass laws. and that's pretty much what happens with this water project. carter goes after it other democrats are mad and they end up cutting out about the projects. but it mostly, again, just kind of comes back on the administration that he's he's going these things that are important members of his own party and so he's legislating badly even as trying to do good government. this so i'm talking about inflation just kind of briefly here's a cover of time carter versus inflation. he'kind of taken on new new relevan

think going to the debates -- i thought i'd be president, i went to the debates to go against andrew jackson think that is what we are not debating in this country. we are dealing, we are letting them reduce us to the personality of donald trump rather than what this country is going to stand for. >> again, if this were a normal debate, you know, the expert we've got the at the table is mehdi hassan. hasse -- mehdi, you got a remarkable resume when it comes to debating in the most important forums in the world. you had a tv show in the in which that's what you actually did. if people were to read your book and try to determine how to be a good debater, what with the success of that look like in this particular debate? because nobody seems to be wanting to make policy points on wednesday. so what does success look like if donald trump doesn't show up? >> i mean, it's not a debate, because when you go into a debate, ali, you go in to win, right? when i do debates, when i've done debate, i sit and i prepare and think, this is what i want to achieve, i'm going to win. this is how i'm going to wi

cially under andrew jackson, is a sense that native people, for their own good need be removed to, make way for white settlers and for the expansion of cotton. the scot is talking about the indian removal proper. best known, better probably better known as a disposition act. there committed to moving indigenous people so from georgia, florida, the carolinas, from arkansas people moved west so when it says is good reason to head south, it's a big reason god be the case. >> with one observation we tend to think about violent disposition of native americans especially in the west and tradition of western movies and smiles it depicts but the bloodiest war against american indians. there are three of them so the violent occupation of florida is very much part of the story of the modern self. >> i think one of the themes we work isbout in your this idea of expanding the concept of who is in this case so included in this book is very different than history than would have been included 50 years ago. ipthat process and the scholarsp as well so work but also a reflection of many of the things fo

these informal events are intended to offer quinces of the united states history as it relates to andrew jacksonrica and enjoy some way which i see you are all taking advantage of. history is better. t [laughter] history is revealed so november 2001 mark's 2021 bicentennial of andrew and rachel jackson in the sun future jackson junior came into the newlyly constructed ho. while significantly it was sandra from the two-story house they lived in for the prior 17 years. the question is, why did the jacksons choose to disrupt this type of house?iz beyond functional considerations, what did it symbolize to them? how did it position them in the community and how did it express the families desperation? tonight we are honored to help doctor kevin murphy is a stevens speaker. doctor murphy is to chair communities and professor and chair of the department of history of art and architecture at vanderbilt university. he will explore the history of early presidential plantation homes and with the buildings symbolize to the owners and what they mean to us today. doctor movie grew up in the massachusetts area

spirit andrew jackson. >> yeah, it's a little bit of andrew jackson and what? >> the vetoing spirit and sort of the echoes of -- we see this come up again and again in presidential history, this idea the presidentre is like i get te big picture idea, members of congress are just being a little bit parochial and mineral in their vision. but it also, they have a tendency to come back and think maybe so but this isn't what my constituents want and in order to get of our past you need congress to vote on the president can't pass laws. that's pretty much what happens with this water project or carted are carded after hit because the democrats are bad and indicating out about half the projects but it mostly again comes back on the administration. he's going after these things that are important to members of his own party and so he's legislating badly even as he's trying to do good government. talking about inflation briefly produce a cover of time, harder versus inflation, kind of taken on new relevance as we didith inflation again. ination then was about twice what

it was raised to $20,000 during andrew jackson's presidency and stayed that amount until the $20,000drew jackson's presidency and stated that about until the presidency of calvin coolidge here as you can imagine the money would quickly and wasn't evenly distributed across the rooms since these funds didn't go very far this meant 16 broken items, reupholstering,oo shipping items to address different concerns and when necessary selling outdated i war items at public auction and using the proceeds to buy new items for the house appeared in 1826 congress passed legislation mandated all furniture purchase for the white house should be as far as practical beat of american or domestic manufacture here while this was a a class pt of the appropriations bill, there were ways around this as work with her example for china services many of which were french maid ever brought to the united states and then purchasee from an american firm spirit thm white house was after all an office and home in an extremely accessible and if that. is greatly impacted the house, its appearance and its furnishings.

um yeah, you can run campaign big time, but based based on grievance, as a matter of fact, andrew jackson ran a campaign. i need to corrupt bargain way back in the 18 twenty's me was able to win. overwhelmingly, the grievance is not a bad waiter. i'm richard nixon, man against grievance and not 1968. really many ways ronald reagan ran on grievance and 1980. you know, a grievance is not a bad way to get motivated voters to come out. they vote on dislike more than like, oftentimes people skipped to attack donald trump because they realize most of the republican base on know trump supporters. is that something that they should have dealt with 8 years ago when he was running because they knew what donald trump was like, they knew he lives in you. he had business failures, they knew he was on the line while they had to make all those attacks. and like maybe 2016 mean what, what trump has is a special bond with the trump voters who make up probably 40 to 45 percent of their property base, which is a really good base to start off from. if you want to run for a nomination and what happened in 201

fang, bloody side to andrew jackson and his disregard for black americans and native americans. he has been thinking -- sinking by scholars. donald trump has praised jackson. on the right, he is having a renaissance. but in the presidential scholar world, he is moving downward. i saw a documentary on calvin coolidge, he is having an upward revision because like eisenhower, integrity matters. like jimmy carter. people will judge character as not just the defining thing -- some people said fdr would never let his -- he could make up stories. i am not talking about the moral right to tune. -- moral rectitude. but feeling it was honest and you were treated like respect. >> we appreciate you spending a few minutes talking with us at the span. -- at c-span and book tv. >> the last panel of the day, this is goin>> good afternoon, e director of the john w -- library of congress. this center is one of the sponsors of this year's festival and are proud to bring beloved writers here. we work to bring scholars to work in the library's collections. we are proud to sponsor this event and join

. $20,000 during andrew jackson's presidency and stated that amount until the presidency of calvin coolidge you can imagine, the money went quickly. it was not evenly distributed across the room. since these funds did not go very far, broken items, shifting items between rooms to address different concerns andnd when necessary filling outdated or worn out items at public auction and using the proceeds to buy new items for the house. congress passed legislation that mandated all furniture purchase for the white house should be as faram as practicable american or domestic manufacturer. all off this was included as pat of the appropriations bill. there were ways around this as we heard for example the china services. french maidte and brought to the united states and purchase from american firms. the white house was after all an office in a home and an extremely acceptable one at best this impacted the house, the appearance and its furnishings. 1842, author charles dickens wrote of his experiences in the white house. he noticed a multitude of people asserting more thanse anything else as they

ambassador andrew jackson young junior. we are thrilled and honored to present a conversation with the eeoc chair, charlotte burrows, and andrew young, about the [indiscernible] impact then and now. [indiscernible] the march on washington of 1963 was a watershed event for this country that led to the passage of the landmark civil rights act of 1964. one of the most consequential laws of our time. the civil rights act of 1954 created the u.s. equal employment opportunity commission, eeoc for short. one year after the passage of the civil rights act of 19 for, the eeoc opened its doors to combat employment discrimination and create opportunity. we don't just enforce the law, but we are looking at our national education to ensure civil-rights in the role of the eeoc in the process. to help them comply and prevent workplace discrimination. this mark is as relevant today as it was nearly 60 years ago. [indiscernible] work to do to ensure basic ideals of fairness and equal employment opportunities for all , which ultimately furthe

andrew jackson it's one of the most important. he's on the back of his horse. it's one of the most important statues of kind in the world. and we all witnessed vandals who tried to throw straps it and and bring down. you know, the historic cannonade was was was and broken at its base the of veterans affairs. rocks been thrown through the window the parts of the madison had been boarded up. in the united states america in our nation's. unacceptable. we're better than that. we are left, right and center. it's not worthy of our country. we're running out of time. so i just want to maybe just conclude with three sort of virtues you bring forward and maybe free, you know, free association, whichever you want to comment on. but they all three struck me because you highlighted in fairly specific ways as being very much in contrast to this sort of ideological indoctrination. yes. and the sort of memory holding the sort of thing, because it is i found it very in the book, you make the double point. it is a kind of ideological interpellation. they're forcing on the free

dramatic music] this is probably one of the greatest victories for the people of america since andrew jacksonthe election of donald trump to the white house shocks the country from coast to coast. [all cheering] - i'm so proud to call him the president of the united states. - even people who are pulling for donald trump are amazed that he won. - whoo! - it felt like this incredible period of uncertainty. - who that is that? is that the mayor that showed up? rudy? - morning after the 2016 presidential election, if you're rudy giuliani, and donald trump had just been elected president of united states, you're feeling that there's tons of opportunity ahead. - what's your role expected to be? - i have no expectation. all i do is give my advice. donald's been my friend for 28 years. all of my work on behalf of him has been out of great loyalty and friendship to him. - whatever rudy wants, rudy gets, because he was the guy who stood by trump. - whatever he said, bill clinton did much worse. - his top pick is secretary of state. - so is this true? you want to be secretary of state? - [laughs] whatev

land and took the people from their homes so what you see happening gradually especially under andrew jackson is people through their own good need to be removed to make way for white settlers and for expansion of cotton. so the indian removal act probably none is the indian dispossession -- and dispossession act was committed to moving indigenous people so from george from florida and the carolinas and from arkansas people moved west and relocated to oklahoma so it's good to reason to think is part of the extended south is a big reason why that would be the case. >> one observation you tend to think about violence and dispossession native americans especially west in the tradition of the violence that the u.s. calvary men versus indians in the bloodiest war against american indians was fought. the seminole wars the violent occupation of florida is very much a part of the story of the merchants of what we now call the modern south. >> in this whole book one of the themes that we all talk about and all the other authors talk about in our work is this idea of expanding kind of concepts of who g

especially these five tribes so you probably know, is been going on through the 1830s and present andrew jacksonshows the support for white southerners with during the advocating for the indian removal act predict for good reasons, the war is considered for many tribes to be a foundational journey, a journey that solidifies there's resilience as a people. but what i want you to take from this talk is that indian removal is that same thing for many of these enslaved people who endured alongside of their owners in the five tribes. so african descendents they remove the removal and remember that is. and assure history with these tribes. so there are really two different ways of the black community and the native intersect, first that indian removal was necessary for the plantation slavery and the second, the indian removal itself involves people of african descent. now as for these tribes rebuilding after removal, historians argue that actually they rebuilt it better than before and so they course and homes and plantations and there are many people are very economically successful and again but is

it was raised to $20,000 during andrew jackson's presidency and stayed that amount until the presidency of calvin coolidge. so as you can imagine the money went quickly and wasn't evenly distributed across the rooms. so since these funds didn't go very far this meant fixing broken items regaled in reupholstering shifting items between rooms to address different concerns and when necessary selling outdated or worn out items of public auction and using the proceeds to buy new items for the house in 1826 congress passed legislation that mandated that all furniture purchased for the white house should be as far as practicable be of american or domestic manufacturer. while this was included as part of the appropriations bill there were ways around this as we heard with for example, the china services many of which were french made and were brought to the united states and then purchased from american firms. the white house was after all an office in a home in an extremely accessible one at that. this greatly impacted the house. it's appearance and its furnishings in 1842. authored charles di

lex yes a little bit of andrew jackson and what?xactly we've got we see this come up again and again. and that presidential history of the idea of the presence like i've got the big picture idea. members of congress are just being aei little bit parochial d narrow in their vision. maybe so it's not my constituents want. and in order to get a law passed in congress to vote on it. they cannot pass laws. that's pretty much what happened with the water projects. carter goes after the democrats are mad. they end up cutting out about half the projects. they come back to members of its own party. in these trying to good government. so, talking to inflation here just briefly. the new relevance of inftion. inflation is twice what is right now atpr the end of carter's presidency.t just got a little text of the speech he gave in the flf 1978 about inflation, what he's going toow do about it. were going to hold on government spending part of going to/federal hiring. get rid of needless regulation. bring that competition. what ideology does this

a little bit on andrew jackson. echoes here and we have seen this come up again and again in presidential history. the present is i have the big picture idea members of congress are being a little bit pro kill. but they also have a tendency to come back and say may be so buts want an going order to get a law passed you need to vote and for the congress to pass laws and that's what happens with the water project. carter goes after then the democrats are mad and they end up cutting out half the project. again it comes back on the administration going after these things that are important to members of hisan own party and legislating badly. talking about inflation briefly this was the coverf time carter versus -- taking on new relevance as we are dealing with information agai inflation is twice what it is now at the end of rter's presidency.t and i heard a little bit of text fr a speech he gave in the fallg of 1978 about pollution d what we are going to do about it. we are going to slash federal hiring and get rid of r

we had a president who didn't believe in the 14th amendment, andrew jackson.hey weren't going to rely on him and his justice department to decide who should be convicted of insurrection. that's beside the point. so it's important to see what happens in all of these 91 pending charges of crime against the former president, but whatever happens in those cases, this disqualification like the disqualification of someone who was not a natural born citizen or the disqualification of someone who doesn't meet the age limits has got to be enforced according to its terms. for a very long time americans didn't take this seriously. but now the scholars have begun to look at it and as the judge says, i've looked at it for a long time, it's impossible to disregard. we have a former president who has probably said that he would terminate the constitution. that was his language. he would terminate it if necessary to hold on to power. how can he say that and take the oath to uphold the constitution? this is going to end up in the supreme court. it's a monumental issue, the mos

becomes the kind of central goal of american indian policy and that's that's tied to you know, andrew jackson's election jackson had was a long time removal advocate when he's elected. he makes and other jacksonian democrats make removal as an official policy one of their primary goals of jackson's first term so it's an old idea that then becomes the central focus of american indian policy and the late 1820s and into the 1830s. and so what the removal policy does is it creates a set of mechanisms for actually curing out that deportation as far as georgia is concerned this has to do with georgia's the boundaries that were established after the american revolution which when you look at at the map if you if you look at what looks like in 1790 1800 most of the land that the state of georgia or a lot of the land of the state of georgia claims as georgia is in fact crete territory and cherokee territory what this does then is it creates this incredible drive really to to possess those lands. this is also encouraged by some of the economic changes of the period of the rise of cotton kingdom. the what

and and so what you see gradually under, you know, especially under andrew jackson, is a sense that native people, for their own good need be removed to, make way for white settlers and for the expansion of cotton. the scot is talking about the indian removal proper. best known, better known as the indian dispossession act. you know, get signed 30 and so the federal government is then as to moving indigenous people so from from florida from the carolinas you know from, arkansas people west and dispossessed relocated in oklahoma. so when it says there's good reason to think of oklahoma as being part of an extended south that that's that's one big reason why that would be the case and the others thinking back on and with one observation we tend to think about violent dispossession of native americans, especially in the west and all of the tradition of western movies in the violence that it depicts of. u.s. calvary men versus indians. but it's worth remembering the bloodiest war against american was fought in florida. the wars which go there, three of them. and so the violent occupation of fl

using a higher voting for sensors, never before the, you know, this kind of reminds me of the andrew jackson revolution of, of aging twenty's when people were despairing of all these, you know grubby, dirty wester is coming and the votes mean that they feel the same way about the trump voters. i, i think, you know, the, ironically you have more people involved in politics. they're not there, sometimes the right people, but they are according to the li classes, but there are the people and they're making their voice search both the left and the right. do you think there are some republican senators who, at this stage regret not impeaching donald trump for january the 6th? because if they've done that, you wouldn't be able to run again. he'd be bound from office. and so the whole idea of him perhaps being convicted here and running for president, we'll wait for this where i think there's a lot of republican sanders who wish donald trump to go away. but they also know if they would have voted to convict down trump. they would have lost whatever election they would end driven from office, maybe

white fang, bloody side to andrew jackson and his disregard for black americans and native americans.e has been thinking -- sinking by scholars. donald trump has praised jackson. on the right, he is having a renaissance. but in the presidential scholar world, he is moving downward. i saw a documentary on calvin coolidge, he is having an upward revision because like eisenhower, integrity matters. like jimmy carter. people will judge character as not just the defining thing -- some people said fdr would never let his -- he could make up stories. i am not talking about the moral right to tune. -- moral rectitude. but feeling it was honest and you were treated like respect. >> we appreciate you spending a few minutes talking with us at the span. -- at c-span and book tv. >> the last panel of the day, this is going to be about food and culture and what it says about us. this is alive. -- this is live. daniela: it is nice to see everyone here, are you having fun? [applause] good, wonderful. welcome to the 2023 national book festival. a place where everyone has a story. i am book collections

it's the life and times of andrew jackson or ronald reagan. but even when i write about other subjects, even when i write about a period or a subject, it always focuses on, it hinges on these individuals. because that's the way i just tend to interpret history. and that's that's what draws me to history. and i think it's one of the reasons that biography as a genre is more popular than history as a genre. some of you will remember your history class from high school where something less than excitement, history classes in high school have a bad reputation. and i speak as somebody who used teach history in high school. i still teach history in college and perhaps i've used this line in this auditorium and perhaps some of you will remember it, although one of the groups that i speak to, the university of texas, where i teach a very active continuing education program, and this for retired folks who now have time on their hands and want to come and just hear something about history. and i preface something that i was going to say, but i don't rem

in 1832 congress did pass and andrew jackson signed leslation setting aside lands at arkansas hot springsderal reservation.on historians of conservation use pointer that as this first moment where the government is taking control of the landscape for the people. in 1884 george kaplan would been on a trip to the missouri river had suggested keeping all the lands from there to the pacific as a permanent national park. that was not an idea that was widespread really taken up in any sort of way. the department of the interior was created in 1849. begin to find geological geographical surveys pick alsove took over the general land office which surveyed and sold public lands here so that work was not really about preservation or conservation in this moment. it encompass really all potential land uses. so the real precedent for the yellowstone act was used in the act of 1854. another wartime measure that gave the land to yosemite and mariposa grove to the state of california to manage for the benefit of the people for public use, resort, and recreation. the yellowstone act though as imagine was