but these monoclonal antibody treatments which get administered to people, these monoclonal antibodynts, three of which have been approved for emergency use by the fda, there are hundreds of thousands of doses of them available around the country, more than almost 70% of them have thus far gone unused. but in imperial county, california, in this place that has had such challenges, where the population has been so effected by covid, where people are largely from underserved communities, where there are language barriers, where there are multigenerational households, where there are very high rates of poverty, where there are so many other health care challenges, these treatments that have largely been seen as sort of just the province of the rich and famous and well connected, have actually been very effective for even this poor, underserved population. the largest hospital in imperial county, el centro, has started using monoclonal antibodies in people who are at high risk of developing severe covid disease. they give these early in the course of infection before anyone has to go to

having the monoclonal antibody has helped. what we've done is that we've used our vaccine drives, vaccination drives, to pass the word out to patients, and believe it or not, we're getting referrals from people that would take that information, pass it out to their family members. we have one person who brought in six members of their own community after celebrating new year, all covid-positive, all received the treatment, all now have a life to look forward to. so, it has made a huge impact in our community. >> dr. adolphe edward, chief executive officer for el centro regional medical center in central california. thank you for helping us understand this. i think this is an undercovered, underappreciated bright light, a real possibility in the sort of covid darkness. thanks for your leadership. thanks for helping us understand. >> thank you so much, rachel. >> all right. much more ahead here tonight. stay with us. ll right much more ahead here tonight stay with us announcer >>> whether it's your wedding day. or just a little

taste stronger antibody response, didn't ou? ~ ., stronger antibody response, didn't ou? did. having had covid previously increase the - you? we did. having had covid. previously increase the antibody response in all age groups. so with a single dose of the vaccine, plus having been primed, as it were, by having been primed, as it were, by having previous infection gave a very good antibody response but of course, the best response overall was when people had two doses of the vaccine and i would stress it's really important that people have both doses of the vaccine when offered to them. even if they've had prior illness with the virus. amd offered to them. even if they've had prior illness with the virus.— prior illness with the virus. and of course not — prior illness with the virus. and of course not many _ prior illness with the virus. and of course not many people _ prior illness with the virus. and of course not many people have - prior illness with the virus. and of course not many people have had| prior illness with the virus. and of - course not many people have

the region cove to treatment uses artificial antibodies that bind to a virus cells and prevent them from replicating. so far studies have shown promising results now the german government has ordered 200000 doses of antibody treatments for general honore and competitor lilly at a price of around $2000.00 per dose. another promising prospect interferon beta it's a protein produced by the body when it gets an infection and early findings suggest that when it's inhaled by an infected person it could keep 80 percent of hospitalized patients off the ventilator. and this rare c. animal off the coast of spain has become an unlikely source of hope a substance extracted from it is being used to create a drug called. or applet in which can slow the spread of the corona virus and human body. early studies show it to be 30 times more effective than the ones hyped are and as a beer. one problem all of these treatments are expensive and will likely only be available in the world's wealthier countries demand for widely available drugs like ivermectin has surged in latin america and subsaharan africa iv

should overcome the barriers that have limited the use of antibodies and they do provide a substantialit to patients in the early stages of the disease. we have our antibody in active three which is the nih-sponsored trial to look at potential benefits to hospitalized patients and we will also get data pretty soon to tell us whether we pass through a futility and safety analysis after 150 patients are dosed. if we can provide benefit there that is a new use of antibodies. >> i know a lot of people are eagerly looking forward to the data we're looking at your stock right now. up 337%. one month up 94% every time i see an announcement the market loves it. i get these negative analyst notes saying there's no way the valuation is supported by what's going on in the pipeline at vir. how do you respond to that can you support the valuation here >> i'm not going to comment on the stock price. it is what it is my job is to build value in the company, to help lead the development of programs that will provide revenue to our shareholders and then it's up to people to decide what they think it's

and it will show an increase in the prevalence of antibodies and higher proportion of publisher— antibodiesid because of the antibodies being present-— being present. looking in more detail at the _ being present. looking in more detail at the figures, _ being present. looking in more detail at the figures, 91% i being present. looking in more detail at the figures, 91% had i detail at the figures, 91% had antibodies after two doses of the pfizer vaccine, that must be something that you really welcome. yes, that 91% might be an understatement.— yes, that 91% might be an understatement. there's other statements — understatement. there's other statements with _ understatement. there's other statements with tests - understatement. there's other statements with tests showing j statements with tests showing probably a higher proportion of patients— probably a higher proportion of patients getting two doses, having antibodies, so there's a good response _ antibodies, so there's a good response to the vaccine, that's a very— response to the vaccine, that's a very positive thing. we response to the

i think the observation in uk biobank and in the health worker studies, that antibody levels and theyfor as long as six months opens the opportunity to look at delaying second doses even longer. look at delaying second doses even [on . er. . look at delaying second doses even loner. ., , , ., longer. oh, that is interesting, for how long? — longer. oh, that is interesting, for how long? well, _ longer. oh, that is interesting, for how long? well, i _ longer. oh, that is interesting, for how long? well, ithink— longer. oh, that is interesting, for how long? well, i think in - longer. oh, that is interesting, for how long? well, i think in the - longer. oh, that is interesting, for. how long? well, i think in the same wa that how long? well, i think in the same way that we — how long? well, i think in the same way that we needed _ how long? well, i think in the same way that we needed to _ how long? well, i think in the same way that we needed to do _ how long? well, i think in the same l way that we needed to do randomised controlled trials to find out whether vaccines were better than

we don't know the level of antibody test might get. it is recommended that we vaccinate people without specifically testing as to whether they were previously exposed. what we are seeing is some information starting to emerge from studies that suggest if you have covid, it may be true if you have covid without symptoms. you may only need one dose. in the next couple of months, we will see information and a recommendation that people who have had proven covid with a positive test, they may only need one dose. i think they should be vaccinated. both to protect against the antibody levels going down in time and helping to protect against other variants. we are learning how this disease acts. we are learning how the vaccines act and how long they protect area i think you're going to see some recommendations change over the next several months. host: bob is calling from indiana. bob says he's not getting vaccinated. good morning. caller: i am 75 years old. i have shingles. they have come back. i am going through it now. i should not take th

there's hardly any antibodies present. and also some are available here and we do know this unnecessarily that much increased dose. >> thank you. >> okay, the next doctor printed. >> thank you. this is a comment i guess for the sponsor and the fda. ideally, it would be fantastic if the vaccine gives lifelong immunity. while this it tremendous aspirational goal, not sure any of us are really looking for that or have that expectation. but that raises the issue that you talking about a one now perhaps a two dose the primary vaccination but then the expectation is a may have to be ideally annual booster shots the people are talking about in the document boosters, the other vaccines but we've also seen that down the road we will have to anticipate change, is being referred to as boosters. i'm seeing quite a bit of confusion what is meant by abuse under booster predict we have the initial very vaccination the two dose regimen. would you call that a prime boost partied and then were talking about needing another boost and then a

i do think he coronavirus _ neutralising antibodies.e coronavirus is _ neutralising antibodies. i do think he coronavirus is here _ neutralising antibodies. i do think he coronavirus is here with - neutralising antibodies. i do think he coronavirus is here with us - neutralising antibodies. i do think he coronavirus is here with us to l he coronavirus is here with us to stay, unfortunately, but on the optimistic side it has been wonderful to see that these vaccines do seem to prevent hospitalisations, which is the thing that we are most concerned about.— which is the thing that we are most concerned about. astrazeneca, along with other drug _ concerned about. astrazeneca, along with other drug companies, - concerned about. astrazeneca, along with other drug companies, is - with other drug companies, is looking at ways to adapt its vaccine and a new version, if needed, could be ready for delivery by the autumn, as the virus evolves, science reacts. tim norman, bbc news. —— back gorman. we're joined now by our health correspondentjim reed

antibodies are a bit of a proxy.antibody response to vaccines those vaccines are at least working the listening antibodies to the virus and we have seen sufficient time has not passed even for that but i don't think it is surprising that we are not seeing blanket lehigh antibody responses. if you look at cases like israel where the vaccination programme has kind of have been for a long period of time. we would expect to eventually see that response in the majority of those age groups which is not something that we are seeing yet butjust enough time has not passed as i know are taking the screws have been quite high, if you look at the data, is from northern ireland, was in scotland, the higher stronger antibodies are still in the younger groups. and we'll find out how this story — and many others — are covered in tomorrow's front pages at around 10:30 and 11:30 this evening in the papers — our guestsjoining me tonight are the editor of the political news website, politics home, kate proctor and the broadcaster, john

how many have been already infected, have antibodies, and may have immunity you say closer to 19% as of february 22nd. if you look at cdc and johns hopkins data it is close to 30% of the country. that's a significant difference in terms of your model of how many people have immunity versus theirs. >> it certainly is, sanjay and we're basing our assessment of 19% on the many, many surveys around prevalence, people measuring antibody tests in the population state by state over time. and we track those and put it all together with cases, deaths, and hospitalization, that's where we come up with the 19%. those higher numbers are essentially taking an assumption about what fraction of cases go undetected and then they scale across cases. so we believe in the lower number around 19%. >> dr. chris murray. sorry, go ahead, sanjay. >> i was going to say it's interesting because antibody studies could be tough, just measuring certain populations. it's a longer conversation we can hopefully have at some point. >> sorry, thank you, we're out of time. be sure to download dr. sanjay's podcast, cor

you would want to know if they had antibodies. those antibodies will weigh in over that time. to see samples from people admitted t to the hospital with the viral problems to see if they were close to the virus. there was a lot of data that was not made available. >> brennan: dr. gottlieb, thank you, as always, for your time. we'll be back in a moment. >> brennan: the senate impeachment trial put on display some horrowing new sights and sounds from january 6th, as protestors stormed the capitol and made their way into the senate chamber. we asked mark strassmann to take a look at those images. [yelling] >> reporter: january 6, american democracy's day of infamy. watching this montage of mayhem, it gives spasms of menace and malice. [yelling] >> we were normal, good, law-abiding citizens, and you guys did this to us. >> reporter: we learned this week about how appalling many moments were. pro-trump rioters bludgeon police, drag them down flights of stairs. >> it looked like a medieval battle seen. people were yelling out, "we got one. we got one." >> reporter: the mob of hunter

the region cove to treatment uses artificial antibodies that bind to a virus cells and prevent them from replicating so far studies have shown promising results now the german government has ordered 200000 doses of antibody treatments from a general honore and competitor lilly at a price of around $2000.00 per dose. another promising prospect interferon beta it's a protein produced by the body when it gets an infection and early findings suggest that when it's inhaled by an infected person it could keep 80 percent of hospitalized patients off the ventilator. and this rare c. animal off the coast of spain has become an unlikely source of hope a substance extracted from it is being used to create a drug called play today absent or applet in which can slow the spread of the corona virus in the human body. early studies show it to be 30 times more effective than the ones hyped are and as a beer. one problem all of these treatments are expensive and will likely only be available in the world's wealthier countries demand for widely available drugs like ivermectin has surged in latin america an

the region cove to treatment uses artificial antibodies that bind to virus cells and prevent them from replicating. so far studies have shown promising results now the german government has ordered 200000 doses of antibody treatments from a general on and competitor lilly at a price of around $2000.00 per dose. another promising prospect interferon beta it's a protein produced by the body when it gets an infection and early findings suggest that when it's inhaled by an infected person it could keep 80 percent of hospitalized patients off the ventilator. and this rare sea animal off the coast of spain has become an unlikely source of hope a substance extracted from it is being used to create a drug called put to depths in or applet in which can slow the spread of the corona virus and the human body. early studies show it to be 30 times more effective than the ones hyped rendez of year. one problem all of these treatments are expensive and will likely only be available in the world's wealthier countries demand for widely available drugs like ivermectin has surged in latin america and sub

what about the uneven distribution of antibodies - sure. risk of having the virus, so we have already got an uneven basis of the population, where people in london, young people, people in key occupations, people living in deprived areas, people of black and asian and other minority ethnic groups have a higher prevalence, regardless of the vaccine. we have documented that before and we have found that again. now, with the vaccine, what we're finding is... well, we are asking people if they have had the vaccine, so it is not just the antibody results, we do ask people, and there is a very high uptake of the vaccine and all the groups. we also asked about intention, so if you are offered it, would you take up the vaccine? and thatis would you take up the vaccine? and that is where some of the concern is, that actually it is very good, about 92% of people have said they have accepted or would accept, which is far higher than indicated from many other countries, so there is a lot of vaccine confidence. there are some groups that have said they

any value to test antibodies? >> antibodies help us know who had an infection in the past.is not a great way to diagnose disease whether you have it right now. for that you need to have the pcr tests looking for the virus itself. kelly: thank you. this has been an informative and enlightening evening, and thank you to all of our speakers for your insight and your extraordinary efforts to lessen the burden and pain of covid-19. if you have found tonight previous discussion informative please check out our website to watch future announcements about future livestream programs. reports and other programs and body has all brought to you by johns hopkins medicine. good night and be well. announcer: with the biden administration now leading the federal response to the coronavirus pandemic, follow the latest at c-span.org/coronavirus . search c-span for news conferences and remarks from congress. use interactive maps to follow cases in the u.s. and worldwide. go to c-span.org/coronavirus. announcer: georgia congresswoman marjorie taylor greene talking with reporters a day after th

that they've measured the antibodies of people who have the vaccine and the antibodies to do to the south african variant are much lower then through the u.k. fairy so sun protection and they say it will protect against severe disease but it does not protect you from getting code at night or an infection with sars virus that the vaccine is made against well it's interesting i do want to focus on the vaccine as one of the things they're coming out right now they're saying obviously the study to keep up precautions but that this vaccine might only last 3 months do you think they're saying that this is a protective measure because we've not had it around for more than a year for that is just a simple bit of what we can thought of guarantee it for and as we continue to learn more do you feel like that time period will be extended if as we learn more about how long the fact thing can have. i think so and certainly the c.d.c. has now allowed people who have the vaccine if they wait 2 weeks and it's with in 3 months they can go out and see people who are might or be infected with copd that. most

the region cove to treatment uses artificial antibodies that bind to virus cells and prevent them from replicating. so far studies have shown promising results now the german government has ordered 200000 doses of antibody treatments from a general on and competitor lilly at a price of around $2000.00 per dose. another promising prospect interferon beta it's a protein produced by the body when it gets an infection and early findings suggest that when it's inhaled by an infected person it could keep 80 percent of hospitalized patients off the ventilator. and this rare sea animal off the coast of spain has become an unlikely source of hope a substance extracted from it is being used to create a drug called put to depths and or applet in which can slow the spread of the corona virus in the human body. early studies show it to be 30 times more effective than the ones hyped rendez of year. one problem all of these treatments are expensive and will likely only be available in the world's wealthier countries demand for widely available drugs like ivermectin has surged in latin america and sub

insert target for 19 to develop antibodies with drug development you really need to have a target forthat treatment or for that virus you know when they come in and it's much more difficult and complex to coordinate these clinical trials and and human volunteers where with vaccines there were is thousands of people lining up to try to be protected and coded 19 was so prevalent in the community it was easier to measure that response and of bodies in the protection from it and we just don't have the anti-viral sitting around that were super effective as severe was mentioned as a little bit of activity. even with other viruses we don't have a lot of good anti-virals like influenza for example there's only a few drugs that work on it we have to target it in the cells of the body and it's more difficult to belt drugs for that than it is for say antibiotics about it so you can grow in a lab on their own and get a relatively good shock of whether it's going to work in a patient with viruses have to be developed in cells in the lab even in animal models it doesn't always predict whether it'll

so it can take 2-3 weeks to develop enough antibodies to get detected in an antibody test.'t know how long these antibodies last or to what degree of immunity they will confer. because as we know, we have seen a few cases of reinfection. as for the covid tests, so, they are, remember, these covid tests are testing for coronavirus infection. right? so, it's not able to detect or distinguish between the different variants. the covid tests are detecting the coronavirus, the coronavirus virus, so, via either antigen or pcr and dna testing. it can distinguish what variant you have. >> because it's testingfor this type of virus rather than every variant. it should be able to cash various variants because they have the basic same genetic structure, right? >> that's right. and it's important for everyone, they are hearing so much about the different variants. and the u.s. probably has our own variant. we don't know, we don't have the same level of genomic sequences that the way the uk has. it's why it's important for everyone to get vaccinated. we need to use whatever tools possibl

any value to test antibodies? >> antibodies help us know who had an infection in the past.is not a great way to diagnose disease whether you have it right now. for that you need to have the pcr tests looking for the virus itself. kelly: thank you. this has been an informative and enlightening evening, and thank you to all of our speakers for your insight and your extraordinary efforts to lessen the burden and pain of covid-19. if you have found tonight previous discussion informative please check out our website to watch future announcements about future livestream programs. reports and other programs and body has all brought to you by >> go to c-span.org/coronavirus. >> president biden met with house democratic leaders to talk about his economic proposal. he also spoke about the urgency of passing his coronavirus package. pres. biden: we are going to be talking about the recovery package, but you saw the jobs report. only 6000 private sector jobs have been created, and at that rate is going to take ten years before we get to full employment. that's not hyperbole. that's th

do you have the antibody levels? and this is not in any way being recommended yet.to see these scientific developments come out, especially at a time when we're trying to get people vaccinated as quickly as possible. should there be a distinction for people who have been infected in the past, perhaps i think they'll look at the study and make that decision. >> sanjay, i want to ask you about what's been happening in new york state. there's been a development over the weekend where it's come out that eight high level health official in governor andrew cuomo's administration have resigned over, it sounds like, differences of opinion with his style and maybe his philosophy. and then he said something on friday that raised some eyebrows. here it is. >> when i say experts in air quotes, it sounds like i'm saying i don't really trust the experts. because i don't. because i don't. >> do you know, sanjay, what he meant by that? >> well, i mean, i guess there's a little context here in that he was basically, before that, talking about the fact that the experts didn't know th

if someone spreads the virus to five people, it is possible to of those people have antibodies. not herd immunity but it is some kind of protection as a result of a combination of vaccines and infection. katty: i hate to be the person who introduces the bot -- but, i did interview an immunologist who told me he was scared by data he had seen surrounding the new variants, specifically their ability to get around the power of the vaccinations. are we in a race now between vaccinations and the new variants? >> absolutely. one, this idea of escape. that already some variants can spread among vaccinated people, although i think it is too soon to say what the effect of in terms of causing severe disease. what i wry about, because we don't still have everybody with antibodies, more people become infected and that is opportunity for further mutations. it could be that that's right now we are vaccinated on .7 million ericans per day. we could actually get everyone there firs jab than 70 or 80 days in terms of the people who do not already have some degree of antibodies. we need to get to

we call this the immune response this is from previous experience and it shows the antibodies neutralize the viruste with this protein to play a role in the production against disease. therefore it allows us to select the vaccine candidate with optimal expression. it with that protein and then adding for optimal stability. and with the candidate has been selected on the manufacturing ability. now let's look at how it may work in the body. first, a single dose is injected into the muscle those that against that protein from the cellular immune responses in predominantly to stimulate and with those specific antibodies and those have been neutralized into play a key role in the community. and those that have the ability to kill the infected cells. it with the antiviral immunity am finally fda guidelines specify they don't have the propensity to multiply so let's turn and with full protection we observe more and the viable reputation and true protection in the lung and the efficacy that isis durable and high-level protection in the vaccination with a lower dose and in addition a single dose

there's more evidence that shows the pfizer—biontech vaccine is producing a good antibody response ind benefit from vaccines the most are those where vaccine hesitancy is greatest. our health correspondent dominic hughes has the details. as the vaccination programme accelerates past 18 million, further evidence that vaccines are producing antibodies to fight covid—19. the react 2 study looked for the presence of covid antibodies in more than 155,000 people in england. antibodies were found in nearly 14% of volunteers overall, either as a result of infection, or, for more than 17,000 participants, as a result of vaccination, with results especially encouraging among those who'd already had covid. having had covid previously increased the antibody response in all age groups, so that with a single dose of the vaccine, plus having been primed, as it were, by having previous infection, gave a very, very good antibody response. but of course the best response overall was where people had two doses of the vaccine. are you ready? just relax your arm. the survey has highlighted concerns around

insert target for 19 to develop antibodies with drug development you really need to have a target forthat treatment or for that virus you know when they come in and it's much more difficult and complex to coordinate these clinical trials in and human volunteers where with vaccines there were is thousands of people lining up to try to be protected and cope in 19 was so prevalent in the community it was easier to measure that response and nobody's in the protection from it and we just don't have the anti-viral sitting around that were super effective randa severe was mentioned as a little bit of activity. even with other viruses we don't have a lot of good anti-virals influenza for example there's only a few drugs that work on it we have to target it in the cells of the body and it's more difficult to belt drugs for that than it is for say antibiotics maddux you can grow in a lab on their own and get a relatively good shock of whether it's going to work in a patient viruses have to be developed in cells in the lab even in animal models it doesn't always predict whether it'll work in a h

and the antibodies induced by vaccine. what we have seen is mutations that are noteworthy. one was first noticed in the u.k. and it's a different lineage, referred to as b-117. that increased the transmissability of the virus. and just recently, the british colleagues have said that it actually increases somewhat the seriousness of the infection. we have that mutation in the united states now, you know, in several states, over 30 states and well over 400 instances of that. one thing about that, that it doesn't seem to evade very much at all the protection you would expect to get pr the vaccine. a mutation that's a much -- that's much more concerning and problematic is one that has evolved to be the dominant virus in the republic of south africa, and that is one that has the terminology b-351. that one is now -- has now taken over in south africa and it is concerning because it much more evades the protective effect of antibodies induced by the vaccine, not enough to make the vaccine not effective, but makes them less effec

that are induced by the vaccine, when you get enough of those antibodies at a higher height, even if enough cushion to protect you against the variant. so the higher your tighter of antibody to the vaccine, the better off your are about protecting yourself against serious disease, hospitalization, and death from the variants. so the more people that get vaccinated, the better off you are, the higher your antibody, the better off you are. the best way to prevent the emergence of further variants is to stop the replication of the virus. viruses don't mutate unless they're spreading. if you can stop their spread, you have two things that are in your favor. one, less people get infected, and two, you give the virus less of a chance to mutate. >> all right, so get the vaccine now. and it's not worth waiting because you are betting off with something rather than nothing, and if the variants change and you have been vaccinated and you need something else, it will probably mean a booster shot. okay. what about new york city? how scary is this? >> well, it's something you really have to pay a

another study shows as many as 88% of people trialled still have antibodies in their blood to fight covid—19 six months after infection. two bits of good news, and we'll be talking about them to our medical editor. also this lunchtime: rising tensions over post—brexit checks at northern ireland's ports — the prime minister calls for urgent action from the eu. off the air — ryanair�*s told to remove its irresponsible "jab and go" adverts, depicting misleading claims about coronavirus vaccinations. i invite members to nowjoin me for a minute's silence to commemorate sir tom's life, and to pay our respects to those who have lost their lives as a result of the covid, and their families and friends. remembering captain sir tom moore — a minute's silence is observed in the house of commons. and the nation is urged to clap for him at 6pm tonight. and coming up on bbc news, manchester united have made a dent in their rivals�* goal difference at the top of the table after scoring nine against southampton. manchester city are top, just — they play burnley later. good afternoon and welcome to the bb

or speak on antibodies? , ., ., ., ., , antibodies?t people get antibodies and some protection from it. really important to get the vaccine as well. the vaccine will give another boost on top of that. it's highly likely that you get a very good immune response overall. so it's not a reason to avoid vaccination. i would encourage everybody to come forward for vaccination. ldate everybody to come forward for vaccination.— vaccination. we don't see any evidence _ vaccination. we don't see any evidence at — vaccination. we don't see any evidence at the _ vaccination. we don't see any evidence at the moment i vaccination. we don't see any evidence at the moment to i vaccination. we don't see any. evidence at the moment to say vaccination. we don't see any i evidence at the moment to say that the virus, the vaccines don't have a beneficial effect against all variance. so it's likely that all vaccines have at least some beneficial effect on all variance. the way we are thinking at the moment, and you will have her jonathan bond time say this

fauci is worried about the performance of monoclonal antibodies against these new strains.n with vaccines but with respect to treatment. we heard glaxo smith -- that makes them a little bit more durable in terms of easing symptoms. vonnie: your story explains they are working with the university to have the right to that therapy that combines two antibodies. thanks to bloomberg's riley griffin. see you tomorrow. this is bloomberg. ♪ . . mark: i am mark with bloomberg's first word news. president biden told house democrats he is not married to an absolute number on his $1.9 trillion covid rescue plan. plus, the president said congress needs to act fast on relief for the pandemic and economic crisis. during an oval office meeting with senate democrats, the president also said he does not want to budge from his proposed $1400 in direct payments he says were promised to americans. in italy, mario draghi has accepted a request to try to form a government. as prime minister, his job would be to try to tackle the pandemic and italy's worst recession since the end of world war ii.

and, what can you tell us about antibodies?le are showing antibodies, unsurprisingly, more people were than when this was last published at the end of january. they are showing that people who have had coronavirus or who have been vaccinated, they should have antibodies in the blood which help to fight off an infection in the coming weeks and months. the number of people who have those antibodies, highest in london, one quarter of people, the lowest in the south—west of england, 10% of people and that is close to the figures we are seeing in scotland, 10% there as well and in northern ireland and wales its 14%, one in seven people. broadly, that number is going up steadily, but that is probably the good news and the flip side of all the cases, the good news is it's part of the vaccination programme, the more people who have antibodies, the more people who have antibodies, the harder it is for the virus to spread. a rising number that has bad news but there are hopeful signs. thank you very much. we can speak now to david spiege

particularly, neutralizing antibodies, virus neutralizing antibodies, at a strong, high-level, most variantsbe no problem. these vaccines, it seems like they would have very good antibodies against the virus. i think the variants will be fine. unless, it tremendously changes later on. but so far, these viruses do not look like they change a lot. so i think they will be protected, yes. brent: let me ask you, this sputnik v vaccine from russia has been viewed with suspicion by a lot of people, because it has come from russia. was that justified? should it end now? >> the problem was before, because they published very quickly. the publicized the people in the second phase of the vaccine efficacy test. that is why many people did not like it. not all the data was very clear at that time. but this paper in the lancet clearly shows this vaccine data very clearly, and very strong data. there's no doubt it is a very good vaccine. i think people will start to appreciate that soon. brent: do you think it should be used here in the european union? >> absolutely. why not? why not? brent: let me ask you

study that found people that previously had covid-19 retained antibodies for at least six months.had antibodies against an old variant, how much protection would you get with a new variant? >> that's a good question. i think they would be helpful. i spent time today digging into that question. i think they would be helpful in terms of as professor osterholm said in preventing severe disease. this is the thing. are you trying to prevent infection? you don't want the virus. don't get me wrong. i don't think people want to get infected but what is it we really are hoping for? people don't get sick and don't get hospitalized and don't die. if we can show the j and j numbers since you brought that up, it's important when you look at the vaccine how well it works, it doesn't work for mild to moderate disease against variants, as well but if you look at the bottom line on the right.tection against severe disease. in these trials, five trials, 75,000 patients, nobody that got the vaccine in the trials died, which i think is really important. >> yeah, no, that is hugely important. sanjay,

when regard to getting early intervention, monoclonal antibodies, both from lilly and from regeneron, have received emergency use authorization. here again, the earlier one uses these, the better. these are as efficient and more efficient in those individuals who don't necessarily have a good antibody response. the same can be said of convalescent plasma, which has also earned an emergency use authorization -- again, because of the variability in the titer of antibody in various plasma -- excuse me, plasma aliquots. the issue here is getting this as early as possible. there have been a number of trials of a variety of antivirals or other agents that are off the shelf that have not been targeted. i'll get to targeted intervention in just a moment. and then hyperimmune globulin is also in clinical trial. and we await the results of all of these. with regard to therapeutics for advanced disease, as i mentioned, that is generally aimed at blocking an aberrant inflammatory or immunological response, as well as other pathogenic mechanisms, which are not necessarily that well understood. we

i am enjoying your hand gestures, showing how antibodies i gestures, showing how antibodies protect usests?— data suggests? i suspect so, the vaccine will _ data suggests? i suspect so, the vaccine will take _ data suggests? i suspect so, the vaccine will take after _ data suggests? i suspect so, the vaccine will take after about - data suggests? i suspect so, the vaccine will take after about two | vaccine will take after about two weeks, if you test somebody after 21 days the antibody is already there, so the virus will bind to the antibody, it might take time to clear, when you do the pcr, the extraction will separate the rna but that rna might not represent viable virus. vaccines are protective once they start to reach the optimal antibody level and t furlough response, so the to vaccinate everybody that you can and that post vaccine shelling might be less of a problem than people think it is —— post vaccine shedding. problem than people think it is -- post vaccine shedding.— problem than people think it is -- post vaccine shedding. thank you so much, professor _ post vaccine shedd