she is referring back to 1979, the peace treaty signed by anwar san antonio sadat -- anwar sadat. the hope now is of course that that relationship between egypt and israel will be maintained. >> israel being key to german foreign policy but also the palestinians playing a role there, germany wanting to be seen as an honest broker there, as well. >> germany has a very good reputation in the middle east. the primacy of israeli security has been the cornerstone of german foreign policy. >> you're watching our special coverage of the historic events in egypt. after 30 years of rule, hosni mubarak has relinquished his hold on power and handed over control of the country to the military. the announcement was made by the country's vice president, omar suleiman, on egyptian television. he said hosni mubarak decided to leave the position of the presidency and mubarak's last deed was to hand over control of the higher military council, consisting of egypt's top generals, considered to be the most powerful body in the country. that announcement has unleashed a wave of euphoria across the nat

and the man who wrote that letter was anwar sadat. in fact, i have pictures of anwar sadat coming to jerusalem, and his tie is covered with swastikas. in jerusalem. anyway, thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. [applause] thank you. >> edwin black is the author of several books including ibm and the holocaust, and internal combustion: how corporations and governments addicted the world to oil and derailed the alternatives. to find out more, visit his web site: edwinblack.com. >> you're watching 48 hours of nonfiction authors and books on c-span2's booktv. this coming monday booktv will be live online from the historic sin dog in washington, d.c., pal stint man -- a palestinian doctor argues for an end to the bloodshed. his book, "i shall not hate," tells the story of his three daughters killed by israeli forces during the 2009 raid on gaza. at 7 p.m. eastern time on monday, february 28th, go to booktv.org and click on the watch button under the events information in the featured programs section of the page. >> author most recent

29 years, the war hero, the former air force commander who took over after on or set of -- after anwar sadat was assassinated for his peace treaty with israel. let's just look back at his life and times here in egypt. >> hosni mubarak, for so long a pivotal ally of the west, in a troubled region, was increasingly despised by his people and his authoritarianism, for the corruption in his regime, and the brutality of his security forces. it was amid turmoil that hosni mubarak became president when his predecessor was assassinated beside him. stability became a watchword of his rule, at the expense of human rights. hosni mubarak was a military man, a pilot who helped rebuild each of air force after it was destroyed in 1967. six years later, mubarak's pilots helped egyptians crossed the suez canal and restore national pride. as president, he maintained a peace treaty signed by egypt and israel in 1978. that won him the friendship of the west and $2 billion a year in u.s. aid, but earned the enmity of it islamic extremists. a string of violent attacks led to the massacre of 68 tourists in 1997. t

for 29 years and was an egypt analyst when president anwar sadat was assassinated in 1981. i am pleased to have both of them on this program at this time. i begin in washington with bruce ridel. before we talk about the options for the united states and what it should say and should not say how do you see this circumstance today and where it might be going. if >> we're in uncharted waters. what happened in tunisia at the beginning of this month was an earthquake. you had an arab street overthrow a dictator. that's happened in muslim countries like iran and pakistan before. it never happened in the arab world before. it's been contagious. it's now gone to cairo, to egypt, to the center of the arab world and if it succeeds in egypt it could be contagious beyond egypt as well. the hopeful outcome is that cooler heads will prevail and with american help and cajoling we can get to a transition, get the crowds off the street, get the army off the street, get some kind of national unity government and move towards elections. that's the optimal outcome. there are a lot of things th

after the meeting, egypt announced it would go further, by soon lifting martial law in play since anwar sadat was assassinated in 1981, allowing more presidential candidates to run in future elections and greater freedom of the press. it is almost everything the opposition has asked for, but is it real? this man has worked for democracy in egypt for years. tonight, he is skeptical. >> all this talk about not not running again and all the reform, et cetera, is lies. and if those kids leave, mubarak is going to turn back on all the promises he made. >> reporter: and there is still the open question of tahrir square where thousands of protesters remain camped out. today, they held prayers for the 12 or more people killed in the violence. the protesters still draw a huge crowd and say they will only stop if mubarak resigns and leaves the country. >> we have nothing soiled. he can change his mind tomorrow. >> whatever he offers, no one will accept. i don't know why they are wasting their time. >> reporter: the protesters worry if they leave the square, the government will just renege on its promis

he was sitting next to president anwar sadat when he was assassinated by islamic militants. mubarak, the air force commander and vice president, assumed office under martial law, but mubarak never repealed that state of emergency and kept it in place to safeguard his position, enrich his family and supporters and allow the security services to silence any opposition. today, the people of egypt freed themselves, with help from the military. u.s. officials tell nbc news the egyptian military broke with mubarak after his speech last night. mubarak was expected to resign, but didn't. the 82-year-old president, in poor health, just couldn't bring himself to do it. mubarak thought the protests, which he blamed on foreign media and excitable young people, would go away. the military was furious. senior officers threatened to take off their uniforms and join the protesters. with the military and the people no longer with him, mubarak was finished. tonight the military command announced it had taken charge, but has no intention to stay in power. this council is not a replacement for

mubarak was sitting next to anwar sadat when the brother assassinated him, one of great people of thatountry. it was the muslim brotherhood who assassinated him. he killed him. [everyone talking at once] >> if their democracy comes one man, one vote in egypt, let me tell you, the muslim brotherhood will initially get 25 to 33% of the vote, and the arab streets -- will be reflected. >> the u.s. approval in egypt is 12%. president n> sometimes diplomats -- >> the re volts in tune's 'ya and tunisia and egypt worldwide pattern of instability and radical political change caused by the world economic crisis. what do you think? >> my view is it started off i think currently it 3hi the arab and islamic world. but i'll tell you, to the degrees that they have democratic elections in the

allegations about mubarak lining his own pockets began when he was still in the army under president anwar sadatwhen a close aide was convicted of taking a cut from u.s. military aid contracts. as president, mubarak made sure his son gamal was the man to see for any companies that sought to do business in egypt. >> they were partners on almost every major business franchise, partners with multi-nationals doing business in egypt and you can do the math to imagine how much money they accumulated. >> reporter: u.s. and british authorities would not comment today on what action they might take against assets mubarak may have in their countries. but a group of egyptian lawyers and a former deputy foreign minister have already demanded mubarak and his family be put on trial in egypt for steaming state assets, diane. >> again, you're saying billions. >> reporter: billions, one to five is the estimate for the family. >> a lot of unpredictable events to come. thank you, brian ross. >>> and coming up, in other news, a new kind of mammogram. [] [ people screaming ] [ tires screech ] ♪ [ tires screech ] ♪ [

ago he wasn't the dictator, he was the understudy watching a parade with then egyptian president anwar sadat who was about to die. arguably it was the assassins who attacked the front seats killing sadat who gave mubarak his moment. look, he was first to stand up, though slightly wounded in the hand and constitutionally next in line as vice president it was he who took the oath of office days later then 30 years went by. here's what he's been through with the u.s. all those years, about the most loyal ally and an opponent of extreme islam who sent his own forces into battle against saddam hussein when we asked in 1991, whose view of saddam was pretty much ours. >> i had a feeling that something is abnormal in him. >> sounds like a definition of crazy. no? >> reporter: but this primarily military man comfortable with generals but not charismatic as a civilian, relatively private about life with his british-born wife, even his appearance over decades has had a distant unchanging quality to it, he has led a people whose apparent destiny has remained n unchanged, as well. to live on $2 a day and

she is referring back to 1979, the peace treaty signed by anwar san antonio sadat -- anwar sadat. the hope now is of course that that relationship between egypt and israel will be maintained. >> israel being key to german foreign policy but also the palestinians playing a role there, germany wanting to be seen as an honest broker there, as well. >> germany has a very good reputation in the middle east. the primacy of israeli security has been the cornerstone of german foreign policy. >> you're watching our special coverage of the historic events in egypt. after 30 years of rule, hosni mubarak has relinquished his hold on power and handed over control of the country to the the announcement was made by the country's vice president, omar suleiman, on egyptian television. he said hosni mubarak decided to leave the position of the presidency and mubarak's last deed was to hand over control of the higher military council, consisting of egypt's top generals, considered to be the most powerful body in the country. that announcement has unleashed a wave of euphoria across the nation. many

he was vice president and then president when anwar sadat was assassinated in a military parade in 1981. >> my fellow countrymen, i address you when egypt and its people are facing -- these conditions are about to take us to the unknown. the homeland is facing a harsh moment. difficult task. taken advantage of those with a confrontation on violence violate the constitutional legitimacy. these demonstrations come from a very civilized and modern scene of the exercise of propriety to a regretful confrontation and standoff, manipulated and controlled by forces which aimed to add fuel to the fire, targeting the safety and mobility of the nation by enticement and incitement, looting, and pillage, arson. hijacking the votes. and assault on public and private and state property. and assaulting the diplomacy on our soil. that haunted the majority of the egyptians and the concern and worry about what the future is holding for them -- and the household, the family, and the future of this city and their country. the incidence of the past few days, one and all, people and leadership to choose betwe

shibley telhami is the anwar sadat professor of peace andpmef maryland. he's conducted numerous public opinion surveys in the middle east. because it is interesting to think about public opinion now, isn't it? what's happened? did it suddenly shift in what's going on? >> if you think about a month ago, governments were scaring the public. if you had to ask me what is the state of affairs, that was state of affairs where the public was afraid of government. a month later, governments are afraid of the public. >> brown: governments are afraid of the public? >> governments are afraid of the people. that's a remarkable change and i think it's the beginning of what i call an arab awakening, the likes of which we have not seen. it's an empowerment that is maybe akin to something like the industrial revolution in europe. >> brown: really. that large. >> let me just tell you why. and i don't say that lightly and i know that this is only a beginning of it, it's going to be set back, things are not going to full in a certain way. but there's an individual empowerme

for that, we turn to shibley telhami, the anwar sadat professor of peace and development at the university of maryland. and matthew axelrod, who served as north africa and egypt director at the pentagon from 2005 to 2007. welcome to you both. we heard what vice president suleiman said this afternoon about not being able to put up with continued protests. we know that he is close to the military. so what connection is there here between the military in egypt and the outcome everyone seems to be hoping for? >> well first of all the military really is the anchor of this regime. it's always been that way since 1952 with the overthrow of the monarchy but it's even become more so in the past two weeks. mr. suleiman himself comes out of the military. he's considered one of them. defense minister is one of the most influential men in egypt for the fast 20 years, just been promoted to deputy prime minister. the prime minister who was promoted also from the military the president himself is out of the military. this is the anchor of the regime. they're protecting their interests so people see them a

>>estamos hablando de la hermandad musulmana que fue el grupo que detrÁs del asesinato de anwar el sadats uno de los elementos de oposiciÓn que estÁ ahora vinculado con el mohamed elbaradei, que antes estuvo en la agencia nuclear internacional, pero ellos no representan lo que estÁn demandando todo el resto de la oposiciÓn en egipto y lo que vemos ahÍ es que la comunicaciÓn instantÁnea del mundo moderno, el acceso al internet, el uso de sistemas de comunicaciÓn social como facebook y twitter, le han dado una oportunidad a la juventud de 2o, 3o aÑos, una oportunidad de poder acceder el uno al otro sin tener el control del gobierno y lo que vemos aqÍi es que estÁn usando esta nueva herramienta para poder aglutinar sus peticiones, sus demandas contra el gobierno. >>quÉ interesante, stephen, que una de las culturas mÁs antiguas, milenaria, estÁ la gente joven utilizando la tecnologÍa mÁs moderna para pedir cambios en esa cultura e historia milenaria. >>y precisamente es una lecciÓn que todo el mundo ha visto, lo que hemos visto en tÚnez, lo que estamos viendo en egipto, lo que se estÁ viendo

slim, is that right i want to mention anwar sadat. first to answer your question. this is how it works. i will be a quote-unquote good ally of anyone whoen will send me a billion dollars or more per year for 30 years. it's a shame the people in egypt are poor and mubarak is obscenely wealthy partly because of our contributions to him. we have a double standard in this country, and i hope it's going to change. for instance we say we don't believe in getting involved in regime changes. but we prop up people in -- we also say it's not right for foreign policy make torse send noun prop up our politicians but we send money to other countries to support their politicians and so we have got assess our money whether we are on the side of people or dictators. >> and you wanted to make an opinion known but i understand that there was -- there were accusations mubarak was complicit in his assassination, and i would like some programming on that if possible. host: thank you for calling in this morning. from the politico, john mccain has a rare one-on-one with the rapidly-deter

when came after the assassination of president anwar sadat in -- he was sort of holding down the fort, making sure that basic con tours of the egyptian system continued as they were and keeping an fairly consistent foreign policy as well. after several decades in office that begins to look like stagnation. it also looks like a system in which mubarak's friends or his family, friends and cronies have learned how to profit from. so again, stability in the eyes of one is corruption and stagnation in the eyes of many egyptians. >> last night in california form vice-president dick chaney saying president mubarak has been a close ail eye of the united states over the last 30 years, advising the obama administration to proceed carefully. he also talked about the situation globally in pakistan. here's part of the conversation with former vice-president dick chaney last night. s part of the last night. >> something to remember about pakistan. a large population and a large streak of fundamentalism. significant stockpile of nuclear weapons. if pakistan ever goes to the dark side we'll have a bi

corruption and cronyism to basically almost replace a legacy of stability that helped create after anwar sadat was assassinated in 1981. the most important thing that i could think of is that here was a proud man, a military man, who actually did not respect those young people in tahrir square. and so in some respects, he actually thought that there was a silent majority of egyptians who would rally to his defense. and so he intended to hold out. he thought by isolating the young people who helped bring about this revolution he could call on the people of egypt to basically fall back on what essentially were always the bogeymen by which he was able to repress that country. and that is, if i go, stability will no longer be existent. there will be islamic extremists who will begin attacking egypt again. >> ambassador, i've got about 30 seconds left. there are folks in egypt saying mubarak should stand trial. how likely in your mind is that to happen? >> i think it comes down to a question of how these young people want to go forward. do they have the sense of anger and recrimination towards him

ago he wasn't the dictator, he was the understudy watching a parade with then egyptian president anwar sadato die. arguably it was the assassins who attacked the front seats killing sadat who gave mubarak his moment. look, he was first to stand up, though slightly wounded in the hand, and constitutionally next in line as vice president, it was he who took the oath of office days later. then 30 years went by. here's what he's been for the u.s. for all of those years. about the most loyal ally we could imagine, a keeper of the peace with israel, an opponent of extreme islam, who sent his own forces into battle against saddam hussein, when we asked in 1991, whose view of saddam was pretty much ours. >> i had a feeling that something is abnormal in him. >> sounds like a definition of crazy. no? >> reporter: but this primarily military man, comfortable with generals but not charismatic as a civilian, relatively private about life with his british-born wife, even his appearance over decades has had a distant unchanging quality to it. he has led a people whose apparent destiny remained unchanged as

but the finest person that i ever met who was a foreign leader was anwar sadat.ecause of his courage and intelligence and generosity, if we were able as you said to get an agreement between israel and egypt in 1978. they gave the palestinians full autonomy and let them run their own affairs. six months later, we had a peace treaty between israel and egypt. april of 1979. not all word of way in 32 years has ever been violated. after i left office in january, involuntary retired by the election results of 1980 -- [laughter] sadat and they were still close friends. we visited him in egypt, and his wife and my wife or friends, and even our grandchildren were friends. in october, the eighth of that year, sadat was assassinated. hosni mubarak was the vice president and he immediately took office. he was anointed successor. since then, for 30 years or so, mubarak chose not to have a vice president. and though he started out as a very enlightened letter, following in sadat's footsteps, mubarak became infatuated with powers and his family became more powerful in addition

service in keeping egypt stable, especially in the aftermath of the assassination of president anwar sadat, that it is time for him to step down, that there is a new nation of egypt out there and they want reform. and they want free and fair elections. and most of them want a peaceful and orderly transition of power. and i would again call on the president of egypt to step down and step down immediately and let the presidency be assumed by his vice president with the guarantee of free and fair elections in september and the guarantee that he is not the president, mubarak is not going to run for reelection. madam president, i yield the floor and i would suggest the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk will call the roll. quorum call: mr. nelson: madam president? the presiding officer: the senator from florida. mr. nelson: mr. president, i ask consent that the quorum call be lifted. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. nelson: madam president, i call up amendment 34, and i ask consent that the pending amendment be set aside in order to call up amendment 34. the pres

richard engel, just for a little brief bit of history, anwar al sadat assassinated at a parade groundgeneral hosni mubarak takes power, initiates emergency law. the problem is, and the problem grew to be the fact that it was never lifted. >> exactly. on the 6th of october, he declared a crisis in the country and then president mubarak steps in, keeps that emergency law in place and uses the emergency law to prevent political parties from flourishing in this country, to keep down the muslim brotherhood. that was always an excuse by the government. that if the emergency law was lifted, this islamic group would step out and would take over the country. the islamic group has been present during the protest movement, but it has not been taking a leading role. these protests were begun by young people. they were spreading the message by twitter and other social media. they were inspired when tanesia's leader went under similar circumstances. whether the muslim brotherhood will rise again, that remains to be to be seen. the muslim brotherhood is a powerful organization. it now will have the