grant at appomattox in 1865. he analyzed whether appomattox was the end of the civil war. second, mr. gallagher looks at the wartime goals of the union and if these were in fact achieved. >> dr. gary w. gallagher is the john l. now the third professor in the american civil war at the history of virginia. now that means in o.w. now is the director of the john now that's in au now center for civil war studies at uva. gary is such a popular speaker that he allows organizations like ours to work him way too hard, but we do it anyway. he flew in a few hours ago. he wasn't here right when we started this morning because he was jetting up here from florida where he was speaking at another conference. we're very grateful to gary that we do feel a little guilty for asking him back so soon. gary's not only a prolific speaker and author, but a popular battlefield guide, one of the leaders in the battlefield preservation movement, and award-winning teacher, and one of the most important mentors of graduate students in civil war history. as i noted when i introduced gary at the 2014 sy

such was not to be the case at appomattox. overthrew million men had -- over three million men had borne arms in the civil war. someway they would bring this country back together again. so much has been written about what lee and grant did that palm sunday at appomattox. i think a greater understanding might be gained looking at what they did not do that chilly day of 57 degrees. lee could have followed the natural course after the civil war. one of his most reliable associates suggested it. lee earlierme to that palm sunday morning. tell the army to disperse. love them men scatter into the hills and woods sides. men scatter into the hills and woods sides. we can win, alexander said. we can win, if we don't lose. lee shook his head. that was not his idea of the future. we must consider the country as a whole, he said. the menk your advice, would be without rations and under no control at all. they would become bands of marauders. we would bring on a state of affairs that would take the country years to recover from. no, lee c

what stopped at appomattox was not a small thing. thing.a gigantic the political and social notlict that follows should be considered an extension of the war by other means. postwar violence, however grotesque at times, did not approach in scale or fury the of the military carnage war years, the bloodiest incidents during reconstruction, among them the new orleans and .emphis rights of 1866 those scarcely would have qualified as obscure skirmishes during the civil war. they would have been the tiniest blip on any scale of violence during the civil war. former confederates perpetuating much of the postwar violence had vastly scaled-back their goals. their goal during the war was to establish a proslavery nationstate that would take its place among the states of the western world. they are not trying to establish a nationstate anymore. regain localng to political power and maintain white supremacy. the goals are on a very different scale. most of the most certainly would have preferred to reinstitute slavery, but they settled down for

within this chronological reframing, awarded not end at appomattox or durham station or appomattox, durham station, citronelle and new orleans. it did not and with those iconic military surrenders that came in a group. it continued through reconstruction, or through the jim crow era, or down to the present, the war that never ended. "time" magazine's cover a few years ago, it had lincoln on the front with a tear rolling down his cheek. if you go back and read that article, you will get a nice sense of no, the war did not end then. it is still going on. a disproportionate number of authors and readers have borrowed ever more deeply into the period between sumter and appomattox. thereby robbing the conflict of needed context. a longer perspective works against a focus on appomattox. it was appomattox alongside gettysburg that was one of the two events that received by far the most attention during the sesquicentennial. those were the two that were the highlights, too much attention to appomattox in this view creates a misleading impression that grant and lee fashioned an agreement and wilmer

he was at appomattox. andrt e lee looked at him said it is nice to see that we have at least one real american here, because he knew that he was native american. said, we at the and are all americans. he became the head of indian affairs. he did his best, but that has always been the case. washington on one hand was thrashing the indians, on the other he was worrying about them and trying to figure out a future for them. this always seems to be the schizophrenic view that we have of the plains indians. they did not probably have to be wiped out. they may have gotten really good at robbing railroads, they were iders by nature, but they could have coexisted. that was not what was going to happen. know where to sherman got his troops from. what part, i think it was michigan company a in his march? robert: it is interesting. it was known as the army of the west. would definitely call it the army of the midwest. 70% of sherman's troops were some from indiana -- michigan. one big state that i am missing. illinoi

someone who had been present at appomattox.ere second from the left, general arthur mcarthur who i always thought had a great name. you probably know who his son was. these are union veterans who are now in key leadership positions in the spanish-american war. newspapers across the country gushed that the mason-dixon line had been obliterated by the war. they also talked about the fact that white southerners in atlanta and vicksburg celebrated july 4th for the first time since the war. for t they saw this war as much as liberating cubans as an opportunity to bind the nation back together. but for white southerners, this was an opportunity to do more than just relish reconciliation. in fact, it also vindicated the things they had been saying about the confederate cause, their lost cause, for years now. now say said, look, the words traitor and rebel no longer apply to us. former confederate general stephen lee. it is a source of no small pride that the country has last learned its true value, the depth and fervor of southern pat

it could be noted that the confederacy had finally three days after appomattox achieved its primary for an policy of active. recognition from an offered assistance by a foreign power. with morale restored direct creation and destruction, shenandoah sailed once more, leaving an enduring legacy in the faraway place. 120 sailors left behind from magistrate whalers, hawaiians, other pacific islanders and a few new englanders were caught up in politics and more good the descendents are there today. while the worst struggle to conclusion in the nation began to bind it's a commission in delhi gate at the north, the deep call to the bering sea. she fired the last gun of the civil war, 10 weeks after appomattox and set the land of the midnight sun was flaming yankee whalers. shenandoah captured 24 vessels in one week an unprecedented accomplishment that a few months before would've been greeted with jubilation in the south and despair in the north. in the preceding four years, a rebel commerce raiders have destroyed over 100,000 tenths of union shipping were $17 million. the major impact had bee

lee's surrender to ulysses s grant in appomattox in 1816 five. -- 1865. he analyzes if appomattox was the definitive end of the civil war and looks at the wartime goals of the union and if they were achieved. this talk was part of a daylong symposium and now, is the director of the john now -- nau

we are right to applaud general grant so magnanimous in victory at appomattox. we were right to mourn the events of good friday at ford's theater. frederick douglas called the conflict a war for national reclamation and black americans understood the fighting had hardly ended at appomattox. in many ways it was just beginning. that was 43 minutes. [ applause ] so we have time i think for questions, discussion, disagreement. please buy my book. it's out there. i'm still paying off one loan for my college daughter. you can get her out of hock. >> can i ask a question? about the situation in new orleans. we were talking last night about a proposal that you had heard about about the possibility of a proposal for erecting a monument to james longstreet in new orleans. if you could comment on the back story behind why that was proposed at all and the prospects for it. >> that's, yeah, let me sort of the really big back story on longstreet. the doctor was talking about the endless question we will never know the answer to, what would have happened if lincoln had not gon

grant at appomattox in april, 1865.nalyzes whether appomattox was the definitive endpoint of the civil war, thereby marking the beginning of a reconstruction process. second, he looks at the wartime goals of the union and if these were in fact achieved. part ofr long talk was a daylong symposium held at the library of virginia in richmond. >> dr. gregory gallagher is the john -- nau center for civil war studies at uva. gary is such a popular speaker that he allows organizations like ours to work him way too hard. but we do it anyway. he flew in a few hours ago. he was jetting up here from

he had been present at appomattox. and second from the left, general arthur macarthur who i have always thought had a great name. and of course, you probably know who his son was. veterans who union are now in key leadership positions in the spanish-american war. newspapers across the country got just that the war. they also talked about the fact that white southerners in atlanta and vicksburg celebrated july 4 for the first time since the war. here is a union veteran -- the word in spain is worth all it will cost in blood and treasure for the confident -- confidence it begets in both -- in soldiers of both armies. asy saw this war as much liberating cubans as an opportunity to bind the nation back together. southerners, this was an opportunity to do more than just relish reconciliation. in fact, it also vindicated the things that they had been saying about the confederate cause, their lost cause for years now. -- the wordid look traitor and rebel no longer apply to us. former confederate general stephen lee -- there i

and one of them actually received his parole by the union army at appomattox.ple that were at gettysburg. and one interesting story is i had one that was his first battle was on mcpherson's ridge at gettysburg with the 149th pennsylvania bucktails and he was shot in the head and lived to tell about it. which is unheard of back then. >> wow. phenomenal. quite amazing, history and story. the 27th annual civil war re-enactment happening this saturday and sunday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. for more information, head to our website. we'll have a link at nbc10.com or check out the nt nbc10 app. thank you for coming and giving us a little information and knowledge. >> well, another sunny start to a sunny and pretty warm day. we're already close to the average high temperature for this time of the year. everywhere except right at the shore, like we just showed you a little while ago. let's go to delaware now, and see how it's warming up. wow, 67 degrees in marshalltown, and 69 in glasgow, reedy point at 68 degrees. already 70 at lincoln. and in lewes, delaware, they ge

let's get to what is really iletty clear, and that is ount five weeks before appomattox the confederate government never officially allowed the use of slaves. that tells us something right there. this was an issue raised periodically throughout the war. 1865 thish of practice was not authorized, even when it had strings on it. 1862, 1863, 1864, and more than two months of 1865 the confederate congress did not authorize slaves to be used in the confederate army. argue that the confederacy did this one as a matter of fact the law prohibited in the confederacy. further evidence of a we are talking about is that on january 2, 8064, -- 1864, patrick one of theirish born, best confederate generals saw what was going on concerning manpower. the confederacy started the war of whiteed 3.5 to one men of fighting age. they were outnumbered. they had a desperate need for manpower. not movedat, they had towards using the slaves. by the end of 1863 following gettysburg and chickamauga, chattanooga, and many other bloodbaths, the confederacy was really down to the bottom. thenwere drafting boys and fr

like meeting of the appomattox courthouse or at the paris peace talks. this is going to be huge.will be historic if they can get it done. there are some lingering doubts whether they can actually do it. a report that the iraqi oil minister said we might not show up. we will send a secondary delegation. that may be a ploy to try to get opec and non-opec to justify the current increase in production which just another to a record high. a lot of politics but if they can get it done its historic. maria: what a move. so fun, thank you. sandra, oil has been between 20 and $40 a barrel. we're above that. you wonder what that means. you know the market better than most. sandra: it appears and i listened to so fun and mike murphy on this. it appears we are getting used to the new normal that is lower energy prices and energy producers have to adapt to this because what was happening. things are pulling their credit line. i was looking at the latest statistic. since the beginning of this year alone, wonders how pulled nearly $6 billion of credit from six oil and gas producers come a reduct

lee and the army were marching through, and is-getting surrounded on three sides at appomattox, is say discreet in your estimation the biggest disaster, the main reason for this winter? >> i think so. that was the major defeat on that long retreat, the weeklong retreat. the army was cut in half. in fact, lead saw them coming, the survivors come at the hill toward him and he said has the army been dissolved? and it looked like it was going to be the end fairly soon after that and it was about three days later. so that was a key battle and that was filled shared and with his cavalry getting ahead, writing ahead -- shared and -- tried to cut off the army. what happened was longstreet, his core had gotten too far ahead of the rest of the army and created this gap, and it was george custer's cavalry unit that filled that gap, and other cavalry units came in, and then the six army corps came up behind them, and they captured a lot of confederate that day. >> we talked about this earlier at breakfast to even include one of my favorite people of all time, christopher spencer. tell us more abou