now, aristotle wasn't pessimistic about this. in fact, he thought there might be a way to to address or redress this basic problem of politics. and he said, if you have a really you're really blessed and fortunate. you might have a good king or you might have a good aristotle ocracy. but those are kind of hard to find. what most regimes allow you to do is to create what he called a mixed regime a mixed constitution, to blend the various features and qualities of the many and the few. and in this tradition, there's actually a lot of really interesting discussion of respective virtues of the people of the populous and the respective from class advantages of being in party of the few. the few those who perhaps reflect the virtuesave more eled taste. they like nice restaurants. if you live in washington, d.c., if you're not rich, you benefit from the here. i can tell you living in south bend, we don't have quite the quite selection of restaurants not as many oligarchs. and a few that we have now work in the department of transportati

going all the way back to antiquity, if we read plato and aristotle and aristotle's name i'll probably mention a few times tonight. aristotle in particular states outright that all political regimes, and i use this word advisedly, all political orders are divided in one fundamental way, between the few and the many. all political regimes have a kind of tension built into them and that everywhere this seems to be a truth, that aristotle with his empirical political science hat on, says that one sees this in the fact when he looks around contemporary greece of his day. there seem to be two predominant regime types, democracy, which is true of his athens where he was living and writing, and oligarchy, the regime of the many and the regime of the few. and aristotle, if you studied some aristotle, you can remember back to your days in introduction to political theory, aristotle regarded both of these regimes as vicious, as reflecting a kind of vice. they weren't one of the regimes he regarded as good, as a sort of exemplary, and democracy, the many, and oligarchy, the few, they were not con

it's a very interesting by aristotle's time. you have the time to rewrite this in the same way that in the united states congress is trying to, uh, uh, and the frame border trying to do the same thing today. the only arch ended up trying to assassinate the democratic and saying, we want to put the original, faster, boucher o box of asylum back. you don't want the constitution to move forward for democracy . we want to move backward. they made up an artificial constitution and said, also on the really answer was that they appreciated the client, so it was easier to pay them the other, the real, pretty good story chosen. it simply wasn't, wasn't so uh, and either in athens or elsewhere, same thing happened out in rome. they find that there was, you know, and, and says grow all in dark. and you want to go back to that just like in the united states to frank partisan, we have to go back to the constitution that was written by slaveowners people who bear democracy and that we have to go back to the original anti democratic consultati

if we will take the classical definition according to aristotle, then in fact aristotle defined the color of the archive as such a system of power e-e the so-called power of the few e-e where these few people who ruled the country they e-e directed their efforts to lead the state for their own enrichment that is, it is the joining of a combination of e-e control over power e-e for the purpose of own enrichment and not for the purpose of enriching the state as a whole or some public good , yes. dictionaries say about it so this is someone very rich and influential, actually from the former soviet union, who made his fortune after the collapse of the soviet union actually. a new word can also be said. well, if we talk about the signs of oligarchs, these are the ones we are used to talking about. well, for sure, there are three things that define him. the first is a person who has influence on the government. influence on the government, she uses it for her own enrichment well, the third thing is very important , it is mostly done in a legal way , that is, roughly speaking, she can change la

if we take the classic definition according to aristotle, then in fact aristotle defined the color of the archive as such a system of power, er, the so-called power of the few, er, where are the few the people who ruled the country, they directed their efforts to lead the state for their own enrichment. that is, it is the joining of a combination of control over power for the purpose of their own enrichment, and not for the purpose of enriching the state as a whole or for some public good. well, if we let's say about the father, the modern definition of an oligarch is what we all have in mind, well, even foreign dictionaries say about it. so this is someone very rich and influential, actually from the former soviet union, who made his fortune after the collapse actually of the soviet union no wonder, that is, uh, that is, this word is very geographical, and a completely new word can be said. well, if we talk about the signs of oligarchs, then these uh-uh, hmm, about which we are used to talking, well, for sure, three things that define it, the first is a a person who has influence on

if we take the classical definition according to aristotle, then in fact aristotle defined the color of the archive as such a system of power. the so-called power of the few eh where these few people who ruled the country they eh directed their efforts to lead the state for their own enrichment. that is, this joining of the combination of eh control over the power eh for the purpose of their own enrichment and not for the purpose of enriching the state in of the whole or some public good, yes. well, if we say about the father the modern definition of an oligarch, which is what we all have in mind, then even foreign dictionaries say about it. so this is someone very rich and influential, actually from the former soviet union who made money their fortunes after the collapse of the soviet union, actually. no wonder, that is, er, that is, this word is very geographical, a completely new word can be said. well, if we talk about the characteristics of oligarchs, these are er, hmm, about which we are used to talking, well, for sure, three things that his determine the first - this is a pers

think aristotle's treatment of virtue in relation to us monia in the near conviction ethics. think of plato's subtle phenomenology of the good in a variety of his dialogs. think of aquinas as exhaustive analysis of beatitude or happiness at the commencement of the previous a good day of the summa. in all three of those thinkers, the object of good was construed as the determining factor in the establishment of a just social order. but in jefferson, a typically modern way, all this left to the self-determination of the individual subject, the pursuit of happiness rather than happiness itself. taking pride of place. these worries of 19th and 20th century figures are taken up. several catholic scholars today who question the philosophical underpinnings of the american founding. one thinks of, among others, formule, patrick, deneen and dc. all these philosophers that the distinctively modern or metaphysics informs the political speculations of the founders compromises, the practical arrangements that they put in place. so the question naturally arises who has this at least relati

it's a very interesting by aristotle's time. you have the time to rewrite this in the same way that in the united states congress is trying to, uh uh, and as a brain fart are trying to do the same thing today. the arts ended up trying to assassinate the democratic and saying, we want to put the original, faster boot over some of the solid back. we don't want the constitution to move forward for democracy. we want to move backward. they made up an artificial constitution and said, also on the really answer was that they appreciated the client so it was easier to pay them the other. they real pretty good story and show that there simply wasn't, wasn't so uh, in either in athens or elsewhere. same thing happened out in rome. they find that they were, you know, an says through all the guardians, just want to go back to that, just like in the united states, the brain partisan. we have to go back to the constitution that was written by slaveowners. locate people who bear democracy and we have to go back to the original anti democratic

that wasn't true of his student aristotle. that is true of plato. and it's important to to remember that that there is coherence. it's that that we're not just picking up a bunch of random facts just to do it. we're not going to school to fill our head with a bunch of random trivia in case we happen to be on jeopardy someday. but we're trying to figure out something about the truth. ultimate truth that will tell us about our communities and will tell us about things beyond our immediate perception and will tell us something about our souls and ourselves and what we're here to do. where you exposed to this canon at yale? a little bit. i don't want to yale too much. it's very, very mean thing to this one's alma mater. i think it was don kagan who was one of the great certainly not left wing philosophers. he was the great, great ancient greek historian who died only recently. and he had been the dean of yale college, i believe it was professor kagan, who said something to the effect of years ago, a student could graduate yale with an education, didn't

we are a continent away from sunlight aristotle. whatever connection obtains with the world outside of the dynamics of the well remained secondary and intrinsic. subordinates the sovereignty and sufficiency of the choosing self. now, this treat of the thought of law to quote the man who this lecture series is and throughout his name he became disquieted by the manner locke had the traditional. instead of being created in the image of god, man unlocks interpretation simply and not to do the will of god or pursue the common good but rather to protect his property rights. i'm quoting kirk now. there is come he concluded, no warmth and no sense of consecration and utility, not love is the motive of locke's individualism. so what was concerning too many catholic theorists, again not just anti- modern, was precisely the hobbesian reductionism regarding politicalal life. but they saw on display and the most important off the documents of our country. the observation made above regarding its biblical overtones. it's difficult og not to see

no, i don't think aristotle was any cleverer than arendt or bertrand russell or richard feynman.people that we recognize being very, very brainy, very clever, possibly very wise as well. but the difference is that those people had so much less know. i mean they only spoke greek possibly because he went to egypt might have spoken arabic there, had very little history to know was there was so little history before they existed very little in terms of written languages they knew very little only aristotle of those six traveled anywhere they certainly had no idea of the capital of south dakota. they didn't know the atomic weight of sodium. they didn't know, obviously, the originate is of the enlightenment, whereas our people, their minds are stuffed, all sorts of information. which one might, even though it's heretical perhaps to say so, might not be actually necessary to know how nice if you consider that there thinking about ethics, about knowledge, about happiness were conceived because each one of them was quite literally a tabula an empty slate on which they think deep and profo

we read the works of plato and aristotle, aristotle in particular stakeout right out political, overitical orders are divided tween the few and will political and into everywhere it seems to be truth and what is empirical medical science and the contemporary greeks of his days will will will. the market will will and oligarchy, the regime of the many and the regime of the few. there's so you can remember back to your introduction, aristotle regarded reflecting the kind of life regarded as good, except w the reason, there will be many andd oligarchy regimes. these inin order to. they have a certain kind of party, the party of the many or the party of the few. because of this, and horrible said because of this regime, were always constituted to favor some number and limited number ofty people based upon this clas indictment they were to link the trajectories and these were likely to be one upon the other. in the pursuit of the interest of the parties that governed the other party would rise up and presume power in the other result was tierney but here is an ancient, super and repeated

if we take the classical definition according to aristotle, then in fact aristotle defined the colorople who ruled the country, they er, directed their efforts for the leadership of the state for one's own enrichment. that is, it is the joining of a combination of control over the power er for the purpose of personal enrichment and not for the purpose of enriching the state as a whole or some public good. oligarch is what we all mean, well, even foreign dictionaries say about it. so this is someone very rich and influential , actually from the former soviet union, who made his fortune after the collapse of the soviet union. nothing for yourself, that is, er, that is, this is a matter. here, you can say such a completely new geographical word. well, if we talk about the signs of oligarchs , those are the ones we are used to talking about, well, for sure , there are three things that define him. the first is a person who has the second influence on the government is this influence on she uses power for her own enrichment. well, the third thing is very important , it is mostly done in a

and aristotle pointed out that already there was a missing perpetration of what was happening in grades. but many counselors oceans claim to be democracies. but they were really all americans. and aristotle explained, but democracies and the above in the all the guardians, as well to be able make up my hands then. yeah. and they are in great names. we make money by hurting other people by being creditors. and they make themselves, and they want to run a scenario, soccer, se, uh and uh, that ends through a vibration the economy. until finally, some aristocratic families decided that they, the voters and the their, uh, uh, end of the town of placement. he's been in greece and not in athens, in 506. that being said, he found the push democracy in and out of the uh they originally the brand. so best number democracy began in the 7th and 6th century. and the tyrant that we use in the english language. what the word tyra means is democracy. that's where a democracy comes from. you might have to explain that i've cleverly, it leads have changed the definition so that we don't understand the de

in the height of despair, let's give a very difficult situation aristotle's three children have been born one after the other. we were hoping to meet our neighbor again one day. shahram called to say that someone in the staff of bagala broke the water plant and he was very happy. mr. raisi, how do we return whatsapp? it was empty, you filled it again, with this heart you enlightened all the workers of the factory, the director, who all of them are unjustly trained, god bless you, may god give you honor, the restored longevity in this factory is two thousand billion tomans, and the number of directly restored jobs in the first step is 130 people in the second step to 200 people plus 44 units in the sugar factory production and industry of kohgiluyeh and boyer ahmad provinces have returned to the production circuit, the unemployment rate in the country, creating employment in kurdistan, there is also a factory that has been rotting for several years , the sewing machines of fardis kurdistan factory have stopped moving after 15 years in 2016. it stopped, but now after six years and than

and the way aristotle talks about being a good person. you're not going to see complete correspondence, those differing traditions, but you're going to see things that overlap. if they overlap in essential ways. there's a possibility that they've hit upon something edmund burke talked about as wisdom of the ages, and that doesn't mean that students have to just passively take this information, say, oh, well, this is what aristotle says, so i'll live like that. but instead it gives students an opportunity to, an omni cultural core curriculum to examine what various civilization have had to say about the best ways to live lives so that students can grapple that question themselves. we've got a question way in the back over here, and then we'll go here. thank you very much, jason stevens, from ashland university. and i apologize in advance. my question someone has to do with hegel. the panel mentioned college studying with professor garman, the philosopher. my understanding is that he was also a hegelian and given coolidge's close relationsh

nine times out of ten and again goes back to aristotle. aristotle talks about logos, reason, he talks about ethos your personal credibility, but he talks about pathos, talks about the need to connect with people's. the human brain is not hardwired to receive a bunch of statistics. that's not how you convince your spouse or your to get anything done. you make an emotional appeal. but when we get into public policy and politics, sometimes we just say, i think democrats in because i don't know liberal arts education law degrees no idea but it's this idea. in fact, we like you to rational we will rationally defeat you in the socratic method and unfortunately not how americans are or most people around the world are. they want to be inspired, ensue. they want to see righteous anger. i talked in the book about michael dukakis as a of case study. and, you know, you remember 1988. yeah, there's a bunch of good debate where you talk about them in the book, a bunch of good examples where they prepped weeks probably and they just sort of. yeah, i mea

i mean, of course, they write the legislation so that inequality goes all the way back to aristotle.i mean, aristotle said that when you social inequality of that on, the kind of scale that we now have, the only two options are tyranny or revolution. and all for revolution. but i don't i don't see the forces of revolution. i think the left been so systematically weakened. going all the way back to wilson in the twenties but also mccarthy and they've just been effectively in the powell of 1971 where lewis powell essentially mobilized corporate to blow back against the in terms of pushing back against the gains made in the 1960s. so we're in a very precarious position. we have a question here. chris. is it not true that the neocons who got us into iraq are actually now behind the engineering of the current war in ukraine? yes. and there is a chapter here called the pimps of war trying to reach out to them because of the same people i dealt with going all the way back to the wars in central america, in particular, elliott abrams and robert kagan, who was working for him in the state dep

mention of many more that between virtues of moderation, is latin for the greek for greatness of soul aristotles about. greatness of soul and a deeply felt sense of obligation of conscience go and hand-in-hand. the domain of action guidance for practical reason what towers above and indoors is the admittedly rare combination of honorable ambitious self limitation where greatness and goodness coat exist if in some tension. we know the pool best articulated and defended, a christian virtue. the only apparently fear but in practice it is difficult to combine honorable ambition in a healthy sense of self-restraint. managed to do that managed to do it in an oppressive relatively unforced way. washington was one example of noble honorable morally serious ambition which is the service of the country and larger because of civilized liberty across the atlantic and contemporaries wanted in washington. his duty was done. this he could not do. guarded and not going home. moderation and political sobriety he was as great as one could be but a new category the two perform greatness by the not so good. and th

let's face very difficult conditions with aristotle's three children, working back to back and seeing world. really, one day we will sit down again after 7 years . my husband called and said that someone in the staff of baqala broke the water plant and he was very happy , blue haired, mr. raisi lulu . and let's return our table, the table remained empty , you filled it again with the heart of all the factory workers you made it clear that the director who fired all of them unjustly, may god make him talk more , may god give you honor, the restored age in this factory is 2000 billion tomans, and the number of directly restored jobs in the first step is 130 people, and in the second step, it has increased to 207, in addition to the sugar factory, 44 the manufacturing and industrial units of kohgiluyeh and boyar ahmad provinces have returned to the tawheed circuit. the unemployment rate in the country has created employment and desire in kurdistan. there is also a factory that has been decaying for several years. it stops moving, but now after six years and thanks to the new investment,

yes, because the theater is the art of action, as we know, according to aristotle, but in the theater in literature. as for the word in the theater, it has some specifics, what happens to the word when it hits the stage, when the actor pronounces it. you know that since he we have to play different texts. mm, we understand the value of a good text. a strong author is strong in terms of mastery of the word precisely when we play literature that is weak, but it happens. yes, yes, there is something here . it means to compensate m-m for the lack of strength and words. uh-huh. i mean, if the word is strong, uh, talented, there's nothing else to do. it is necessary to express it exactly express it , you understand, it cannot be spoiled to convey it, but it holds itself, a visual gesture, not intonation, not costumes, the viewer also gets here starts. associate thinking of himself in connection with what he heard the user does not know all the fullness of the effect. yes, he doesn’t know, of course, the audience everyone thinks about his own, when you are armed with a strong word, then you

aristotle believed that it was from frequent use.d even infantile, and since the milk immediately spoiled. hippocrates. galen, called this product dangerous to humans. and, by the way, there was no doubt about this at that time. after all , milk could cause serious poisoning . the attitude towards milk will soon change again. but the questions of his quality will remain unresolved until the 18th century. it was then that in russia for the first time they will try to create dairy production. at first, they began to sell milk in an organized way in the markets; moreover, even then they determined how they could , of course, the percentage of fat content, the city guards lowered a saber blade into a container with milk, and because the milk flowed down, they judged the very fat content of the products, and in order to at least slightly increase the period frogs were lowered into jugs because the body of amphibians always remains cool. however, the expectations were not met and soon this method of preserving freshness was safely abandone

i do not think that aristotle was any clever thin people we recognize as being very, very clever.possibly very wise as well. the differences, those people had so much less to know. they only spoke greek. maybe some arabic. they had very little history to know because there was very little history before they existed. they knew very little geography. they certainly did not know the atomic ways of sodium, the originator of enlightenment. one might not be actually necessary to know. if you consider that there wise thinking about ethics and knowledge and happiness were conceived because each one of them was an empty slate on which they could think deep and profound thoughts, how nice it would be. the really clever of people today are using without any guilt at all these new devices. their brains were held under a faucet. all of the stickiness of the unnecessary information swept away. in whole new intellectual paradigms into the humankind of future, the 21st century that would be wonderful. that is normally where i would finish. on this optimistic note. but then i pessimistically have

virtues of magnanimity and moderation and is latin for the greek for greatness of soul something aristotlealks about in the early books. greatness of soul and a deeply felt sense of obligation to truth, liberty and conscience. they go hand-in-hand. and in the domain of action, if humangu action guided by prudene and practical reason what powers above ande truly endorse is the admittedly rare combination of honorable rendition and self-conscious self limitation with greatness and goodness coexists and a relative harmony given some tension. the magnanimity poll is best articulated and defended by the classical wisdom and humility is the quintessential christian virtue. as thomas aquinas said they only appear but in practice it's very difficult to provide honorable ambition and a healthy sense of self-restraint but i think i'll let the figures i highlight in the book managed to do that and managed to do it in a impressive and relatively unusual way. washington was one such exemplary of noble honorable and morally serious ambitions which he goes to the service of his fledgling country into the

their wealth, and then they called these oligarchs, who, according to the classic definition of aristotle, are not just people who are a small group of people who rule the country, but who are leading the country in the wrong direction and about the negative consequences, we understand that the oligarchs monopolize the markets and make services or goods more expensive and not as high-quality as they could be competitive on the market. - relations so far, foreign construction companies have hardly worked in our country, but only on the roads we see the turkish onur , for example, or some other manifestations. but in buildings - in the construction business, where the actual houses are built by all the microdistricts in our country there are domestic companies and from time to time they catch on, and i think that it is the same in other markets. but in terms of positive moments, we remember 2014 and the invasion of russia into ukraine, the annexation of crimea and the beginning of the war in donbas. very wealthy people, they were actually summoned and headed entire ukrainian regions , even

magnanimity and moderation, magnanimity is latin for the greek for greatness of soul, something aristotle talks about in the early books of the nicean ethics. greatness of soul and a deeply felt sense of obligation to truth, liberty and conscience. they go hand in hand. the domain of action, human action guided by practical reason, what towers above and truly indoors is the admittedly rare combination of honorable ambition and self conscious self limitation where greatness and goodness coexist in relative harmony if in some tension. we know let's say the magnet pole is best articulated and defended by the classical wisdom and humility of course his a crisp quintessential christian virtue. thomas aquinas says they only appear to be in contradiction but in practice it's very difficult to combine honorable ambition and healthy self restraint but i think all of the figures i highlight in the book managed to do that and managed to do it in impressive and relatively unforced way. washington was one such exemplar of noble honorable and morally serious ambition which he goes to the service of his

i've learned over the years people have been talking about stuff a thousands of years going back to aristotlepght combine with my own experiences say don't be afraid of this stuff. anyone with do this that's why i wrote the book. >>d you and i have talked about this sometimes people think you think we all came out of the womb -- >> and wing it and there's a huge amount of preparation almost most important part you talk a lot about this in your book. so i have a show launching in two weeks just again -- it t will us a little bit about your preparation for -- winning an argument or an interview which sometimes is an argument on your show. >> so the book is divided into threent sections first section l about fundamentals all of the stuff i'm talking about stuff you need to make emotional appeal and call the rekreepght which is you know all about. and what you need to do in terms of listen because listening important also. at home arguments which i amount a controversial defense for -- given the book. >> more for people who didn't -- >> it is attacking the person no the the argument when you're i

wealth, and then they called these oligarchs and who, again, according to the classic definition aristotles not simple people who are a small group of people who lead the country but who are leading the country in the wrong direction and we understand the negative consequences that the oligarchs monopolize the markets and make services or goods more expensive and not as high-quality as they could be competitive on the market well, for example, you can still to say i don't know if this is a manifestation of the oligarchy, but it is definitely a manifestation of some kind of monopolistic business relations, so far foreign construction companies have hardly worked in our country, but only on the roads we see the turkish onur , for example, or some other manifestations buildings - in the construction business where the actual houses and microdistricts are being built, we all have domestic companies from time to time and they seize up, and i think that it is the same in other markets. but as for the positive moments, we recall 2014 and the invasion of russia into ukraine, the annexation of crim

aristotle said, men come together in cities in order to aristotle said, men come together in cities in order to live, but they remain together in order to live the good life. it is harder and harder to live the good life in american cities today. the catalog of ills is long. there is the decay of the centers and the despoiling of the suburbs. is not enough housing for our people or transportation for our traffic. open land is vanishing and old landmarks are violated. worst of all expansion is eroding the precious and time honored values of community with neighbors and communion with nature. the loss of these values breeds loneliness and boredom and indifference. our society will never be great until our cities are great. today the frontier of imagination and innovation is inside those cities and not beyond their borders. new experiments are already going on. it will be the task of your generation to make the american city a place where future generations will come, not only to live but to live t gd life. i understand that if itad here tonight i would see that michigan students are real

it goes back to aristotle. he talks about the need to connect with people's hearts for the human brain is not hardwired to receive a bunch of statistics. that's not how you convince your spouse or your kids would you make an emotional appeal but when we get into public policy and sometimes democrats in particular because of liberal arts education, no idea. we were rationally defeat you in this pragmatic manner and that's not how americans are most people around the world are pretty want to be inspired andnd they want to see anger. i talk about michael dukakis and the case study. you remember 1988?8? >> you talk about them the book with bunch of good debate examples where they practice for weeks. then i give examples not just my own career. good practice and bad practice. michael dukakis is up against george bush senior and the debate begins in all a "cnn" the first question michael ditka is anti-penalty is getting hit hard. dukakis is asked what would you do if kitty dukakis his wife was -- would you still not

of racial superiority, which by and large underlies western civilization, and we can ascend from aristotle with his glorification of slavery and justification of slavery and reach the sincere idea of ​​europeans that this is their white man's burden. where it is politely explained that there are only them, and everyone else, well, what to do? well, what to do? therefore, those who naively invade america by american statutory documents. i would like to remind you that everything they described as human rights. it wasn't human rights, but the right you had to be white. people do not consider jews, mexicans chinese, i'm not talking about the indians. they all did not fit into the category of people, that the irish they belonged to just one of the categories of slaves that they used in order to breed the most stable breed of slaves when mixed irish and representatives of various african tribes. therefore, it is not by chance that the historical memory of all those who have encountered the true face of europeans is now manifesting itself. therefore , west africa rose up against its former metro