you can't get to richmond because lee's army was there between his army and richmond grant's army suffered enormous casualties. the exact number is somewhat in dispute. reasonable estimates put the minimum of 65,000 men. some other estimates, but the number of grant's casualties is as high as 75 or 80,000 no large american army has ever been beaten up like grant's army was beaten up in 1864. grant replaced the bodies with new draftees. but the grand old army of the potomac that fought at malvern hill, antietam was gone. shallow graves in virginia in washington, annapolis, that army was gone. and grant was bogged down in a stalemate at richmond and petersburg. there are historians who maintain that the federal government falsified reports of grant's casualties because they were so horrific. lee was so secure, that he sent off about 25 or 30% of his army to the shenandoah valley to march north they crossed the potomac. they were in the suburbs of washington, d.c., they burned chambers berg, pennsylvania. this does not sound like a union military success, and it was not. it was so depressing,

army of tennessee. the start of the campaign, sherman's three armies numbered around 110,000 men. sherman commanded what i believe tea would be called an army group. but that term didn't exist in the 1860s. the largest of the three separate armies was the army of the cumberland. which numbered close to 73,000 men at the start of the campaign, commanded by general george h. thomas, a professional soldier, and if you look again at the performance on the battlefield, thomas actually had a far more impressive record than william t. sherman. thomas won the first major military victory in the west up in kentucky in 1862. he had performed superbly at chickamauga, as many of you know. thomas' troops had shattered the confederate lines. thomas was an impressive soldier. some of historians argued thomas would have made a better commander of the federal armies during the atlanta campaign than sherman. but -- but -- thomas did not have a very good working relationship with ulysses s. grant. brook simpson alluded to

you can't get to richmond because lee's army was there between his army and richmond grant's army sufferednormous casualties. the exact number is somewhat in dispute. reasonable estimates put the minimum of 65,000 men. some other estimates, but the number of grant's casualties is as high as 75,000 or 80,000 no large american army has ever been beaten up like grant's army was beaten up in 1864. grant replaced the bodies with new draftees. but the grand old army of the potomac that fought at malvern hill, antietam was gone. shallow graves in virginia in washington, annapolis, that army was gone. and grant was bogged down in a stalemate at richmond and petersburg. there are historians who maintain that the federal government falsified reports of grant's casualties because they were so horrific. lee was so secure, that he sent off about 25 or 30% of his army to the shenandoah valley to march north they crossed the potomac. they were in the suburbs of washington, d.c., they burned chambers berg, pennsylvania. this does not sound like a union military success, and it was not. it was so depressin

you can't get to richmond because lee's army was there between his army and richmond grant's army suffered enormous casualties. the exact number is somewhat in dispute. reasonable estimates put the minimum of 65,000 men. some other estimates, but the number of grant's casualties is as high as 75 or 80,000 no large american army has ever been beaten up like grant's army was beaten up in 1864. grant replaced the bodies with new draftees. but the grand old army of the potomac that fought at malvern hill, antietam was gone. shallow graves in virginia in washington, annapolis, that army was gone. and grant was bogged down in a stalemate at richmond and petersburg. there are historians who maintain that the federal government falsified reports of grant's casualties because they were so horrific. lee was so secure, that he sent off about 25 or 30% of his army to the shenandoah valley to march north they crossed the potomac. they were in the suburbs of washington, d.c., they burned chambers berg, pennsylvania. this does not sound like a union military success, and it was not. it was so depressing,

well, the union army will have four army corps, four infantry corps and one cavalry corps.nion's second corps will be led by hancock. i'm sure you're all familiar with him. he will not perform well against grant, though, because he's been badly injured. he was shot at gettysburg, had a wound in his thigh. he will spend a lot of the campaigns against lee here in virginia in an ambulance. the union's fifth corps will be under a gentleman by the name of warren. general warren is an unusual character, a young man. he had been an engineer, had fathomed little round top at gettysburg. he's something of an odd duck. as a matter of fact, some of his cohorts would laugh at him. i'm sure we all know people like that. that's general warren. general warren also thought a lot of himself, and as you'll see at this campaign, often thought his plans were better than those of his superiors. the union's sixth corps will be in the hands of general sedgwick. he will be shot down by a south carolina sharpshooter at the battle of spotsylvania courthouse. the sixth corps will be beheaded by ambro

he rebuilds the army. morale of the soldiers, and the confederate soldiers in the army of tennessee loved joe johnson. he knows that they care about -- he cares about their welfare. that is one thing about him as a general. but while he is rebuilding the army and its winter camps, jefferson davis repeatedly asks johnson to take the offensive against the federals who are camped not all that far north in the vicinity of chattanooga, tennessee. march, butjohnson to johnson claims his army is outnumbered by the yankees. the army doesn't have the adequate supplies or logistical capabilities of marching up into east tennessee. johnson,rtunately for the davis administration is getting very different reports concerning the army of tennessee from some of johnson subordinates. they are sending back reports that the army is in great shape ,nd should take the offensive so the davis administration is unsure who to believe although he is inclined to believe the core commanders. during the campaign, up until , one of of

well, the union army will have four army corps, four infantry corps and one cavalry corps. the union's second corps will be led by hancock. i'm sure you're all familiar with him. he will not perform well against grant, though, because he's been badly injured. he was shot at gettysburg, had a wound in his thigh. he will spend a lot of the campaigns against lee here in virginia in an ambulance. the union's fifth corps will be under a gentleman by the name of warren. general warren is an unusual character, a young man. he had been an engineer, had fathomed little round top at gettysburg. he's something of an odd duck. as a matter of fact, some of his cohorts would laugh at him. i'm sure we all know people like that. that's general warren. general warren also thought a lot of himself, and as you'll see at this campaign, often thought his plans were better than those of his superiors. the union's sixth corps will be in the hands of general sedgwick. he will be shot down by a south carolina sharpshooter at the battle of spotsylvania courthouse. the sixth corps will be beheaded by

army will do well.maneuver with vehicles, use a lot of fire power, use air power, all these kinds of things. though there is certainly recognition that the hedge rows exist, you know, at high command levels. french resistance, of course, told them all about this. normandy is not a mystical place. many americans and britains and canadians visited there. george patton is a good example. he visited after world war i. this is not brand new but there's this kind of disconnect between understanding yeah there's hedge rows in normandy but maybe they are hedge rows like in britain which are more like hedges and maybe we have to deal with that. as a commander at the small unit level, platoon company your people are probably not prepared for this. so u.s. army is going to have to pri improvi improvise. the 90th infantry division is an example. the texas national guard. one of the regiments came on shore on d-day after the 4th division took the beach. their senior leadership was not up to the task. a lot of firing

both armies are fortified there. both armies launch attacks that fail.tactically, then, at the operational level, sherman scores a great victory getting across the river just south of ursacka. he gets one division across at a fairy site south of rasacka and 3c))o retreat. johnson retreats and you can look in the middle 06 your map now. there he hopes to lay a trap for sherman. the roadpñ÷network is such that sherman ends up dividing his armies. johnson's plan was to strike one of these wings as it marches south. john belle hood doesn't do so. and then, in a conference, a night conference that's held between johnson and its core commanders, hood and polk argued that the army needed to retreat again. their army is being infiltrated. who said what was a point of bitter contention between joe johnson and john belle hood for many, many years. each had a very different version.

the union army was a field as the invading army. and the north, i think there is a real feeling of patriotism and believe, a strong belief in the union, preserving the union. i think those are the two on either side, the main reasons. and then later the union army had to resort to to the draft. they had to pay people to come and. the bounty hunters, they called them. people who came in in order to get the $300 bounty. they would go to the union army and get into a unit and then they would take office as they could and then try to get a bounty. so they had a problem, the northern armies, with desertions . later this southern army, desertion was a tremendous problem. 1865. yes. the confederate army. right. >> both armies, what did they learn the two weeks following the initial assaults. the war effort that would describe the rest of the warm in atlanta and in petersburg. >> i think they learned the power of fortification pick they got very good at building. within a day or so they could build almost impregnable fortifications. they go

the main army, the army of the potomac, would move directly against lee. a second force would head southward up the shenandoah valley. a third would cross the mountains into southwest virginia, and cut the vital virginia and tennessee railroad. a fourth army would advance up the james river toward richmond. meanwhile, general william sherman would drive southward, from chattanooga toward atlanta. grant himself chose to travel with general george meade's army of the potomac and he did so for a number of reasons. his presence would shield, for example, the north's chief weapon from congressional interference. congress was always interested in what the army of the potomac was doing. like most congresses it had no actions of its own, it was just always interfering. when sherman heard this, sherman who had a low opinion of congress and newspapers, sherman wrote to grant, i hope you will make it a death penalty for any congressman who enters your county or for diplomatic reasons, grant did not do that. another reason why grant went with that army was its command

the main army, the army of the potomac, would move directly against lee. a second force would head southward up the shenandoah valley. a third would cross the mountains into southwest virginia and cut the vital virginia and tennessee railroad. a fourth army would advance up the james river toward richmond. meanwhile, general william sherman would drive southward, from chattanooga toward atlanta. grant himself chose to travel with general george meade's army of the potomac and he did so for a number of reasons. his presence would shield, for example, the north's chief weapon from congressional interference. congress was always interested in what the army of the potomac was doing. like most congresses it had no actions of its own, it was just always interfering. when sherman heard this, sherman who had a low opinion of congress and newspapers, sherman wrote to grant, "i hope you will make it a death penalty for any congressman who enters your town for diplomatic reasons or otherwise." grant did not do that. another reason why grant went with that army was it

and then that army in combination with butler's army and the 18th corp can take petersburg, cut the supply line to the army in northern virginia and finally, defeat lee. union plan, works like clockwork. sheraton heads off open his raid and it ends fairly disastrously but it serves its purpose for the time and on the morning of the 13th of june, lee and his men look across and discover that the union earth worst are empty. earth works are empty. grant pulled his army away without leafy guring out what had happened. the union army swings south, down to the james river. grant intends to cross and lee does not understand what grant means to do. lee thinks what grant might be preparing to do is to swik back towards richmond north of the james river so lee states here at the cold harbor, sends some of his soldiers to the south but doesn't do a major shift because he's uncertain as to what grant will do. as you civil war historians know, attacking at pittsburgh. the confederates manage to reach the town in time and a vigorous defense and the war will basically deinvolve into a siege with

army of tennessee. the start of the campaign, sherman's three armies numbered around 110,000 men. sherman commanded what i believe today would be called an army group but that term didn't exist in the 1860s. he commanded three separate armies. the largest of the three separate armies was the army of the cumberland which numbered close to 73,000 men at the start of the campaign, commanded by general george h. thomas, a professional soldier, and if you look again at the performance on the battlefield, thomas actually had a far more impressive record than william t. sherman. thomas, in fact, had won the first major military victory in the west up in kentucky in 1862. he had performed superbly at chickamauga, actually saved the union army at chickamauga, as many of you probably know. thomas' troops had shattered the confederate lines at missionary ridge. thomas was an impressive soldier. some historians argued thomas would have made a better commander of the federal armies during the atlanta campaign than s

smith is still in the position, the junior army moves up against army --mor -- hodes hood's army. smith's attachment is no longer out in the flank. the cavalry had moved up on his flank originally. schofield 23rd corps is now on smith's right flank. on smith's left flank is hood's fourth corps. no major action, although some things are happening. you are carrying on an artillery duel with smith's gunners. yards,hood's00 artillery starts firing on them. despite the detachment, their attitude is the, you don't fire and our infantry. hoodpretty much shut down 's artillery in the early morning and afternoon. course, aj matter of smith's skirmishers worked up pre-close to the confederate lines. these are the confederate lines on shies hill, which anchored 'sft of foods line -- of hood line. extending to the east of shies hill. see the same sort of pattern working out, as though it were a matter of course. nobody is saying we decided to use this scheme, but just here putconfederates and we will their heads down and skirmished with them just outside the works. there are no orders to do a

the main army, the army of the potomac, would move against lee.second force would head southward up the shenandoah valley. a third would cross the mountains into southwest virginia and cut the vital virginia and tennessee railroad. a fourth army would venture to richmond. and another one from chattanooga to atlanta. grant himself chose to travel with general george meade's army of the potomac, and he did so for a number of reasons. his presence would shield, for example, a weapon from congressional affiliates. congress was always interested in what the army of the potomac chs doing. like most congresses, it had no action of its own. when sherman heard this, sherman who had a lower opinion of congress and newspapers, sherman wrote to grant, i hope you will make it a death penalty for any congressman who enters your camp. for diplomatic reasons, he did not do that. the other reason grant went with that army was its commander. george meade was seven years older than grant. he was a dedicated soldier but overly cautious. his army had done nothing for

the main army. the army of the potomac would move directly against lee.ond force would head southward up the shenandoah valley. a third would cross the mountains into southwest virginia, and cut the vital virginia and tennessee railroad. a fourth army would advance up the james river toward richmond. meanwhile, general william sherman would drive southward, from chattanooga toward atlanta. grant himself chose to travel with general george meade's army of the potomac and he did so for a number of reasons. his presence would shield, for example, the north's chief weapon from congressional interference. congress was always interested in what the army of the potomac was doing. like most congresses it had no actions of its own, it was just always interfering. when sherman heard this, sherman who had a low opinion of congress and newspapers, sherman wrote to grant, i hope you will make it a death penalty for any congressman -- or for diplomatic reasons, grant did not do that. another reason why grant went with that army was its commander. george mead was seven

here at the storage facility at the army heritage museum, we house all of the artifacts for the army heritage and education center. the facility holds about 65,000 pieces plus or minus that relate to the army's history and specifically soldiers of the army throughout its entire history. everything stored here is in boxes or tissue paper, kept out of light. the temperature and humidity is controlled so it's a state of the art museum and storage facility. the materials that are part of our collection have been acquired since the mid 20th century when the organization first really started here at the war college. and they have come in through primarily donations through veterans surveys, a little purchasing that the army would allocate money to. but primarily donations. the first item i pulled here is a presentation grade saber, civil war era, and it was given to colonel hugh judd son kill patrick, who became a famous civil war cavalry channeler during the war. this particular saber was given to him by the men and officers of the second new york cavalry, nicknamed the harris light guard

entire us army. the indianhead patch and it still exists. and the other division is the 29th. the blue-gray division that carried out the famous assault on omaha beach on d-day. a month later, if you were in a rifle company and the 29th division, and you had been there on d-day, you were a real fugitive from the law of averages. the casualties the unit took on d-day were of course extensive. and the fighting ever since had been extremely costly. the 29th division had been replenished to some extent with replacements and it will really have the lead role in the push for st. lo. it gives you a closer look at it. at st. lo, you can see where the americans primarily are coming from and the various units in play. and the 29th having the lead role. now, this is really some of the thickest of the bocage country, the 29th division fights from july 10th to july 1st, 1944. it is a 3 to 4 mile area one historian estimate it would take an hour, hour-and-a-half, two hours to walk it in regular peacetime life. it

he's massively outnumbered, also aware that the army in the shenandoah army, and the army 678ing andhave to shift reinforcements, to lee basically undertakes a waiting game. what is grant takes a waiting game. what is grant going to do? grant is going to move one way or the other. lee is uncertain so he forfeits the initiative to his opponent. not what we usually see but in this instance he had no choice. he sends out the calvary past each end of the line to act as a trip wire to let him nowhere the federals are coming from and waits. grant visits the army of the potomac and has to decide what to do. as you historians know that's the hero of gettysburg. he, at this point, was in the hot seat. he fail destroy lee's army at questionti g getties burg and grant visited him and was impress because what he told grant was that he would step down willingly and let grant bring some of his people from the west to run the army of the potomac. he decided to keep him and he needed somebody with meade's knowledge of that army in order in detail and he dent have that knowledge so he decides to trav

if washington's army was crushed by cornwallis, lee might go to the top command of the continental army. here is a map of the new jersey terror. -- theater. in white plains, crossed kings ferry, and took his time until he got down to moorestown. he received the request to join washington on november 22 could he did not even start to march his troops until november 26. most of his regiments did not start marching until two days later and did not cross the hudson river until december 4. when he started marching in new jersey, he did not set any speed records either. general cornwallis had chased washington's army out of new jersey across the delaware river. it seemed he could easily capture. you. -- philadelphia. it is just down here, not far from the delaware river. washington begged lee to hurry to help defend the city. lee reached moorestown on december 8 and his troops met him there december 10. lee led his men rest an entire day, even though it was good marching whether. the next day, he had his troops had to -- head to new jersey while he and a small entourage road at the rear of th

army. one example, the canadian third division will end up in a blood feud with the hitler youth division alongside really hardened russian front veterans. there will be the killings of canadian prisoners by twelfth ss just west of kaun in the western suburbs of kaun. when they capture some canadian third division prisoners. initially they shoot them out of hand. out of shorts as they head down on the eastern front. eventually they will collect them and one by one execute them at least 25 of them are killed in the garden. you can even go there in this day in age and visit it and see a memorial marker to the canadians who were killed there. they will take no prisoners from the ss at least they will say and these two will lock horns throughout much of june and july of 1944 and destroy each other. it's twelfth ss which is destroyed ultimately and the canadian division is severely depleted. one thing about the canadian efforts in world war ii. in world war i you could get drafted and sent to th

armies in play now. the 1st and the 3st and bradley moves up to be an army group commander of the 12th army in control of all the u.s. ground forces, and patton's 3rd army has a reputation for being very armored heavy because he likes mobile and mechanized warfare. this is precisely what they will be doing on the western side of the map. basically slash-and-dash. move quickly. just hit the germans hard, get to the rear areas, encircle them. this is what patton's army excels at. they get to avranche which you can see on the map, eventually whoops, they're going to move into brittany. the german army is going to find itself in a very difficult and very mortal position at this stage. and from a kind of conceptual view point, history isn't about just memorizing facts or dates or even military history isn't about that either. there's a larger analysis or purpose to it all in a sense and what's interesting to me as an american historian is that this u.s. army that you now see in late july, in august 1944 after

army and sherman's army from way back. one regiment in smith's contingent had actually been present for the surrender of fort henry way back in february of 1862. theml of quattro -- 4 had fought at fort donaldson nine days later when that great union victory had been won, that victory that sent grant on his way towards greatness. five of these regiments had been at shiloh. yet regiments had fought at various battles along the way. numa dread, island number 10, iuka. the minnesota regiments had actually seen action against the sioux in putting down the 1862 sioux uprising in minnesota. of course, many of the regiments in smith's contingent had seen action in the various previous campaigns of that contingent, the meridian expedition, red river campaign, tupelo and the pursuit of price to missouri and arkansas. they liked to boast at how much they had marched. one of them said that his diary -- in his diary that there was various running around across country, putting out fires, figuratively speaking, only figuratively speaki

two allied armys. two axis armys.ffering a severe setback when the german commanders in africa, one guy named romal and another one named farn arnan, drive the americans back 85 miles in western tenesia. in terms of yardage lost it's the greatest defeat for the american army in world war ii. more than 6,000 casualties. and that gives you some sense of the terrain around. but axis forces really lack the strength to exploit their winnings and the battle soon tilts against them as allied air and naval power sweep the italian navy from the see, from the mediterranean and the german from the sky. hitler refuses to permit the evacuation from tenesia except for a few specialized units and german and italian units are trapped and annihilated or forced to surrender. about a quarter million axis prisoners are bagged and the victory parade snakes through in mid may 1943. we have won the first major battle in the liberation of europe and it occurs in africa. so now it's time to seize sicily. this happens on july 10th, 1943 and th

he was very instrumental in the desegregation of the united states army. >> soon the united states army entered world war ii. in this case, you can see a soldier with his backpack and duffel bag getting ready to go overseas to fight the german army or perhaps the japanese. you can see we had several different theaters in which they were shipping out to fight and each theater had its own uniform, tactics, and way of doing things. this is neat to show because it shows how the army heritage and education center has more than just uniforms and guns. here we have specific items important to this time in the army. we have buttons that the private probably polished over days and nights for a great shine for inspections. you can see the belt that he probably strapped a pistol to when he went off to war. he was a military policeman so he also carried a whistle. and we have a little piece of material history in this military policeman in the whistle he used to issue commands and everything else. we have his training bulletin and pieces of material that he brought back from the war. another aspect

of and almost all of them are in the army of tennessee and the other western armies. although, today, if you're looking for the best collection of these products of the confederate military industrialu complex, you have to go to the eastern theater, and you have to go to the grounds of that -- of the scene of that small engagement outside that south central pennsylvania college syn town. g but that gets to a whole other e story which we can talk about b another time. these guns begin to be fielded in the late spring and summer og 1863, and as i noted, by the as time of the confederate dee feet on missionary ridge in novembern of 1863, many are in the confederate army of tennessee's artillery complement because 13e of the 3 1 dozen guns lost at chattanooga are these confederate manufactured 12-pound napoleons. thereof was also in augusta a clothing facility that employedd women producing confederate uniforms for soldiers.f but perhaps the most important of all of the industrial in facilities indu augusta was the confederate states powder worksa that was developed there

they will be under pressure either pakistan army. ofthere any possibility applying the doctrine of necessity that they might start working together, taking both sides as a common enemy? back whoose in the couldn't hear the doctor. there are 2.2 is making. in his own visit to pakistan he saw a great convergence among all the military people that he the aims of this exercise. the question was, is a possibility of the afghan and pakistani taliban joining hands. >> i think early this year the pakistan army intercepted several sources. there is a delay. this was a message. at that point, it became a nightmarish possibility. was after the post-2014 drawdown. i have no doubt in my mind that whatever the differences are, at the end of the day, they are one thus far as ideology is concerned. the second part, which is that you said that the afghan taliban will be under pressure from the afghan forces. i think it is the other way around. the forces will be under pressure from the taliban. having eliminated this last stronghold, we have done a t

the army is moving forward, i understand. at the same time, the government to rehabilitate all these people , about the numbers we are disputing. >> you have a question? >> my question, since the afghani taliban would be under pressure by the afghan forces, there is a high desertion rate. afghan forces will be tested after december 14. they will be under pressure, the afghani taliban, by the afghan forces. pakistani taliban will be under pressure by the pakistan army. is there any possibility of applying the doctrine of necessity that they might start working together, taking both sides as a common enemy? what is the possibility? >> the audience at the back, we will get to you. who could not hear, the point he is making -- in his own visit to pakistan he saw a great convergence among all the military people that he met on the aims of this exercise. the question was, is a possibility of the afghan and pakistani taliban joining hands. >> i think early this year the pakistan army intercepted messages from several sources. we sai

this is what patten's army excels at. they're going to move to the german army going to find them else there a very difficult and mortal position at this stage. and from a kind of conceptual viewpoint, this is, i think, you know, history isn't just about memorizing facts or dates or even military histories about that, either. there's a kind of larger analysis or purpose to it all, in a sense. and what's interesting to me as an american historian, is that this u.s. army that you now see in late july, in august, 1944, after what's generally known as the breakout from normandy, reflects the society that has created it and is sustaining it. the u.s. army hardly even knows what a horse is. not just the day mouse tanks, but jeeps and trucks and recovery vehicles and air kraft and all of it is designed for mobile slashing, transportation-oriented mechanized maneuverable warfare. so what you have is a fast-moving force. this is the flip side of the air force. the heavy bombers had been asked to do something that was really not in

and almost all of them are in the army of tennessee, and the other western armies. although, today, if you're looking for the best collection of these products of the confederate military industrial complex, you have to go to the eastern theater, and you have to go to the grounds of that -- of the scene of that small engagement outside that southcentral pennsylvania college town. but that gets to a whole other story which we can talk about another time. these guns begin to be fielded in the late summer and spring of 1863. as i noted, by the time of the confederate defeat on missionary ridge in november of 1863, many are in the confederate army of tennessee's artillery compliment, because 13 of the three dozen guns lost at chattanooga are these confederate manufactured 12-pound napoleons. there was also in augusta a clothing production facility that employed 1,500 women, producing uniform items for confederate soldiers. but perhaps the most important of all of the industrial facilities in augusta was the confederate state's powder works that was developed there. gorg

two allied armies, two axis armies. american forces had suffered a severe setback in mid-february 1943 when the german commanders in africa, one guy you've heard of named rommel and another one you've perhaps not heard of named arnum launch a surprise counteroffensive and drive the americans back 85 miles through cassering pass in western tunisia. in terms of yardage lost, it's the greatest defeat for the american army in world war ii. there are more than 6,000 casualties. and that gives you some sense of the terrain around kasserine pass. and axis forces lack the strength to exploit their winnings and the battle soon tilts against them as allied air and naval power sweep the italian navy from the sea, from the mediterranean and the german luftwaffe from the sky. hitler refuses to permit the evacuation from tunisia, except for rommel and a few specialized units. and german and italian units are trapped and annihilated or forced to surrender. about a quarter million axis prisoners are bagged, and the jubilant victory par

the army has to know its history. the american public has to know its history, military history, so that future wars, future conflicts, future peacekeeping operations or even domestic missions can be learned upon and used to better aid basically in not committing the same mistakes. i would also say that it's an honor thing as well, a privilege to learn about the army's history. and your forbearers, your ancestors and what they've done for this country. and us to inspire, certainly, for the younger generations. >> this program was one of a multipart look at the united states army heritage and education center in carlisle, pennsylvania. other american artifacts programs will visit their library and their soldier experience gallery, a permanent exhibit chronicling the army's history from the spanish american war to present day. week, american history tv brings you archival films that help tell the story of the 20th century. herbert hoover served as president from 1920 92 1933. remembered most for his time in the oval off

i love paul's that sherman's army was probably one to great armies of liberation. they are not probably very willing liberators. sherman was not -- certainly not a fan of racial equality or after the war according civil rights to african americans. he did not -- he was perfectly content as they went on the to plantations to have his men liberate the slaves and announce they were free. but then he was always telling them to stay put. because he doesn't want them following after his army. and of course he's unable to present african americans from following his army. so by the time he gets from atlanta to georgia there are probably about 25,000 african americans who have followed his army. and he doesn't want them. he's perfectly willing, and actually there is a section in his orders to take able-bodied african american men and put them in his pioneer corps and have them work as teamsters and things like that. he does not want to have to feed women and children or elderly people. he tries to leave them behind. there is a horrific episode outside of savannah in a plac

they say the next army chief -- i'm not really sure whether the president and army chief. this is not the view among some experts in pakistan. quit to societal times toward see, some radicalization. there is a reflection of those elements within the pakistani armed forces as well. it is natural. does having an impact on command-and-control system. pakistans still -- army's cohesion can be the most important factor for pakistan survival. am seeing some changes. just to complete the point of national security, also, is that the political leadership are still not really clear. i think at the heart of the and also the counterinsurgency, which the army never liked. -- the larger point is, there is a lack of court nation between different elements of safe power. there are not any clear signs that there is a recognition and realization of this issue. >> thank you. we won't go into some of the fine points of exactly how decisions are made, but the reality is that the proximate causes of this particular operation appeared to be the attack in karachi, which change public opinion. wh