but he was doing the berlin crisis, he was in berlin, in west berlin on the ground, and he got a lot of insights which he really introduced into this book. um, he also served later in the white house with henry kissinger on the national security council and became a specialist on vietnam and other parts of the world. and he has an outstanding career in biography, but today he will talk about the book which, actually, also has a very close connection to the wilson center because he wrote major parts of this book when he was a public policy scholar here at the wilson center. so in some ways it's a wilson center book, and we are very proud to have him here with the final product, and it's very worth the read, i can tell all of you. we'll now looking toward to have him talk about his book for about 30 minutes, and later i will introduce the two commentators. welcome and, please, step to the podium. >> thank you mr. chairman, mr. schafer. on january 19, 1961, it was a snowy day in washington. president-elect john f. kennedy and some members of his cabinet went to the white house to meet w

but could also be a slogan for berlin. >> berlin is berlin. it has this flare. who cares if things aren't going well? it is still great here. >> it is unlike any other city. it is unique. look at the people here. berlin is berlin. >> which neatly sums up the mood in the summer of 2011. 600 kilometers southwest is a sleepy town. it is one of the greenest places in germany. 32% voted for the greens at the last regional election. the mayor is from the green party. >> i don't have an official car, just this official bicycle. it has an elected motor, so i get around town as fast as people in cars. it uses the equivalent of 0.1 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers, just what a green mayor needs. >> economically, the town is doing well, with unemployment at just 4%. people are well educated and concerned about sustainable life styles. ecology is important. >> a lot of people vote green. we think a lot about the environment. >> it is the lifestyle, the way the city looks. >> that is definitely the case in the french quarter. the city guide shows as a run the district that

rehearsals in berlin. the orchestra is funded by the state. musicians are given instruments, workshops are held and there are financial grants. many of the young musicians come from difficult backgrounds, but the orchestra gives them support and new career options. castro's dream is to create a network of youth orchestras across brazil, offering the chance of a better future to more and more young people. >> although the young euro classic is very popular and has record-breaking attendance, interest in classical music usually increases with age. the same is true for classical musicians, with most young people preferring to play modern music. in a bid to attract more young musicians to the classics and nurture fresh talent, there was a competition set up 48 years ago. those who are successful are given financial support and new opportunities. we met 15-year-old emily menda from the eastern german state of saxony. she's preparing for a career as a soprano singer. ♪ >> emily says she loves the huge emotional path of operas. >> i love music. you c

site for tourists. >> the berlin wall was much more than just a wall. with watchtowers, just, added that stroke, it provides -- divided germany's largest city and formed the hard line of the cold war. in the center of berlin, a newly expanded memorial informs visitors about the wall was a history. the city of berlin and the german government worked together to create the site. >> nothing is being suppressed or forgotten. this is about actively addressing the past, and specifically, the east german dictatorship. >> it is about honoring and remembering victims and above all, creating a memorial for future generations so that nothing like this could ever happen again. >> 50 years after the wall was first built, the memorial is now a popular destination for visitors appear last year alone, it attracted 500,000 people here from saturday, when the new part of the site is officially open, even more information will be available for those wanting to learn more about this chapter of german history. along just this short section of wall, 10 people lost their live

. >> there is the view from berlin. terry martin, plenty of proposals coming out of the palace the day. what do they say about pressure on paris and berlin right now? >> the pressure on germany and france, as the largest euro zone economies, is tremendous. in the press conference they made it very clear that they felt germany and france had special responsibility within the euro zone. in the france -- press conference, the leaders made it clear that they were not talking about short-term problems. that they were rather talking about long-term solutions to the underlying problems. they were attempting to address a discrepancy that had a group of countries with a common currency not having any underlying fiscal policies. it is clear that with germany, and france, both having very little economic growth in the second quarter, it was obvious in that press conference today that those leaders thought of themselves as a dressing longer- term problems as the twin engines of european integration, so to speak. they are talking ab

into west berlin.t: it is the 50th anniversary of the berlin wall. it was built literally overnight. the border was sealed with barbed wire. the second wall was built in june of 1962. the concrete wall was added in 1965. the final wall was constructed in 1975. by 1989, the wall included 45,000 concrete blocks, 302 watchtowers. a number of people died trying to flee east germany. that number is put at 1065 people. the wall came down in november of 1989. what are the lessons? guest: i think the lessons are that it is very hard to prison population. i think the second lesson is that for economic reasons, they had to open up. that meant east germans could watch west german tv. in 1972, the can see news that was very different from what they were shown. they could see commercials. they were told they lived much better than the worst germans -- west germans, but they concede they did not with the commercials. they could watch "dallas" and see the fantasy world of the united states. when you open that up, it

. >> 15 years ago, -- 50 years ago, the berlin wall took shape in the capital. berlin is paying tribute to the 136 people who are known to have lost their lives trying to escape east germany. 50 of them were shot here in berlin. >> his brother died near here in december 1966. he was shot by an east german border guard on the bank of a canal as he was trying to escape over the berlin wall. he was just 17 years old. >> since then, christmas has never been christmas for us, because it happened around that time. christmas is a day of mourning for us. >> the family only found out what happened when the car with his ashes arrived in the mail. east germany regarded border violators as criminals not worth remembering. scores of people were killed trying to get over the berlin wall. most were shot. now 29 steel plaques are going up in their memory. >> information points are being put up along the route of the wall to market certain spots. they enable people riding bikes to find out exactly what happened there. >> monday shot an official ceremony to dedicate a memorial to

it was 50 years ago this month that the berlin wall was built. friends and family were cut off from each other, east separated from west. one family was house right next to the wall. they started the dangerous task of digging an escape tunnel. 30 made it to the west. today, they are back in their former home and the historic tunnel has ben unearthed. >> a historic site that is less than 50 years old. they are excavating an escape tunnel built in 1963. right now, he is clearing sand from the tunnel's remaning supports. discoveries like this from germany's more recent past are almost as good as ancient artifacts. >> we were fortunate enough to uncover four sections of the escape tunnel. it was a successful escape. nobody was killed or injured. the fact that we can uncover the for structure with this underground escape tunnel in such a compromise space. that really is a happy moment for an archeologist like me. >> he was just 11 years old when he crawled through the tunnel with family and friends. for him, it was a huge adventure. >> we did not thin

. >> reporter: welcome to what they call the berlin room.eeting space that is an exact replica of someone's apartment in berlin. a job that fell to office manager kelly robinson. >> the couch you see is custom made. all of the art work, you know, we had an artist paint them to exact replication. even the m mirrors you see, there's a hand mirror that's in the listing, you know, very antiquey kind of feel. and this lamp as well is definitely painted. all the same, all the details, these bottles were in the actual apartment. >> reporter: right about now, you might be thinking, really? come on. how can this help a business? these two unlikely looking guys are your answer. they're less than a week into working here and they had their pickckf tech company job offers thanks to some pretty heavy duty software writing brain power. >> my interview was in the berlin room. it's wild. you are just sitting in a living room having a conversation with all the engineers. it was a pretty spectacular introduction. >> reporter: did that help seal the deal for y

that was about 22 years ago berlin has changed very quickly. whatever we achieved, we must be very respectful -- it was not a state based on the rule of law. it is frightening that today the sed -- there is no justification for the violation of rights. here at the street we are at the focal point of 1961. we are adding an additional memorial. we have more than 500,000 visitors, and there is an increasing lack of knowledge. the time has come that this important era of the most recent history should be taught more to schoolchildren. and parents need to discuss their memories and we need to talk to contemporaries that are still among us. one day after the construction of the road, we will never forget this. freedom and democracy. it must be preserved and making sure that it does not reoccur. gosh ladies and gentlemen it was a sunday morning they heard on the radio that a wall was being built and they were very fearful. with her parents, her husband remains in the heart of berlin and the family has been torn apart. both of them were arrested coming

us as berliners.is 50 years later. it is our joint responsibility to preserve the memory and to pass it onto the next generation. freedom and democracy must be preserved. we have to do everything in order to prevent such injustice from ever reoccurring. [applause] >> excellences, eminencies, ladies and gentlemen, fellow citizens, on august 13, 1961, it was a sunday morning. the young couple living in their student apartment in west berlin, they heard on the radio that a wall was being built. they were fearful. and they went to east berlin where her small child, her son, was staying with her parents. her husband remained in the western part of berlin. the family had been torn apart. many months later both of them were arrested after they had been trying to come together through an underground tunnel. both were arrested. the son was taken over by the stage. the parents did not know where their child was. under which condition is he held? two years later the family was reunited. they finally were given t

now from berlin, a ceremony marking the 50th anniversary of the start of construction of the berlin wallnd the mayor of berlin are among the speakers who remember those who died trying to escape east germany between 1941 and 191sh 1961 and 1981 when the wall came down. this is about 50 minutes. >> representatives of all the associations of victims and dear friends and family members, relatives of all those who died at the wall, ladies and gentlemen, i would like to welcome you here at the memorial for our commemoration of the -- on the occasion of the anniversary which was built, the wall which was built 50 years ago. your presence underlines the importance of this date for european history as well as you are commemorating the victims of the wall and barbed wire and after our remarks we will be able to dedicate the memorial and for that reason we will have an inner city memorial which was possible only because of the mass dimension -- dimensions of all the east germans and others in leipzig and others in fall 1989. the wall is a site of individual greervings but at the same time it is sy

it was 50 years ago today soldiers were told to begin building the berlin wall.separated families and ripped the country in two. and it became one of the most hated symbols of the cold war, dividing east and west. tens of thousands soldiers were ordered out to l l the first concrete blocks that would become the berlin wall. their communists leaders told them that it would protect them from fascists. but really it was to keep their own citizens in. 3,000 people were fleeing every day. the soldiers had orders to shoot to kill. at least 136 people died trying to escape to the west. unofficial tallies are far higher. president kennedy could not stop that wall going up, but he did travel there. >> it's been unbelievable. >> reporter: it was more than two decades later. another american president issued a direct challenge. >> mr. gorbachev, tear down this wall. >> reporter: two years after those words, the wall came down. first quietly and then in a riot of celebration. peter jennings was our witness to history. >> someone actually reached up and handed me a small piec

. >> berlin wants to raise pressure on syria. the german foreign minister has pushed for the u.n. security council to discuss the crackdown on thursday. he wants to send a clear signal. >> we are looking for dialogue with other members of the security council. we can send a message to the regime in syria that this violence must end. >> the syrian army has besieged a port city for five days, targeting sunni neighborhoods. germany wants the european union to impose tougher sanctions on syria's oil industry. >> in brussels, we are pushing for a widening of sanctions against the regime. these should target the syrian energy sector. we expect the eu's political and security committee to hold an emergency session in the next few days. >> westerwelle said if the syrian leader does not introduce democratic reforms, he should go. >> there are protests across india in support of an antique ruction campaigner in jail. the government has been unable to end the standoff, it dismissed the fast by anna hazare as misconceived. hazare says india's economic boom has benefited the rich and powerful,

berlin has changed very quickly.today, it is considered one of the most interesting capitals and the world. we can be proud of all of this trip on the other hand, there are still individuals and eastern germany whose lives it went off track -- they deserve our solidarity. whatever they achieve, we must be very respectful of. we do not understand those who still feel nostalgic towards the wall. the ball was part of a dictatorial system. this was not a safe place in the road of law. [applause] it is frightening that today still some feel that the est had had good reasons for blocking the east berliners -- the east germans -- there is no justification for the violation of human rights through killing, through barbwire, for death there is no justification for any of it. [applause] he wall has become history that we may not forget that. whoever studies it becomes very sensitive towards on justice and totalitarian ideologies. this is a focal point of what happened in 1961. we are recalling and demoralizing the history of t

going to berlin and a sort of seeing what's there now but also getting a feel for berlin.tle subtle things for example. one thing i didn't know and appreciate, i wouldn't have known is how close of the action in this book takes part around the central part in berlin which is called the garden which in translation is the garden of beasts hence the title "in the garden of beasts." so all the places that are important to the action are actually around the eastern quarter of the park and what i learned by going there is that everything was so close together just a matter of a walk to the gestapo headquarters to the 20 minutes to the building. i don't know why that was important, but it was. everything is so. it is a very flat city. the first time i opened my hotel window and looked out over berlin and the tiergarten first thing that popped in my mind is this is corpus christi. i don't know why. just very flat and just it's berlin. so anyway. >> i'm a very big fan of yours and i think all of us are -- i know we all feel truly gifted -- we all feel the truly gifted to partake in

well provoke castro's new friend the soviet union to take retaliatory action most likely in west berlin, a city that khrushchev who had been threatening to cut off the west. he did not want to get in a tit for tat. and since he ran for president criticizing eisenhower about castro he needed to do something. if he cancelled the plan he'd look like a hypocrite and if not he would look like a castro which is the last time he wanted to see. and there was talk that the cia misled kennedy about the essentials of the operation that they really tricked him into going ahead by misleading him, for example, about the chances of the cuban population rising up against castro. i don't think the cia was totally upfront. in fact, richard biffle later admitted that they sold too hard but i don't believe kennedy was fooled either. i think he knew more or less what he was getting into and he got into it anyway because he didn't know how to get into it. he painted himself into a corner in the campaign and by the way most americans were in that same corner with him. everybody wanted castro gone. but the ope

, although in some ways the berlin wall diffused the situation in berlin, but that's a rather complicated story. but, certainly -- >> but it triggered the wall being built. >> it did trigger it. >> -- [inaudible] the bay of pigs, and the same thing happened in asia. >> yeah, yeah. well, that's true. and there was certainly, kennedy certainly was very aware of that when he went to the summit with khrushchev. look, the repercussion of the bay of pigs just kept going. i mean, all through -- they really didn't end for kennedy until the cuban missile crisis. but, you know, a lot of things, the vietnam war in many ways started on april 20th, the day after the bay of pigs. john kennedy, needing a victory against the communists, ordered a task force in the pentagon to look for a way to stop communism in south vietnam, and very quickly after that sent more money, 400 more men to vietnam really as the first step into vietnam began on the beaches of cuba. this man here and then i'll come over there. >> thank you. in my mind there must have been some sort of, um, cause that caused kennedy to back awa

i love going to berlin and seen what is there now, but also getting a feel for berlin.ittle, subtle things. for example, one of the things i didn't know it didn't appreciate, wouldn't have known, is how close of the action in this book takes place around the central part in berlin, which is called the tear garden, which is literal translation is called in the garden of use, hence the title sub were. so while the place is important to the action are around the eastern corridor around this part. but i learned that go in there with everything was so close together, just a matter of a 15 minute walk from gestapo, the race dodd building. out of the if it's important. everything was so compact in a very flat city. first time i open my hotel window and looked out over berlin and the tear regarding, the first thing that popped into my mind is corpus christi. i don't know. dishes very flat. anyway. >> and a very big fan of yours. i know we all truly gifted to partake in your stories. we feel truly gifted to partake in these stories. [laughter] >> i'm sorry. >> i have the feeling

this saturday marks the 50th anniversary of the building of the berlin wall. nowadays, visitors have to look hard for the barrier that once blighted the city. 136 people died trying to get to the west before the wall was torn down in 1989. >> the wall went up just days before gunter made his escape attempt. he was shot dead as he tried to cross a river. he was the first person to die trying to flee east germany. the former german foreign minister and the head of the free democrats jointly commemorated the tragic event. >> we must never forget what lack of freedom can mean. that is the legacy of the peaceful revolution. and the victims of longwall andy death strip. >> the elder statesman played a key role in the reunification of east and west germany. on the eve of the wall ' s 50th anniversary, he recalls the importance of freedom at a spot close to where he died. >> there were security flaws in the black very smart phones. attackers can use image files to assault programs that will take control of blackberry devices. they have urged corporate smart phone user

most people were shot by east berlin guards as they were trying to escape to west berlin.he wall finally came down in 1989 when come unix -- communism collapsed. >>> an online attack. what is drive-by hacking and why your computer may have already fallen victim. come nix. come nix comnix communist wÑ >>> a sonoma county family has been splintered by foreclosure. not for the first time. what makes them difference they are squatting outside their former home. we learn why it is lights out early for them on san jose way. debra. >> reporter: there is no power or water either to this camper. home to a 70-year-old man booted with his family from this house just weeks ago. a retire cook, he fries an egg for dinner and looks out at the three-bedroom life where he lived with his wife, daughter, son-in-law and grandchildren for five years. rising payments forced them out. >> i feel bad inside because we have been there for quite i while now. >> reporter: a grandson translates rodriguez is more concerned about his wife's welfare than his own discomfort. >> we have never been separate

fund and an injection of euro bonds into the market about precisely what berlin and paris have refused to do here why is that. well it goes right to the fundamentals of the sovereignty the euro was created as a rotten compromise back when the berlin wall collapsed in the early ninety's and italy and france imposed the demands of the master treaty on helmut kohl back and that era. the germans resisted it fiercely initially until the german banks figured out they might become the winners of this new year old concept and then cold shifted his position dramatically toward the end of his tenure but at this point that whole arrangement has has changed we have the financial crisis that was triggered when the when the washington refused to bail out lehman brothers september two thousand and eight that has created shock waves around the world and now you have a competition between the euro and the dollar as to which currency is going to go down faster and there is no alternative reserve currency to replace it so. really it's a. the euro bond idea a single bomb that underwrites or that is underw

berlin abstained in a security council vote that mandated nato to protect civilians. that was not appreciated by the u.s., france, and britain. germany says that it is willing to provide reconstruction aid. >> of foreign minister is stressing that berlin will play its role in a post-gaddafi era. >> the economy needs to be bui up. the consequences of the war need to be dealt with. assistance is needed. infrastructure and much more. germany is ready to help. many countries are interested in the libyan economy. there have been many offers of help from china. germany sees other contributions and can make. >> we need the help to build up democratic structures in libya. it is important that assets are moved quickly into the reconstruction efforts so that we can start along this path in the most peaceful way possible. >> libya's oil reserves has made it a rich country. money could quickly be released to help with reconstruction. libya is hoping that there will not be any need for huge amounts of development aid from germany. experts believe it will be necessary to provide li

welcome to "the journal," in berlin. our headlines. more heavy losses on the trading floor as market stumbled in the u.s. and europe. david cameron says that the fight back has started after days of rioting. the u.s. national soccer team takes on mexico in a friendly but can the new coach inspire the americans? so much for that rebound. international stock markets rallied early on wednesday but then the worldwide market sell- off kicked into tears. >> the dax fell over 5%. there are rumors that france could lose their triple a credit rating. >> a paris was the financial hub that was rocked by volatility. they could lose their top-notch credit standing. the credit rating agencies to deny it. president sarkozy interrupted his vacation to attend a crisis meeting. the result was austerity measures. among the losers, banking sites which have high exposure to greet dead. analysts blame -- for the volatility. >> i am convinced that those rumors are unfounded and spread by participants to make profits on market swings. the ecb will do their ut

most people were shot by east berlin guards as they were trying to escape to west berlin.l finally came down in 1989 when come unix -- [ male announcer ] this... is the montrose pet hospital -- montrose, california. in here, anarchy meets order. working with at&t, doctors set up a broadband solution to handle data and a mobility app to stay connected with their business. so they can run the office... even when they're not in the office. call at&t and see what we can do for you. with unlimited voice plus broadband, starting at $70 dollars. it's a network of possibilities -- helping you do what you do... even better. >>> a sonoma county family has been splintered by foreclosure. not for the first time. what makes them difference they are squatting outside their former home. we learn why it is lights out early for them on san jose way. debra. >> reporter: there is no power or water either to this camper. home to a 70-year-old man booted with his family from this house just weeks ago. a retire cook, he fries an egg for dinner and looks out at the three-bedroom life where he li

today in berlin, gorbachev is greeted as a hero in helping end the cold war and bringing down the berlin wall, but his concern now is russia's current prime minister, vladimir putin, who said he says -- who he says should not stand again as president. >> putin and his team offer stability, but stability killed development and results in stagnation. the electoral system we had was nothing remarkable, but they have castrated it. i apologize for my choice of words, but they have circumcised it. >> russia, he says, needs to get back on the path to democracy, and put it is not the leader to do it. -- and vladimir putin is not the leader to do it. >>> you have been watching "newsday" on bbc. >>> there have been two suicide attacks in the afghan capital on british councils. the target appeared to have been the british council, which fossilizes in educational and cultural exchanges -- which specializes in educational and cultural exchanges. witnesses said one wall of the building had been destroyed and gunfire could be heard. an unconfirmed report said that that two afghan policeman and at a mun

what she says berlin will be -- she says berlin will be ready to help rebuild the economy. the chancellor was in zagreb to talk matters of the european union. events in libya were also on the agenda. pledged her support for the country's new leaders -- she pledged her support for the country's new leaders. >> it is important to divert money from the gaddafi regime to this task. i hope that the path to democracy will be peaceful. >> the foreign minister promised to help libya develop its civil institutions and pledged humanitarian aid, depending germany's decision not to send soldiers into a fight against gaddafi. >> the fact that we decided against sending our own soldiers to take part in the combat operations had never been confused with neutrality. we are among the countries that tarted sanctions and pressed for targeted sanctions and isolation of gaddafi from the beginning. >> the cost is message from the foreign ministry is that it is too early -- cautious message from the foreign ministry is that it is too early to say. >> president barack obama has promised that the u

of the berlin wall. the communist eastern german government built the wall to halt the flow of refugees to the noncomanist western half of the city. at least 136 people trying to escape to the west were killed by east german border guard over the next 28 years. the wall came down in 1989 and the two germanys were reunited one year later. ahead, missing the cut-- what's behind tiger woods' collapse at the p&j championship? >> mitchell: in sports, the p&j went on today without a slumping tiger woods. for the first time in his career, woods missed the cut p/e p.g.a. championship where he has won fortimes perfect. woods' comeback remains stuck in a sand trap as we hear from tony guida. >> reporter: watching tiger woods spray golf balls to all corners of a championship course is like watching your high school sweetheart marry another man-- you see it but you don't quite believe it. >> these are uncharted waters for tyinger and he doesn't have a map. >> reporter: what map could have plotted tiger's shipwreck,

lot of competitors a lot of guys running fast i'm not in the top shape which i was when i was in berlin but i didn't come focus and i've already i've been working hard i've never possible under training together have to go right for just one moment so i think i'm ready and i'm going to order to do my best as always so i'm focused and i won't take everybody seriously. and with another big sporting event the us open just around the corner tennis players are busy woman up on the hard courts including in new haven where three time defending champion carney was not keen made it to the semi's well and as the simple has been knocked out the eight seeded russian had the right all time so we. had to concede in three cents going down in the first six for the twenty year old and now the second six three after a couple of hours in the rain break now with them dictate the game and they decided taking it by six games to two pair of course awaits the chinese player in the last four. to sixty six. and a world number one carling was not he faced american christine mark hale who was playing only her seco

the manse twenty kilometer walk for a living for one the same thing fans of the world's finals in berlin lived up to his billing by taking its not a gold the russian completing the distance in one album nineteen minutes and fifty six seconds that's they say one seconds ahead of confederate flags in their car liking or not a lot of us a prolonged there. just the demeanor of it is that of all that was very important for me to compete in the world championships but it was also very tough for me when i first won the gold medal at the two thousand and eight olympics i was not there well no not considered a favorite but now after winning the gold medal at the world championships in berlin i'm already under scrutiny and everybody wants to beat me so it was very tough for me. and elsewhere amputee athlete oscar pistorius has made a successful debut at the top level of south africa nicknamed the blade runner progress and into the four hundred meters semi's with a time of forty five point nine seconds. going into the race. exactly what you're doing in the laws the race continues to be good to thin