colony'sher end of the a war began in plymouth colony. merit ofe, the examining plymouth's history doesn't ultimately hinge on its grand significance or lack thereof, rather it is a human the firsttween thanksgiving in philip's war. anee plymouth colony as ideal lens for examining context about liberty and its meaning in the 17th century. so how do the mayflower passengers think about liberty? up for good idea to back a minute and remember who these people were. historians have convincingly demonstrated, the majority of mayflower passengers were members or sympathizers with the english separatist congregation in leiden. for this group, christian liberty, for the liberty of the gospel as they called it, was paramount, something that at least often was first and foremost. ed this idea -- and this idea flowed right out of the new .estament christ made us free, wrote the apostle paul, and to not entangled again with the guilt. the general idea was important associatedants who the yoke of bondage with the catholic church. separatists had parti

the colonial power saw a great deal of the trinity to introduce to this is since both their colonies as well as the validity of their period policies. were. to the end of the 19th century a renewed impulse to colonize developed in the west the prompted the european powers but also the u.s. and japan to freely divide among themselves those territories still available. in particular africa. the world was gradually appropriated by those who saw themselves as uniquely civilized. at the same time humans use proliferated to justify colonial domination of the world. if nuclear is it colonized people have to accept our share from most of their own myth and that is exactly what happened in colonial times this is not only in africa and it but also in japan should elsewhere was received which are born here. believe bookers already exist in order for the savage to exist she knows who are presumed to be savages must accept that this is indeed exactly what they are clearly the victim of. at the beginning of the $890.00 s. the role of the human souse we shifted in response to political objectives w

in the decade prior to the 2nd world war human zoos and colonial exhibitions gradually ceased. the last of such and submissions took place at the end of the decade in britain portugal germany and italy there were no longer profitable public was tired of them . only a few diehards hung on but their productions were so blatantly mediocre that visitors shunned them. in the end if humans use the start of revolts heralding to colonize asian bourse to abandon the souse was to abandon colonial domination a new era had begun but one of conflict and suffering. in the next 20 years from 140960 would be the darkest and most violent of the 20th century the 2nd world war to colonize sanction the revolts against segregation in the united states away from a violent struggle swept all over the world. this long chapter of history really only concluded when the colonies won their independence from the mid 1950 s. through the mid 19th seventy's. from there onwards the west were tried by any means to raise this shameful past. is what is rumored to be able to do it was the history of the human zeus

at the same time humans use proliferated to justify colonial domination of the world. if the group could resist colonizing people have to accept our share from mostly their own myth and that is exactly what happened with all your tires this is not only in africa but also in japan should elsewhere as you see here we are born here . a little girl is already exist in order for the savage to exist she would those who are presumed to be savages must accept that this is indeed exactly what they are delayed the victim. at the beginning of the $890.00 s. the role of the human soused was shifting in response to political objectives which would must be staged and orchestrated. moloko story is that of a survivor after months of humiliation she was able to return to have a leech and have people. 100 years later her descendants recalled the suffering of the exhibits people and she had learned only trauma. more nicole and her companions belonged to the kenyan people 1000 years of iona in 1902 morley go together with other people in her village left the banks of the moroni river and

our european museums ready to give up on art looted from their former colonies some big developments there coming up on arts and culture and. australian musician nick cave displays decades of creativity and then experience an exhibition. welcome to arts and culture lawmakers in france voted this week to return more than 2 dozen objects to the 4 countries former colonies of binny in and sent to go the pieces include a royal throne that was captured by the french army over a century ago the bill passed the lower chamber of french parliament unanimously and now it's headed to the senate. if approved by the french senate 26 artifacts will be returned to the republic of binning it's taken a while for french lawmakers to reach this stage 3 years ago president manuel mccall promised a quick return but for a long time nothing happened. so recently a congolese activist snatched from the music a brownlee what he believes he was entitle to take. in my initiated the fight for the dignity for the recovery of our heritage our works of art our looted stolen spoiled works of art which are today lock

at the same time humans are has proliferated to justify colonial domination of the world. if nuclear is it colonized people have to accept our share from mostly our own myth and that is exactly what happened in colonial times this is not only in africa and but also in japan should elsewhere is received you're born you're. a liberal groups already exist in order for the savage to exist she would those who are presumed to be savages must accept that this is indeed exactly what they are the late victim. at the beginning of the $890.00 s. the role of the human souse was shifting in response to political objectives which would must be staged and orchestrated. moloko story is that of a survivor after months of humiliation she was able to return to have village and have people. 100 years later her descendants recalled the suffering of the exhibition people and she had learned on the trauma. more nicole and her companions belonged to the kenyan people 1000th of diana in 1902 more nicole together with other people in his village left the banks of the moroni river and diana accompan

at the same time humans use proliferated to justify colonial domination of the world. and.if a group could resist colonizing people have to accept our share from most of their own myth and that is exactly what happens on the tires is not only in africa but also in japan and also where it's received if you're born here you're. a little goose the word exist in order for the savage to exist she would those who are presumed to be savages must accept that this is indeed exactly what they are clearly a victim of. at the beginning of the $890.00 s. the role of the human soused was shifting in response to political objectives which one must be staged an orchestrated. moloko story is that of a survivor after months of humiliation she was able to return to have a leech and have people. 100 years later her descendants recalled the suffering of the exhibit people and she had learned on the trauma. more nicole and her companions belonged to the kenyan people 1000 years of iona in 1902 more liko together with other people in his village left the banks of the moroni river in guyana accomp

rule -- purpose of colonial rule was to prepare colonial peoples for independence, that the main purpose was to make itself unnecessary. it also included colonial populations in the system to make government more accountable to them. this accountability wilson viewed as key to world peace after the war. we focus on what wilson wanted and why we should also emphasize that his wartime rhetoric resonated with wartime audiences and that rhetoric was given meetings that went well beyond his own plans and intentions. wilson may have wanted reform is able work against revolution, but the words and opportunities he appeared to create had revolutionary rather than reformist implications. by wars and, the president became world-famous as a symbol of the coming world order unto which various groups projected their fondest hopes and dreams. his words helped inspire and mobilize anti-colonial movements in regions from africa to east asia. wilson's failure to make good on his perceived promises led to anti-colonial activists including ho chi minh, mao zedong, and others to look to bolshevism for suppo

photography was a major component of european colonialism in the late 19th and early 20th century was the golden age of postcards an early form of mass media. the images taken by an assortment of commercial photographer has. ethnographies been coming to an administrator printed and posted back home and billions of times show you can your view of africa and the orient. they come under 3 very loose themes the kind of highly sexualized to write a song i. woman you know arab woman or african woman you know bare chest. often in the suggestive way the other theme would be africans as servers you know always in a kind of domesticated state servants to colonial administrator or missionaries or military personnel and then the 3rd african you know african warriors as savage as uncivilised not to be trusted. this is nigeria and it's titled evil hunters with a flintlock i mean this was a very common type of showing sort of the barbarity or the savagery of africans and particularly as hunters and so this particular image is basically just showing them in their everyday clothing and you can see tha

photography was a major component of european colonialism in the late 19th and early 20th century wasthe golden age of postcards an early form of mass media. the images taken by an assortment of commercial photographer has. ethnography has been coming to an administrator who printed and posted back home and billions of times show you can your view of africa and the orient. they come under 3 very loose themes the kind of highly sexualized to write a song i. woman you know arab woman or african woman you know bare chest. often in the suggestive way the other theme would be africans as servers you know always in a kind of domesticated state servants to colonial administrator or missionaries or military personnel and then the 3rd african as you know african warriors as savage as uncivilized not to be trusted. this is nigeria and it's titled evil hunters with a flintlock i mean this was a very common type of showing sort of the barbarity or the savagery of africans and particularly as hunters and so this particular image is basically just showing them in their everyday clothing and you can

enterprise saying essentially the main purpose of kol colonial rule was to prepare colonial people for independence that is to say the main purpose's colonial rule was to make itself unnecessary. it also included the mandate system did, however partially, colonial populations in a system whose purpose was to make government more accountable to them, which wilson, this accountability, wilson viewed as key to world peace after the war. so, so far we've focused on what wilson wanted and why, but, of course, we should emphasize his wartime rhetoric resonated well beyond its intended audiences and that that rhetoric was given meanings that went well beyond his own plans and intentions. wilson may have wanted reform as a bulwark against revolution, but for many who heard him, his words and the opportunities that they appeared to create had revolutionary rather than reformist implications. in fact, by the words end of the president became world famous of a symbol of the coming world order onto which various groups, which we've heard from a number of times, from various speakers, various group

our european museums ready to give up on art looted from their former colonies some big developments there coming up on arts and culture and. history only a musician nick cave displays decades of creativity and experience from exhibition. welcome to arts and culture lawmakers in france voted this week to return more than 2 dozen objects to the 4 countries former colonies i've been in and sent to go the pieces include a royal throne that was captured by the french army over a century ago the bill passed the lower chamber of french parliament unanimously and now it's headed to the senate. if approved by the french senate 26 artifacts will be returned to the republic of binning it's taken a while for french lawmakers to reach this stage 3 years ago president manuel mccall promised a quick return but for a long time nothing happened. so recently a congolese activist snatched from the music a brownlee what he believes he was entitle to take. in my initiated the fight for the dignity for the recovery of our heritage our works of art our looted stolen spoiled works of art which are today lo

while the modes scales and context may have changed they say colonialism same underlying functions of empire building extraction and appropriation remain the new lang grab going on there's not land that's being grabbed it's us it's human life the acquisition of the construction of data valuable data for corporate use out of the floor of our lives that's the lag read going on and that's why the work is the only work does justice to that let's think for instance of all the and use her license agreements or the terms of use that we read whenever we sign up for a new social media platform and if we think about the process of being asked to agree to something that we cannot even understand when signing away certain rights signing away our property in this act i think it's a very interesting we're not for one moment saying. colonialism today with data involved the same horrific level of violence that was involved in the beginnings of columbia this. week saying that the core of historic colonus and was the force to involve people in a massive new system a new order a new organization of the

people living in the former colony and in the netherlands and also abroad if this keening that these scientists know to be part of anything or were wrong doings in the past ms gonzalez i think we're going to have to leave it there thank you so much for coming on arts and culture. thank you very much. some other culture news now of on guard rock musician nick cave has been baring his soul on albums and in concerts for decades well now the singer songwriter is exhibiting has visual art as notebooks and personal artifacts at an exhibition in copenhagen and our reporter adrian kennedy immersed himself in the experience. of strangers and kindness the nick cave exhibition is in the basement of the danish royal library in the iconic black diamond building in copenhagen the pieces of music in the. middle of his truths propelling souls away the tremendous rate. welcome to the cave cave a sub through a network of rooms that provide an insight into a shower manic rock star and represent a new artwork reflecting on the nature of identity and creativity. part of the exhibition consists of painsta

are european museums ready to give up on art looted from their former colonies some big developments there coming up on arts and culture and. australian musician nick cave displays decades of creativity in experience and exhibition. welcome to arts and culture lawmakers in france voted this week to return more than 2 dozen objects to the 4 countries former colonies i've been in and sent to go the pieces include a royal throne that was captured by the french army over a century ago the bill passed the lower chamber of french parliament unanimously and now it's headed to the senate. if approved by the french senate 26 artifacts will be returned to the republic of binning it's taken a while for french lawmakers to reach this stage 3 years ago president manuel mccall promised a quick return but for a long time nothing happened. so recently a congolese activist snatched from the music a brownlee what he believes he was entitle to take. in my initiated the fight for the dignity for the recovery of our heritage our works of art our looted stolen spoiled works of art which are today locked u

so, this aspiration for a post-colonial order and one in which the u.s. would enjoy significant hedge mongemony was that the u.s. has already been rehearsing in the western hemisphere. this was recently pointed out. and it was being worked out in some respects in the philippines, notably, if you look at the jones bill, the u.s. president retained the right to reject measures related to the tariff, public lands, immigration, effectively parts of the philippine economy which the u.s. had already significantly turned toward american interests. and it had accomplished this, in part, by instituting free trade by 1913. free trade in the philippines tended to benefit american exporters and also filipino elites or filipinos who had been particularly well invested in agriculture and this is relationship that will make filipino elites increasingly ambivalent about full independence in the years ahead and this was a position that was contrary to the view of many ordinary filipinos so we find something new in the relationship americans were forging with filipinos in

the thing is you don't want to raise colonial history europe should be taking responsibility of what happened back then and these objects sure of us to be able to address that history the government so far only plan to return objects to former dutch colonies so african countries like been in will have to wait even longer to get their stolen objects back last month activists who have carried out similar actions in france took a statue from a dutch museum to protest against all and objects from africa the minister of culture sas european countries should formulate a common policy now except over did. i have held talks with european colleagues i think it's important that we work together because it's difficult to explain the countries deal with this differently although the dutch are the fide about how to deal with their colonial past she does not expect much resistance against returning such objects and in doing that i believe that i can explain to everyone in the netherlands that if something is stolen we normally agree that the should be returned to the rightful owner the rightful ow

but you were there the very , first congress of all of the colonies. i always envied that about your history, along with so many other things that have continued to remain in inspiration for me. dean: you know if you remember, , thomas, it was only months earlier that all of us in virginia believing that these things could happen in new england, and massachusetts bay, they could happen anywhere. it was just months earlier, the governor confiscated all the black powder and weaponry and magazine and colonial williamsburg. bill: general, general, if you will, i beg your pardon, you know i do that frequently. i'm having a difficulty being able to hear you. might you speak just a tad louder. dean: i shall. i shall. i was saying that it was just months earlier that the governor had confiscated the black powder and the weaponry from the magazine at williamsburg. i found myself in philadelphia in september of 1774. and what a remarkable assemblage that was. because it is important that everyone remember that it is a miracle that anything actually happened. bec

the netherlands has been told it should give back thousands of artifacts taken from its former colonies a government commission described the 1st of the objects says just step past and reports from amsterdam. the 36 carat diamond has long been one of the centerpieces of the dutch colonial collection the precious stone belong to sultanpur member of biogen mohsin on the indonesian island of borneo before it was stolen by dutch troops and $859.00 it's one of thousands of controversial objects that a commission now says should be returned you see the black lights matter movement you see all the movements against racism slavery so i would say it's and it's just about time after so many centuries that finally we not just talk about it but do something about it for for centuries the dutch colonized the populations of current indonesia serena and the caribbean during that time not only were people oppressed but hundreds of thousands of historical and religious objects taken depriving the countries of origin the chance to tell their own history. this diamond taken nearly 150 years ago has become

i think nine of the colonies had standing navies. we were absolute strangers to each other with different customs. so it was absolutely remarkable. but to the original question, the virginia house of burgesses was very fully engaged in the struggle that led to the war for american independence. bill: so much so, general, lest we forget that the next year when i did have that opportunity to finally attend the congress in philadelphia that spring and summer of 1775, that virginia rose further to the forefront in calling for an american army. remember, we had heard nothing from england as we showed our respect with an olive branch petition in order to seek a reconciliation, and as well, having formed an army to send them, if you will, the necessity that weng up arms realized that necessity could be in no one else's hands, but yours, general. i will never forget. i will never forget that spring and summer of 1775 when we brought all of those militia together to form an american army, and who else to lead us? who else to receive the first

people living in the former colony and in the netherlands and also abroad if this keening that these scientists know to be part of anything or were wrong doings in the past ms gonzalez i think we're going to have to leave it there thank you so much for coming on arts and culture. thank you very much. some other culture news now of on guard rock musician nick cave has been baring his soul on albums and in concerts for decades well now the singer songwriter is exhibiting has visual art as notebooks and personal artifacts at an exhibition in copenhagen and our reporter adrian kennedy immersed himself in the experience. of strangers and kindness the nick cave exhibition is in the basement of the danish royal library in the iconic black diamond building in copenhagen the pieces of music. history's propelling souls away a tremendous rate. welcome to the kind of cave a sub through a new network of rooms that provide an insight into a shower manic rock star and represent a new artwork reflecting on the nature of identity and creativity. part of the exhibition consists of painstaking reconstr

heritage spec home as he calls it he also wants european societies to face the realities of their colonialpast it is our own goal to reach the biggest possible audience on the one hand are just people in africa but also people in europe adore. says he does not fear possible fines not even prison sentences in his eyes this is about a lot more than just his own destiny on the. border and joins us now from brussels marina we just heard mr johnson has now been convicted by a court in paris and fined 2000 euros start a rather mild sentence there is definitely a very mild sentence 2000 years in comparison to like the fine you would normally have to pay if you just walk in into this very famous cave only i'm assuming paris usually would have to pay out like up to 1100000 euros or even more and you could also face up to 10 years in prison so it's clear that the court also didn't see this activism as we might call it is as a record of theft i mean a french president has pledged to look into the restitution of african cultural treasures that has anything been done with. france actually asked a very

are european museums ready to give up on art looted from their former colonies some big developments there coming up on arts and culture and. australian musician nick cave displays decades of creativity in experience and exhibition. welcome to arts and culture lawmakers in france voted this week to return more than 2 dozen objects to the full country's former colonies i've been in and sent to go the pieces include a royal throne that was captured by the french army over a century ago the bill passed the lower chamber of french parliament unanimously and now it's headed to the senate. if approved by the french senate 26 artifacts will be returned to the republic of binning it's taken a while for french lawmakers to reach this stage 3 years ago president manuel mccall promised a quick return but for a long time nothing happened. so recently a congolese activist snatched from the music a brownlee what he believes he was entitle to take. in my initiated the fight for the dignity for the recovery of our heritage our works of art our looted stolen spoiled works of art which are today locke

they all have individual expressions of pain. —— ghana's colonial.cting rwanda's majestic primates. this week we are revisiting some of our most memorable trips to africa from the last few years did it next, we had to sue down and the popular friday wrestling about in khartoum. sudan. every friday at 4.00pm, in haj yusef, khartoum, this ancient sport, originally thought up by nubian pharaohs, is still being practiced. for thousands of years, wrestling has been a fixture amongst the nubian tribes, in sudan, but it's not just a game. the nuba are originally from the nubian mountains in southern sudan but now, as unrest pushes them away from their homeland, the sport has found another home in the capital, and for the locals it's a huge event. these guys go in pretty hard. i probably should try it out, but i'm not going to. i was happy i was only a spectator, but quickly i realised the organisers had other plans. i'm usually up for doing a lot of things, but wrestling a guy, in front of 2,000 people, is a bit further than what i usually go. so, i'm a bit

colonialism was on the decline. in africa nations began to gain their independence among them nile upstream countries. the winds of change were blowing creating new states and new demands for a share of the waters of the nile. 2 planes from school and 15 men checked in now to tell us that their mushers missing for 5 days it is possible to fully clean the premises all forensic evidence but what you then leave is evidence that you have fully cleaned the mystery wanted to give some of it from started speaking about the role in the before even the saudi government give up with just a jamal khashoggi murder in a saudi consulate on al-jazeera 40 years ago on october the 6th when muslims were observing ramadan and jews were celebrating young people egypt and syria going to surprise war against israel. out of israel permitted so to get into this situation out of disaster now in the 1st of a 3 part series al-jazeera expose what really happened during the 1st week of the war in october on al-jazeera. this is al-jazeera i'm da

our european museums ready to give up on art looted from their former colonies some big developments there coming up on arts and culture and. australian musician nick cave displays decades of creativity and then experiential exhibition. welcome to arts and culture lawmakers in france voted this week to return more than 2 dozen objects to the 4 countries former colonies of beni in and sent to go the pieces include a royal throne that was captured by the french army over a century ago the bill passed the lower chamber of french parliament unanimously and now it's headed to the senate. if approved by the french senate 26 artifacts will be returned to the republic of binning it's taken a while for french lawmakers to reach this stage 3 years ago president manuel mccall promised a quick return but for a long time nothing happened. so recently a congolese activist snatched from the music a brownlee what he believes he was entitle to take on. in my initiated the fight for the dignity for the recovery of our heritage our works of art our looted stolen spoiled works of art which are today loc

colonialism was on the decline. in africa nations began to gain their independence among them nile upstream countries. the winds of change were blowing creating new states and new demands for a share of the waters of the nile. corruption it is that invisible behind a wall of silence 5 against russia corruption is not something that we call it that. is on the african. country his. let's destroy this wall. in 2020 the free space over encourages the heroes who are fighting against corruption this helps our communities to save the resources that we need in order to address the burning problems that affect us all. shine a light on your anti corruption hero. nominate now. the wilderness of cambodia is under threat. pillaged for profit by an illegal timber trade one a one east investigates the plunder of cambodia's forests. one l. to 0. i'm about to send in doha the top stories on al-jazeera u.s. president donald trump has been moved to a military medical center where he's being treated for covert 19 the white house says h

colonialism was on the decline. in africa nations began to gain their independence among them nile upstream countries. the winds of change were blowing creating new states and new demands for a share of the waters of the nile. of all my friends and coworkers who were detained i am the only one who survived they were all waiting for news of the men for clues only one word on their lips almost a saw a boy killed in his father's. i saw man kill next to his son i have only once in my life see that the last. day one of the bosnian war as darkest secrets bosnia the count on al jazeera. london is one of the most unfortunate cities in the world and the citizens made here have an impact right around the globe and so here at al-jazeera we will show you the true impact off those decisions on people and how it affects their everyday that. we are free to put that what they are into really engaged this is because we know that all audience is interested not just in the mainstream news but also the more hidden stories from parts of

at the same time humans use proliferated to justify colonial domination of the world. and. if a group could resist colonizing people have to accept shares from 0 to their own myth and that is exactly what happened little of your tires this is not only in africa and but also in japan russia and elsewhere as you see here you're born here you're . a liberal groups already exist in order for the savage to exist she would those who are presumed to be savages must accept that this is indeed exactly what they are the late the victim. at the beginning of the $890.00 s. the role of the human soused was shifting in response to political objectives which would must be staged an orchestrated. moloko story is that of a survivor after months of humiliation she was able to return to his village and have people.

he grew up on a plantation in the north of the colony and eventually his talents less such that he was brought to the attention of the plantation araki and he became effectively the assistant of the manager of the plant as and he lived for the 1st 50 years of his life until 'd the outbreak of the revolution enslaved to 50 year olds watching this program can take heart that they can become revolutionaries of 50 it's never too late exactly and then when the revolution broke out in 1791 immediately became one of its leaders and rapidly established himself as the. leader of the homa and slave peoples and then he has this meteoric rise becomes a general in the french republic and on the fight the british the spaniards and later on even the french kicks them out of how demanded the french revolution the 2nd but you know i'm going to ask you because the history textbooks i have at school said pitt the younger was a great reformer here in britain with wilberforce an anti-slavery you say to sail of a tour or basically. commanded nami the killed 15000 british troops on haiti what were the britis

nigeria whose weaponry comes from its old colonial muster britain coming up in a show of notation 30 years after legendary afrobeat pioneer colonial activist fela kuti called current nigerian president mohammad duble hari an animal in a mad man's body we speak to his son femi kuti about continuing the fight and struggling for justice in the face of state violence and while nigerians stand up to their beliefs in government how can they stand up to corporate power we ask award winning nigerian playwright and poet in new york and about the legacy of cancer we were and his new book the actual which records with the reality of speaking truth to power all the more coming up in today's going underground but 1st nigeria's largest city lagos has been the central hub of 2 weeks of mass protests that have turned global after a viral video allegedly showed a man being killed at the hands of an officer from the nigerian police force units the special anti robbery squad joining me now from ogun state in the area is 4 times grammy nominated artist and political activist femi kuti son of afro beat b

colonialism was on the decline. in africa nations began to gain their independence among them nile upstream countries. the winds of change were blowing creating new states and new demands for a share of the waters of the nile. corruption it is that invisible behind a wall of silence. against corruption corruption is not something can be tolerated that. is not the african. country his e-mail let's destroy this wall. in 2020 the free space over encourages the heroes who are fighting against corruption this helps our communities to save the resources that we need in order to address the burning problems that affect us all. shine a light on your anti corruption hero. nominate now. frank assessment of lucas and his dog anyway the protesters or anyway even the people who fear revolution i didn't depth analysis of the gates global headlines who is it that's really out there on the street inside story on al jazeera. allow i maryam namazie in london a main story this hour u.s. president ronald trump is suffering from lyle sy

ade: 60 years ago in 1957, the british gold coast broke away from centuries of colonial rule.ful transition and ghana's independence, the first to be declared in sub—saharan africa, inspired other states to do the same thing. look carefully around accra and you will see signs of this anniversary year everywhere. this is a really powerful piece of work. it stands at the mausoleum of ghana's independence leader kwame nkrumah and argues that ghana is still not properly free of slavery and colonialisation. itjust exists in a different form these days. they have all got individual expressions of pain and it is quite sobering, really. ghana was right at the centre of the slave trade. its most powerful remnants lie a few hours east of here in the old colonial capital, cape coast, which is where i am going next. it is estimated that in total, around 11 million people were taken from africa, bound for the americas. all along this coastline were forts where men, women and children were held in miserable conditions before their dangerous journey. this was the largest of those forts. thes

when ade explored ghana's dark colonial past as it celebrated 60 years of independence.f theirfaces. they all have got individual expressions of pain. and when i met the former poachers responsible for protecting rwanda's majestic primates. whispers: i spy a gorilla. so don't go away. this week we are revisiting some of our most memorable trips to africa from the last few years. next, we head to sudan and the popular friday wrestling bout in khartoum, when ben zand got much closer to the action than he had intended. every friday at 4.00pm, in haj yusef, khartoum, this ancient sport, originally thought up by nubian pharaohs, is still being practiced. for thousands of years, wrestling has been a fixture amongst the nuba tribes, in sudan, but it's not just a game. the nuba are originally from the nubian mountains in southern sudan but now, as unrest pushes them away from their homeland, the sport has found another home in the capital, and for the locals it's a huge event. these guys go in pretty hard. i probably should try it out, but i'm not going to. i was happy i was onl

heritage spec home as he calls it he also wants european societies to face the realities of their colonialpast a desire a goal to reach the biggest possible audience on the one hand. people in africa but also people in europe adore says says he does not fear possible fines not even prison sentences in his eyes this is about a lot more than just his own destiny. on. board and joins us now from brussels we just heard mr johnson has now been convicted by a court in paris and fined 2000 euros start rather mild sentence there is definitely a very mild sentence 2000 years in comparison to like the fine you would normally have to pay if you just walk in into this very famous caverly i'm assuming paris usually would have to pay out up to $1100000.00 euros or even more and you could also face at up to 10 years in prison so it's clear that the court also didn't see this activism as we might call it is as a record of theft i mean a french president has pledged to look into the restitution of african cultural treasures but has anything been done with. france actually asked a very special relationship

plants returned objects to former dutch colonies so african countries like been in will have to waitven longer to get their stolen objects back last month activists who have carried out similar actions in france took a statue from a dutch museum to protest against objects from africa the minister of culture sas european countries should formulate a common policy. i have held talks with european colleagues i think it's important that we work together because it's difficult to explain the countries deal with this differently although the dutch are the fide about how to deal with their colonial past she does not expect much resistance against returning such objects i believe that i can explain to everyone in the netherlands that if something is stolen we normally agree that the should be returned to the rightful owner the rightful owners may have to wait a while though before they will be reunited with their stolen possessions because the dutch government says it will look at every item carefully before sending it back stop fastened al-jazeera. this year's nobel prize in chemistry has b

its most powerful remnants lie a few hours east of here in the old colonial capital, cape coast, which, around 11 million people were taken from africa, bound for the americas. all along this coastline were forts where men, women and children were held in miserable conditions before their dangerous journey. this was the largest of those forts. these days, it is a museum. this was a male dungeon. the men were separated from the women and this dungeon was designed for 1000 people. a few years ago, during restoration works, archaeologists took up and examined some of the materials on the floor. so they left a small portion of it here to tell the rest of the story. it is made up of faeces, blood, decomposed bodies, clothes... so this is, this is the product of human despair. yes. and toil. pain, suffering, cruelty. and if they survived their stay in the dungeons here, then it was through the door of no return, ready for loading onto the ships. one of them might have decided not to go so he would justjump into the ocean, pulling the rest with him. because they were all chained together? the

colonial past it is our goal to reach the biggest possible audience on the one hand our jazz bar and people in africa but also people in europe go yeah dad says says he does not fear possible fines not even prison sentences in his eyes this is about a lot more than chest his own destiny. the last head of state of the soviet union mikhail gorbachev is considered a hero in the western world but of russia he's highly controversial now his life has been brought to the stage in moscow. with a very i remember everything. memories of the life of one of history's greats michelle gorbachev from a balcony seat the 89 year old watched his own life play out on stage at the moscow theater of nations the play that was supposed to be a love story between michelle your garbage child and his wife raisa became much more it's the story of an entire country and the era during which gorbachev was in charge. of what he took with the show he's a visionary politicians none of us can come close to that one day his name will be written in gold lettering. 2 actors wigs and dozens of anecdotes from an eventful