she directs the graduate nonfiction program at columbia university. site bilby discussing carl eric fisher's upcoming book the urge of ourur history of addiction cl eric fisher draws on his own experience as a clinician, researcher and alcoholic in recovery as he traces the history and experience of addiction via exploration not only medicine and science but of literature, religion philosophy and public policy. the urge makes evidence our current decade-long opioid overdose crisis is only the latest iteration of a century long struggle that is persistently reflected the broader questions of what it means to be human and to care for onee another. i'm honored to turn over to our speakers the digital podium is yours carl and n leslie. >> carl, it is so great to be here with you tonight to get a chance to talk about this tremendous new book which is about a subject very near and dear to my heart. really doing something i've never seen done before quite like this. the sweep of your gaze and the amount of research and the way in which you distill it and ask

renlenner is with disaster preparedness at columbia university.g with us and for being where you are now. this is what you do. you've taken your expertise there you in. what are you learning? >> this is an incredibly challenging situation, ali. obviously, the first reality is this horrendous, violent war that destroyed many cities in ukraine especially in the eastern and southern part. so we have a mass migration, a very rapid migration of people out of harm's way, and they go to one of two places. one is they may go out of the country and become refugees. poland has taken refugees more than other countries with hungary and romania have taken their fair share and there are other people who decide to remain in ukraine, but go to a safer part. they go west towards the polish board, for instance. those are called eternally displaced people and we for warsaw for several days and have many programs, including schools. i think there are some images of one of the school settings that are classrooms full of ukraine high school students who have, you know,

a columbia university professor shares her spectacular take on black life and literature and much more>> this is the pbs newshour. from weta studios in washington and om our bureau at the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. judy: let's look at the latest news on covid-19 and what is needed now. i spoke earlier today with president biden's chief medical advisor. dr fauci, as part of the cross cut festivalhere the pbs station in seattle, the full discussion can be seen during the festival which runs may 3 to 7. thank you very much for joining us. so much to talk about. but i want to start with new data that we are learning about how many americans have been infected with the virus. among all americans and this dates back to february, 60% almost have been infected and among children, 75%. had been infected. were you surprised by these numbers? and second of all, does this change the way there should be an official response to the virus? >> i wasn't terribly surprised usbee e acalm bost w 2.5 years. so, the idea that if you look the sirology, the antibody test

amy: for more, we're joined by andrew solomon, professor of clinical medical psychology at columbia university. award-winning author of several books on mental illness, including "far from the tree: parents, children and the search for identity" and his widely acclaimed memoir "the noonday demon: an atlas of depression." professor solomon, if you could start off by talking about your take away from the bar that took place over the last two days but also these videos that were posted by the suspect who repeatedly talked about the mental health hell that he confroed? >> i think it is difficult to make a clear diagnosis of the perpetrator of these horrific crimes on the basis of what he has put forward, but he says he has been in the mental health system and has experience of it. there is no question you have to be at least unhinged debtor take the kind of attack that he did and what he is done represents a lapse inental-health. the misfortune is we seem to talk about mental health of though it were a mental health -- it were not a matter of assuaging the acute suffering of people who have delusi

a columbia university professor shares are brief but spectacular take on black life in literature and much more. >> this is the pbs newshour from w eta studios in washington and in the west from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. >> let's look at the late news on covid and what is needed now. i spoke earlier today with president biden's chief medical advisor dr. anthony fauci as part of e upcoming festival for a kt cs nine, the pbs station in sttle are full discussion can be seen during the festival which runs may 3 to the seventh. thank you for joining us. so much to talk about. i want start with new data that we are learning about about how many americans have been infected with the covid virus . among all americans, and i think this dates back to february 60% almost had been infected and among children, 75% had been infected. first of all, were you surprised by these numbers? and second of all, was this -- does this in your mind change the way there should be an official response to the to the virus? dr. fauci: i wasn't terribly surprised virus no

the road the premiere was written in 1948, the play imaginary landscape took place in 1951 at columbia university in new york the performance of the play looked very unusual 24 performers, led by a conductor, play on 12 radio receivers, two musicians were involved in work with one radio receiver, one of whom was responsible for switching the radio station. and the other for the volume and timbre, and so , turning two knobs, they caught a certain wave, and it all adds up. to be honest, i didn’t hope any more, i didn’t guess, and again education. fur is saved. well maybe, by the way huh? well , what do we have in the bank after the fifth round, how much is 800,000? yes, now 800, of course, 80,000 rubles. okay , in a few minutes we will play all the money in the bank, find out these 80,000 will go to our viewer or not. it's five for one full intel in a few minutes, don't switch. these five should have been right now the final round of the jackpot draw. at stake is all the bank's money today, well, not straight. wow, to be honest, 80,000 rubles. but better than 20 could and so you play today. i just

she then became associate director of a law project sponsored by columbia university before joining rutgers law school in 1963. she taught at columbia law school where she became the first female tenured professor. in the 1970's she also served at the center for advanced study in stanford california. she was the director of the women's rights project and the civil liberties union. in this position she five against gender discrimination in 15 landmark cases before the supreme court. 1980 she was appointed to the court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit. president clinton nominated ginsberg to the supreme court. the senate confirmed her nomination by voting 96-3 and she became the second female and first jewish female to serve on the court. ginsberg was a strong voice for gender equality and voting rights. justice ginsburg served on the supreme court for 27 years until her death in september 2020. it is difficult to overstate their inspiration for generations of girls, women and women lawyers. justice o'connor was sworn in as the first female supreme court justice the same month

yes, the premiere was written in 1948 , the play imaginary landscape took place in 1951 at columbia university, the performance of the play looked very unusual 24 performers, led by a conductor, play on 12 radio receivers , two musicians were involved to work with one radio receiver, one of whom was responsible for switching the radio station.

reporter: becoming the first but likely not the last big city to reimpose mask mandates today columbia university joined georgetown and others also requiring masks again in the classroom. omicron's highly contagious subvariant ba.2 is fueling the spike in cases and hospitalizations in some pockets of the country for now the northeast home to the most significant spread. and while cases are on the rise in more than half the country, infections are up less than 6% nationwide >> i am not overly concerned right now. we saw this in europe a few weeks ago. but the good news is we are coming off of so very low infection numbers. >> reporter: with americans basking in the rollback of restrictions, the cdc will soon decide if masks are still needed on airplanes it comes as families prepare to travel and gather for passover and easter >> each individual is going to have to make their calculation of the amount of risk that they want to take in going to indoor dinners and going to functions. >> reporter: tonight the w.h.o. is monitoring two new omicron subvariants. meantime, at least 30 million americans rem

he's the director of global health and emergency medicine at columbia university irving medical centery. he's also a doctor with personal experience with scary contagious diseases. he was the first person new york city to be diagnosed with ebola. back in 2014 after he returned from treating ebola patients in africa. with the covid pandemic new york city hit in march 2020, doctor spencer was on the frontlines fighting patients at the very worst of that time. doctor spencer it's a real pleasure to have you back on the show, thanks for making time to be here this night. >> thank you for having me back on, it's a pleasure. >> so it seems to me that there are two things to think about in terms of this judges ruling. one is just the practical question. people may be watching you right now with your experience as a specialist in this feel, as a practicing physician in new york. is it a good idea to wear a mask on the train? on the subway, on an airplane, even if i'm no longer required? but also what's your view on this challenge to the cdc's authority to federal like this in place at all? >>

starting today, students at columbia university in new york city were required to start wearing masksn class. despite rising cases of ba-2 here in new york city, a new cbs news poll shows covid doesn't even rank among the top five most pressing issues for americans. they're more concerned about the economy and inflation. norah. >> o'donnell: meg oliver, thanks. well china's largest city remains under a strict covid lockdown tonight affecting more than 26 million residents with most being forced to remain indoors. here's cbs's elizabeth palmer. >> reporter: no one dreamed they would ever see this. shanghai, china's cosmopolitan dynamo, empty and silent. at night between the high-rises a drone tells people to follow covid rules and bizarrely not to sing on their balcony. during the day, there is a frantic push by the government to get food to millions shut into their homes. but it hasn't and social media shows protests. in this one the crowd shuts we're starving. while last week a man was filmed venting his fury on the phone. what am i supposed to buy, what do i eat, you are driving us

one of the most influential economists in the world and the united states, now a professor at columbia universityjeffrey sachs, the same jeffrey sachs, uh, who was an adviser russian government in the early nineties , a who is the author of the concept of shock therapy, as we know, but he should not be blamed for its results. yes, that's another question here. so. listen to what jeffreys wrote about. the situation before ukraine can only be resolved by a peace agreement. the spirit of the vector strategy of the united states aimed at helping ukraine in the fight against the russian invasion through the imposition of tough sanctions and the supply of the ukrainian armed forces with modern weapons is likely to endure failure requires a peace agreement that can be reached in the near future. however, to achieve peace, the united states. nato will have to compromise that washington has so far rejected america's weapons-based approach and sanctions may sound convincing in the echo chamber of american public opinion, but it doesn't work on the world stage. this approach has little support outside the u

she's an assistant professor of marketing at columbia university in new york.id your study show?— ironically, via zoom. what did your study show? thank you so much for _ your study show? thank you so much for having _ your study show? thank you so much for having me _ your study show? thank you so much for having me here. - your study show? thank you so much for having me here. we l much for having me here. we were really interested in how this shift to virtual interaction could affect innovation and we were interested in two forms of innovation. the idea generation form, when we come up with new ideas. but then once we have generated these ideas we need to evaluate them and decide which ideas we want to go forward with.— which ideas we want to go forward with. why are people less creative _ forward with. why are people less creative when _ less creative when communicating virtually? what we found is _ communicating virtually? what we found is that _ communicating virtually? what we found is that were - communicating virtually? what we found is that were bad -

it's not just -- it's columbia university, american university, george washington university. 15-24-year-old of dying, right? they are already starting at the colleges. he did that whole study at the university -- there are literally abusing the students. they're starting all over again with their antiscientific where the mass, we want to control you. let them keep doing it till november. is good for the republicans. >> we were talking about it in the green room. isn't there kind of an assumption that they are counting on the public not dying on the cell? nobody wants to get arrested on the plane so we'll just eat it. but isn't it possible that if poor rose decided were not putting on the mass -- mutiny at 35,000 feet. speak about all we need come another excuse for the plaintiffs not to fly. the meat take everybody off with the proposed compromise. speak only what the women on the viewer of the masks. >> i'm in. i'm for that. >> ready? >> if you're either mask -- if you're unvaccinated you have to wear a mask. if you're vaccinated you don't have to wear a mask. >> what if you're unvaccinate

opinion section of the cnn website, a column by the director of the center for sustainability at columbia universityffreys strategist. the united states, which aims to help ukraine overcome the russian invasion by imposing tough sanctions and supplying the ukrainian armed forces with the latest weapons, is likely to fail. what is needed is a peace agreement that can still be reached, however, the united states. we'll have to compromise on nato so far washington has rejected. however, biden ’s administration drove themselves so deep into a trap that they couldn’t get out without loss. and without adjusting future plans, too, can not do. this may surprise you in asia, but biden, after 15 months of presidency, found out that he was going to run for a second term, this is ridiculous, if biden somehow stays in the white house for two terms, then at the end he will be 86 years old. already now 79 years old. biden, barely talking in english and it is unlikely that the situation will improve over time which president will be biden in 2028 , the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthis looks ridiculous. so kir carlso

garvey, myself, henry shaw, wally broecker and taro takahashi at columbia university. ♪ ♪ exxon wantedto climate change. but they wanted it to be recognized that something that exxon can contribute that unlikely anybody else could do. the role of the ocean in the global balance of carbon dioxide was not well understood. and so exxon saw an opportunity, using an oil tanker, to involve itself in that line of research and make a really significant contribution to the understanding of the global cycle of carbon dioxide. "program goal: use exxon expertise and facilities to help "determine the likelihood of a global greenhouse effect. march 26, 1979." ♪ ♪ i wasn't dying to go to sea. i was a city kid, i wasn't a sailor. but i think i understood from the very beginning that the oil tanker was gonna be my baby, so to speak, i was gonna make it work. "rationale for exxon involvement: develop expertise to assess the possible impact of the greenhouse effect on exxon business. form responsible team that can credibly carry bad news, if any, to the corporation." the work that we were doing, the comp

previously he was managing editor in foreign polity magazine and business journal iism a at columbia university. it's my pleasure to turn the screen over. gentleman, take it away. >> thank you, chelsea. it's anon tor to be here tonight. before we kickoff i'dlike to indulge. i was in graduate school when i wrote the book pa ter tigers and experience of economic reform. i have my own copy here all marked up. i was lucky enough to find myself working when he was the editor and chief. that was my first john and end lessly grateful. i have this book here about the under ground global economy. lighter i read and admired the book the end of power. i have still node read it but tonight feels like a homecoming. coi'd like too connect the books inea a way or two most resent ones. the end of power was about how smaller players in global affairs and business and politics were constraining the exercise by the bigger players. self ramf years later we wrote about the restring of power. how did we get from the end of power to revenge? >> first t of all, thank you for doing this and your kind worlds. it's one o

matthew: i became a conservative through columbia university, but not because i was reacting to radical professors, but because columbia has a core curriculum where they force you to read great works of literature and philosophy. i was reading plato, adam smith, the federalist papers. it made me wake up and find i was on the right, i was an american conservative. then of course there were people greatly influential to me including william f buckley junior. and the godfather of neoconservatism. his writing had a huge effect on my thought. there are others as well. people like george will who is alive and still writing. he is a friend and an inspiration. those are the figures who played a large role in shaping my view. susan: in addition, would you define populism? matthew: elitism is the belief that experts and the people in charge, whether they are in charge of culture, the economy, politics, are better able to make decisions for the rest of us then you and me or other people. this conflict between populism and elitism is a running thread throughout american history, it also affects my

and the obama one at columbia university is where the idea of an oral history project emanated. and the way they're doing the obama one is just spectacularly thorough, meaning they're also interviewing young people that campaigned for him and how their life has changed, or, you know, a child he met who then has a story. they're doing all sorts of innovative things, and it's global. i find the provincialism of most presidents' oral histories is they would only interview americans, not world leaders. it would have been nice to have a history of all the world leaders and how they viewed nixon. you know, interviewing mao tse-tung on his experience with nixon would have been fantastic. he may have done it, mao, but nobody thought to do that global. obama, because he won the nobel peace prize, he's seen as a global president, very loved around the world. for his eight years, getting the stories of heads of state and ambassadors and other human rights organizers i think will be a big part of that oral history project. >> how many of those historian evenings do you think you had? >> i d

that said, governor kuroda gave his speech at columbia university last friday where he reiterated hisbout the fact that he saw no need for the bank of japan to follow other global central banks in pursuing tightening and normalization at the moment. never say never, but i do think that's the just of japan unwilling to touch those rate settings. >> what would that mean for the japanese yen? >> for the bank of japan, just in the past couple of days, it has been a risk off in the markets. some of the selling pressure on the yen has slowed a little bit. another indication that the bank of japan might not have such a big yet negative impact in the fact that the bank of japan has been announcing all these unlimited fixed rate operations, including one that's going to last through today, this morning. and yet, the reaction of the currency has actually declined over time. so no changes kind of a consensus expectation. i don't think there will be a big fallout in the markets, but we will be watching what they do. haidi: do you look at the fundamentals when it comes to the yield differential an

managing editor of foreign policy magazine and fellow in economics and business journalism columbia university is my pleasure to turn the screen over to you, gentlemen. take it away. >> thank you, chelsea. >> it is an honor to be here tonight and before we kick off, i want to indulge in a personal digression here. i was in graduate school in the 90s when i read a book, paper tigers about his experience influencing economic reform in venezuela. i have my copy here marked up. five years laterh i was lucky enough to find myself working as an editor of foreign policy magazine as editor-in-chief, my first job in journalism which i am endlessly grateful. i was there when he was working on his book. the underground global economy here. later i read and admired his book the end of power published in. [two bells tolling] i apologize i have not yet r red novel as you can tell, it is hard to keep up with him but tonight feels like a homecoming of sorts for me. i want to beginks by trying to connect these books in a way or at least the two most recent ones. the most recent nonfiction ones. the power about

kuroda made a very interesting speech at columbia university late friday while everyone in japan wasp where he essentially seemed to ditch the forward guidance that rates would stay low or go lower. he came very close to abandoning that in the guts of that speech, so i thought there was a chance that they could tweak that and give the hawks at least something, and give yen bulls at least something, but there was nothing, nada. >> it really has triggered currency volatility across most asian currencies. the renminbi is front and center. i'm watching lines crossing on the national health commission saying that they will not waver with dire covid zero strategy, and the renminbi continuing to edge higher. i have to wonder, is it more people pricing in the prospect of a weaker economy in china, too? >> i think so. it is an interesting dynamic when you have the currency of the two biggest economies in the world start to slide the way they are. both the you want and yen have stayed relatively stable and now both are selling off. it must be said so far it is somewhat management for authoriti

technical issues relating to intellectual property, who created an industrial -- research at columbia university. [inaudible] ties between universities. and there are really some fascinating parallels with contemporary cases like for instance the pace of hennifer -- and [inaudible] nobel prize with there's also this very close relations between the involvement of the scientists and commercialization activity activities and vying for patents and all the financial stakes involved in the area of technology [inaudible] in which you are engaging. and [inaudible] between that part of the story in exactly will scientific work in the actual scientific recognition they are getting for the contributions. so there is a notable entanglements that are very common today, they were also common in baekeland's time but that's much, much lesser known and far fewer people have to think about it. >> thank you. and i think jennifer has some questions from the audience that she's going to share with us, so we'll move on down to the q&a part of the program. >> [laughs] that was and is fascinating. thank you all for sh

scientific communities and the industrial communities, who created a research fellowship at columbia university, strengthening ties between universities and industries at the time. there are fascinating parallels with contemporary cases like for instance the case of the woman who won the nobel prize in chemistry, also very close relations between the involvement of these scientists and commercialization activities, applying for patents, all the financial stakes involved in the area of technology which are engaging, and close links between that part of the story and the actual scientific work and scientific recognition they're getting for their contribution. there's notable entanglements that are very common today and were also common in baekeland's time, but far fewer people are aware of that. >> thank you, joris. i think jennifer has questions from the audience that she's going to share with us. >> that was and is fascinating, thank you all so much for sharing your knowledge. it is frustrating, jeff, to not get to all the topics we wanted to cover so maybe we can reconvene and continue the con

i love them and the obama won at columbia university where the oral idea of oral history project emanated and the way they are doing the obama one is just spectacularly thorough and meaning they're also interviewing. young people that campaign for him and how their life has changed or you know a child he met who then as a story they're doing all sorts of innovating things and it's global. i find the provincialism of most presidential history since they would only interview americans. not world leaders. you know, what did it would have been nice to have an oral history of all the world leaders and how they viewed nixon, you know interviewing about say tongue and showing lie on on their experience with nixon would have been fantastic and they have done it now and showing live for all we know but then nobody thought to really do that global obama because he want a nobel peace. see seen as a global president very loved around the world do you you know for his eight years getting the stories of heads of state and ambassadors and others human rights organizers. all i think will be a big part of

nbc's jesse kirsch is at columbia university in new york. good morning. >> reporter: good morning. one of schools masks are making a classroom comeback. while they are going back on in some settings, they are coming off in places like airports and trains as well and some still wondering what the rules actually are this morning america's mask debate showing no signs of letting up. >> i understand everybody is in a hurry to get their masks off but we're older and we're in no hurry. >> reporter: and there is still plenty of confusion out there. while a federal judge struck down the cdc's mandatory mask order on planes. some airports including lax still require them leaving passengers perplexed at least 31 states seeing up tick in covid cases the last two weeks. prompting some colleges to bring masks back. >> i kind of just laughed. like two weeks ago i feel they got rid of it. >> reporter: uconn, syracuse and columbia university. >> i think it is appropriate if numbers get too high they don't want to compromise the graduation. >> we're still in the pandemic i don't care what other peo

here is what he said as recently as friday at columbia university -- the bank of japan should continueith the money easing. he said there is still a long way to go to get to 2%. you can look at this inflation chart and see what he means, but he says that commodity prices are the main reason this is happening. that will be maintained, and they are not having demand pull inflation like the fed, and that has been causing the policy divergence that is causing this he and weakness. the prime minister said just two days ago that he hopes the bank of japan will continue its efforts to achieve that 2% inflation goal, so a clear thumbs-up from the government, from the new prime minister, giving governor kuroda and his team the support to keep this stimulus going while they still think they needed. shery: given the numbers we saw in australia, do you think the rba will be pressured to move next week? >> that's right. the opposite story to japan here in australia. markets are now seeing the cash rate sliding to 1% by july the interesting thing here is that this may happen in the middle of an elec

lisa: we are speaking with glenn hubbard of columbia university, talking about the new dynamic and whathe fed is looking at with respect to inflation. what about the labor market? the right about economic bridges at a time when participation rate remains well below where we were pre-pandemic. how does the fed effectively curtail inflation while allowing the participation rate to get back to something that is more representative of a robust economy? glenn: that is a good question. participation is a critical issue. i do not think letting the economy run hot will fix the participation problem. there are things that can. training, education, fiscal interventions that are really not in the fed's toolkit. the labor market as the fed should see it is running quite hot. it would be better if the administration focused more on participation but so far, not. lisa: how much has the fed lost credibility in trying to address issues that are only addressable on the fiscal side? glenn: i think the fed still has credibility with the public. i really do. i think the conversion has helped that. but i th

she wants to go to columbia university. it's her dream. you can't get a b-plus in one class, and so far she's doing all the work to get into columbia. and the thing we learn had at rice, but as being so long in this world, never let a young person fall in love with one school because they are applying. things are random in life. we have students get rejekted that had a true average in high school and ace with scores. their parents come to me. my kid was perfect. how did k can you not take them? >> are you a tough grader? >> no. i'm medium. i'm very sympathetic and probably easier than i should be. sympathetic to excuses for late things. but the problem is from a student tellhouse they were sick and didn't get your paper in on time, it's always weird. they are all sick on the same day, the night before the paper is due. but you can't say, you can't start challenging somebody tell ing you they weren't feeling well. >> and then i think i remember somebody named that. sports management is a hot field. and rice university is number one in the co

issues are related to intellectual property who created an industrial research fellowship at columbia university. that's kind of straighten pies between universities and industries at the time and there are really are some some quite fascinating parallels with contemporary cases, like like for instance the case of jennifer doubt9 model sharpen tea who won the nobel prize in 2010 chemistry, nobel prize. so there's also this the very close relations between the involvements of these scientists and commercialization activities like applying for patents and all of financial stakes involved and in the area of technology which are engaging and with and close links between that part of story and the actual scientific work and the actual scientific recognition. they are getting for their contributions. so there's those those notable kind of entanglements that are very common today and we're also common in vehicle and stein but that's much much lesser known and far few people have written about thank you yours and i think jennifer has some questions from the audience that she's going to share with us. so

he's the director of global health at columbia university urban medical center.e's an emergency room doctor practicing in new york city. he's also a doctor with personal experience with scary contagious diseases. he was the first person in new york city to be diagnosed with ebola back in 2015 after he returned from treating ebola patients in africa. when the covid pandemic in new york city hit in march 2020, dr. spencer was on the front lines treating patients at the worst during that time. dr. spencer, thank you for being back on. >> thank you for having me back on. it's a pleasure. >> so, it seems to me that there's two things to think about in terms of this judge's ruling. one is just the practical question. people may be watching you right now with your experience as a specialist in the field, as a practicing physician in new york. is it a good idea to wear a mask on the train, on the subway, on an airplane, even if i'm no longer required? but also, what's your view for this challenge on the cdc authority to put a rule like this in place at all? >> both of th

here to discuss, professor of political science at columbia university, timothy fry author of "the limits putin's russia." putin's daughters also facing sanctions. how and when will we know if these efforts are having any real impact on putin and his decision-making? >> well, i think you can say they're having an impact already. a key role for the sanctions was to degrade russia's military capacity. we see the largest tank factory in the country has been considerably slowed because they can't get the microchips to produce the tanks that are so important to the war effort. so in degrading russia's military capacity, that's an important agenda. you know, the russian oligarchs who are feeling tremendous pain from these sanctions, i would -- they didn't sign up to be the face of an international pariah state, and i'm sure they're not very happy about the start of the war. but given where they are, they're reluctant to support any efforts to criticize putin for fear that they will be even worse off, and, you know, be thrown in jail and lose their assets thanks to the russian government. so the

>> so dunning was an historian at columbia university. he had a lot of ph.d. students, he had a lot of influence on ways in which historians wrote about reconstruction. and basically their argument in a nutshell was that reconstruction was a failure. it was corrupt. and that the heroes of the period were really what were called the redeemers, the people -- the white southerners who basically drove the black and white republicans out of the statehouses and, quote, redeemed the governments of their states from this corruption. it just wasn't true. it was the way historians saw things for a century. and by the 1960s, historians were again asking different questions. in some cases looking at evidence that had not been looked at before. the dunning school was the equivalent in some ways or the followup to what one might call the ulrich phillips school of slavery. phillips, who also taught at a school in the north, ivy league school, white southerner, argued that slavery was a school, that was the metaphor that he used, and that the children were let out too early.

and then assistant journalism professor at columbia university. keith, what was it like being in that train station as people were literally fleeing for their lives? >> it was, it was -- it was harrowing. i mean, you know, i read about it every hour, a train would pull up, and people would come out of it. it was women and children. the men stay home. the men are not allowed to leave the country. so just seeing, you know, whenever a train comes in, people going out, again most of them, as you read,, you know, they don't have time to make a plan about where to go -- you know, where to stay. and where they would end up. a lot of them were ill in real distress, and from a journalistic perspective, i try to talk to people who looked like they were in a place where they can talk. and, you know, these people, this was about a week ago, eight or nine days ago, a lot of these people who actually try to stay. they were not people have left right away. they had in their basements, subway stations. they have really tried to wait it out. for most of them, it c

and then assistant journalism professor at columbia university. keith, what was it like being in that train station as people were literally fleeing for their lives? >> it was, it was -- it was harrowing. i mean, you know, i read about it every hour, a train would pull up, and people would come out of it. it was women and children. the men stay home. the men are not allowed to leave the country. so just seeing, you know, whenever a train comes in, people going out, again most of them, as you read,, you know, they don't have time to make a plan about where to go -- you know, where to stay. and where they would end up. a lot of them were ill in real distress, and from a journalistic perspective, i try to talk to people who looked like they were in a place where they can talk. and, you know, these people, this was about a week ago, eight or nine days ago, a lot of these people who actually try to stay. they were not people have left right away. they had in their basements, subway stations. they have really tried to wait it out. for most of them, it c