calvin coolidge appeared once before congress., hoover, coolidge, they are not delivering state of the union in person. they are reverting to the earlier jeffersonian tradition of delivering it in writing. since the presidency of franklin roosevelt, it has become customary for the president to deliver the address before a joint session of congress. though the constitution is clear the president shall give to congress information on the state of the union, the context of the speech during the modern era has changed dramatically. one of the most important developments is under lyndon johnson. johnson brings the speech into prime time. this allows the address to be given directly to the american people. this dramatically increases the number of people paying attention to the state of the union address. the first televised state of the union occurred in 1947 after 20 years of radio coverage. calvin coolidge was -- we popularly remember fdr as the president who harnessed radio but it was really coolidge to begin with to harness the new

coolidge to harness the new technology.sidency it was the first to use radio effectively. franklin roosevelt was more effective and the context had changed dramatically. roosevelt is also the first to call this the state of the union. it had been called the annual address. roosevelt is at the first to popularize the term every year. harry truman is the first to appear on television to deliver the state of the union. those technological advances started to make the speech less of an address to the congress and more of an address to the american people from congress. the house of representatives becomes a cool television set for presidents to directly address the american people. which is a very different interpretation of the state of the union than we find in the constitution and what early presidents expected. johnson formalizes this by moving the speech into prime time. if it is going to be a speech where you are talking directly to the people, why not do it when most of them can watch? [video clip] >> on this hill which

coolidge completely fell in love with her. she wore her like a shawl.and she was very much involved in the easter egg rolls as well. >> so the presidents would being the pets and the pets would mix with the children. >> absolutely. >> the whole thing just kind of continue to gel as a great event for the public. where the newspapers i was interested in this? was this always a media as well? >> absolutely. >> so it helps with the presidents image. >> totally. >> then later on there was the first radio broadcast. when did that happen? >> the first radio broadcast was done by the hoover's. but neither the president nor the first lady actually spoke. a marine and play their music. >> so that would have been 28 and 29? >> yes. >> and what would a radio broadcast of an easter egg roll really be like? >> again, it was mostly the marine bans music and probably a lot of laughing kids in the background. one of thomas edison's early videos actually is of the easter egg roll. it's available from the library of congress. and it's online, so i would encourage everybod

and calvin coolidge was lilsed second to the last.is predecessor woodrow wilson, i think number 4, if i'm not mistaken, very highly. yet the performance of the economy in those cases tend to reflect -- tend to suggest exactly the opposite kind of ranking. that is during the 1920s, the roaring 20s harding and coolidge demonstrated extraordinary -- they cut the federal budget i believe by 25% or more if i'm not mistaken whereas wilson expaag> okay, so, mike, what's your question then for mark zandi? >> caller: so what are the lessons from that period in history for us today? >> okay. >> well, i know my history very well back to fdr and the great depression. prior to that it's a little sketchier. i think the lesson i've taken from our history since the 1930s depression is that in times of crises -- and i would argue that this is a time of crises. the pandemic is a health care crisis and an a economic one, and it's a global health care crisis an

calvin coolidge.now. >> warren harding. >> no. >> james monroe. >> no. jesse: william tilden. >> calvin coolidge. jesse: was james garfield president of the united states. >> no. jesse: do you know who i am? jesse: i'm watters and this is my world. my hair sure has changed. that's all for tonight. be sure to follow me on facebook, instagram and twitter if they don't kick me off. i'm watters and this is my world. [♪♪♪] judge jeanine: hello and welcome to "justice." i'm judge jeanine pirro. thanks for being with us tonight. a packed show ahead but first my open. the big jest danger to the security of this country is the fbi's failure. this federal agency has failed over and over again to snuff out crimes for which they have become aware. crimes they fail to prevent and crimes they fail to tell us about. the federal bureau of investigation proclaims they gather evidence to solve and prevent crimes. prev

calvin coolidge.arding. >> no. >> james monroe. >> no. jesse: william tilden. >> calvin coolidge. jesse: was james garfield president of the united states. >> no. jesse: do you know who i am? jesse: i'm watters and this is my world. my hair sure has changed. that's all for tonight. be sure to follow me on facebook, instagram and twitter if they don't kick me off. i'm watters and this is my i'm watters and this is my world. daddy? yeah? who's peter? well sweetie, he's your great-great grandfather. here, does he look like me? yeah. your family's story is waiting to be shared. at ancestry.com you're clearly someone who takes care of yourself. so why wait to screen for colon cancer? because when caught in early stages, it's more treatable. i'm cologuard. i'm noninvasive and detect altered dna in your stool to find 92% of colon cancers even in early stages. tell me more. it's for people 45 plus at average risk for colon cancer, not high risk. false positive and negative results may occur. ask your prescrib

jennifer coolidge started improvising.ith, fish tank interior designer. [ laughter ] she late in life found a passion for interior design of fish tanks. the second one that got me that ruined -- i couldn't keep it together, was that she was somebody who trained small animals to detect carbon monoxide. [ laughter ] she delivers these completely deadpan. and clancy brown is brilliantly, steadfastly standing, impressed with his wife and manages -- the power of comedians to keep it together through stuff like that. >> jimmy: well, yeah. the movie is really good. give my best to marcus. and i hope your brother doesn't ruin christmas this year. [ laughter ] thanks for being with us, we appreciate it. i think it's bedtime where you are now, go to sleep. >> it is. >> jimmy: carey mulligan, everybody. "promising young woman" opens in theaters christmas day. [ cheers and applause ] we'll be back with alanis morissette! finally home... okay, let's go! - come on! - yeah ! welcome to the final days of toyotathon. here for a great deal?

weritishbuss who havee bankru to be inffice very d l migrated toseer to describe out going president calvin coolidge, but as presidential historian points out, a lame duck still has wings. >> they still have every power that he ever had before. >> reporter: there's the power to issue headline making pardons. and the power to help or hinder a smooth handoff to the next commander in chief. >> so many other countries do not have that peaceful transition of power. it's been the hallmark of our democracy since good old george washington. >> to many people, the the 78 days between november 3rd and january 20th of this year are feeling more like 78 years. which raises the question, why is this period so long? >> well, originally the purpose of the waiting period was to give time for the new president to get from wherever they were to washington, d.c. and that purpose seems to be less >> 2020 is not thest modern tumultuous transition. after abraham lincoln's election, he to wait four months, back then, inauguration was not until march. before president james buchanont was like during the period of time betw

harding was listed last, and calvin coolidge was listed second to last. his predecessor, woodrow wilson, i think number four if i'm not mistaken, very highly. yet the performance of the economy in those cases tends to reflect, tends to suggest exactly theduring the 1920's, hd coolidge demonstrated extraordinary, they cut the federal budget i believe by 25% or more if i'm not mistaken. whereas wilson expanded the military and expenses of the federal government and left the country in depression. host: so what is your question than? caller: so what are the lessons from that period in history for us today? guest: i know my history very well back to fdr and the great depression. prior to that, it is a little sketch here. the lesson i have taken from our history since the 1930's depression is that in times of crises, and i would argue that this is a time of crises, the pandemic is a health care crisis and an economic and a global health care and economic crisis, that it is important for the government to be very supportive. they have to have everybody's back,

the remarkable memorial being constructed an opening in 1926 with president calvin coolidge. the people of the community gathering here. 150,000 people, the largest crowd that a president of the united states had spoken to up until that time. the outpouring of honor for those who had served in world war i across the nation. also, a yearning for peace and a different sort of future than the most recent past. this memorial come with many complexities, is a striking architectural feature. it served as a gathering place for many years. some maintenance issues needed to be addressed. the people of the region responded to that having been that can see those who conceived it. they raised $110 million dollars to restore and refurbish the memorial. they created museum. the liberty memorial association as it was named in 1921 when it was formed began collecting. it's the second oldest collecting institution in the world. it made a consequential decision to collect globally. we had the broadest, most encyclopedic collection of world war i archives of any institution in the world. that i

coolidge would come into the kitchen and critique with servants were eating.rsona, because he is laws a fair, but not with food. >> what about wilson? he desegregated the civil service. >> even during the wilson administration, they still had segregation in place from taft. wilson, he was a southerner. there is a lot of reports of him celebrating the southern food cooked by white house staff. yes. so i don't know about interaction between wilson and others. there was more in the harding administration, but he loved their food. >> so what did the harding administration do? >> they were in the spirit of camaraderie. harding was very big on waffles. he loved waffles. he would eat a lot of waffles. the cook who would make the waffles was celebrated in newspaper articles. he would talk about how much he loved them. >> thank you. >> what's that? don't waffle on waffles, yes. he waffled in a good way. >> a simple question. do you know if daisy by and mrs. nab it ever met? that's one question. i have not read your book yet, but mrs. oz nesbit's dismissal was by the ne

, disappears, and is papered over, and the party basically supports its next president, harding, coolidgend hoover, almost overwhelmingly in their elections. walter: i suppose that mugwumps are a point of comparison for never trumper's. michael: like some never trumper's they were guided by magazines. magazines with low circulation which did not make money in most cases. theodore roosevelt and henry cabot lodge did not support that. they stayed with lane, -- blaine , who would become important leaders of the party. the never trumper's, you know, in some sense they have represented people who have voted for democrats. you know, those upscale suburbs and things. where trump-pence run worse ---- where trump worse. in places with high degrees of social connectedness, the stuff that robert putnam writes about and that charles murray wrote about, in his books, about how where people live in socially connected communities, they don't vote for donald trump. we saw this. i wrote about it in march, 2016, in the primaries, where trump was running very poorly in dutch american areas, those areas whic

>> coolidge would actually come in the kitchen and critique what the servants were eating and say iteems like you guys are eating a lot of food here. he was very nosey, which is not his persona because he's laissez faire, hands off, not with the food. >> what about the wilson administration? because he was -- he segregated the civil service. >> yeah, so even during the wilson administration -- well, they still had the segregation in place from the taft administration but wilson, i don't know if you know this, he was a southerner so, yeah, there are a lot of reports of him celebrating the southern food cooked by white house staff. yeah, so i don't know about interaction between wilson and others. there was more it seemed during the harding administration, but he loved their food, yeah. >> so the harding administration did what? >> the harding administration, there seemed to be this feeling of camaraderie and harding was really big on waffles, and so -- he loved waffles. he would eat a lot of waffles, and so the cook that would make these waffles was celebrated in newspaper articles an

up on the program struggling to deal with the prime demick software guys fondling the 2nd wave of coolidge 19 infections hospital software and a grant some even having to set up tents outside to care for patients also coming up the u.n. says the fighting unit you just see grier region house calls the humanity and.

on his way over with the compromise, chairman coolidge stopped in at the office speaker of the houseo get his blessing. it the congressman of mississippi happens to be with him, the speaker of the house is always a powerful legislative leader and is supportive in any action. the speaker says the compromise is a good idea. a warning bell calls the speaker to the house. the chairman takes a little electric railway train to the senate office building. senators and congressmen often have to move about a great deal from one meeting to another and this unusual little railway saves a great deal of time and effort. the page boys seem to like it too. the chairman arrives with a compromised plan, other members of the committee are already there. he tells the senators it is his opinion that the house will never pass the farm bill in the form it -- in which as been approved. the members of the committee discussed the compromise which they hope will make the passage of a good ill possible -- bill possible. the congressman has presented his case and has one approval -- won approval. just in time,

i think this is actually during the coolidge, or no, i think this is actually during truman. eventually we get to this moment in time where truman, who's obviously very interested in american history, he learns the lore behind this. that there are these objects in the white house. remember, we don't have an official collection yet. just sort of things that are in the house. things that have some sort of association with abraham lincoln. when he decides to do is designate a space on the second floor as the lincoln bedroom. up until that point in time, there was a lincoln study, the lincoln room, but it is with truman where it really becomes a guest bedroom, the lincoln bedroom. it pretty much stayed the same from truman up until the association funded a major refurbishing and renovation project during the george w. bush administration. this was a big thing that laura bush really wanted to do. she wanted the space, yes, it could still be the lincoln bedroom and could still house the furniture that mrs. lincoln purchased, but she wanted the interiors, the carpeting, the walls, t

so, i don't know what the mindset was of calvin coolidge. you may remember.inton was benefitting from the tech boom and that tech boom was fueling optimism and i think that trump benefitted greatly from that. neil: adam, what do you think? >> there's no doubt that the combination of cutting taxes, taking a machete to regulations and the other measures that the president put into place have beneficial impact on the stock market. i'm not sure that it reflects confidence among the entire economy, but certainly enough of the economy for there to have been this boom. you know, you pointed out earlier that president trump inherited a seven-year bull run and it's worth noting that the economy which people have criticized so much under president obama was fundamentally sound and trump did these things that helped make the economy at least in the short-term, in those three and a half years even better. neil: you know, maybe it was the mix, rebecca, before the president got his tax cuts through he got a lot of regulation cuts that continue to this day. now, a lot them

whitefield new hampshire the town of 2200 has hardly any country cases kevin smith coolidge is getting ready for the premiere it's amazing to be up here because i already love the place and. because i think it's safer i was instantly able to just sort of exhale. the fish is one of the 1st in the whole country to open up again. kevin has had to quarantine and get tested like everyone on his team were rehearsing in their her storeroom in masks and trying to sing and dance the show in a wholesome mess not easy but we did what was necessary oh oh gosh she was hot we did have to make some concessions artistically because of the pandemic me we knew that we had to we couldn't let adrienne see more kids the big day is here to go as are only allowed in to see the performance under the tightest safety nations television teams aren't allowed in under the new rule use was. was kevin's down at his restored a little bit of normality in the midst of a pandemic was successful everybody's healthy things are clean the theatre sanitized and people came tonight it sat and watched and laughed together. it

. >> chairman coolidge stepped into the offices of the speaker of the house. the congressman happens to be with mr. rayburn. his support is important in any action. the compromise is a good idea. a warning bell calls the speaker to the house. any day, the senators have to move about from one meeting to another and the page boys seem to like it, too. the chairman arrived at the joint session with a compromise plan. the members of the committee are already there. he tells the senators it's his opinion that the house will never pass the farm bill. they discuss the compromise, which they hope will make the passage of a good bill possible. >> a rational bull government that was a freedom -- a dream filled with unknowns. to maintain proportional representation, they required a periodic renumeration of the population. before the invention of the motion picture, it was the still picture that could provide a way to observe a phenomenon that cannot be stopped. colossal growth and movement. for 200 years in america it has been change. every 10 years, a detailed family po

question the most conservative candidate for president of a major party since the 1920s, since calvin coolidge. many political historians consider goldwater the pioneer of the reagan revolution. goldwater made a famous remark that quote, we are told that many people lack skills and cannot find jobs because they did not have an education. that's like saying that people have big feet because they have big shoes. the fact is that most people who have no skills have had no education for the same reason, low intelligence or low ambition, end quote. but it was in the area of foreign policy management that eisenhower -- i'm sorry, that johnson and goldwater differed the most. goldwater made a number of remarks in the campaign of 1964 that caused pundits to dub him the mad bomber. he remarked for fun i would like to lob a nuclear bomb into the men's room at the clem lynn. he actually said that. why it had to be the men's room, i don't know. there was the famous address when he accepted the nomination as republican candidate for president, goldwater stated on that occasion, quote, extremism in the defe

question the most conservative candidate for president of a major party since the 1920s, since calvin coolidge. many political historians consider goal water pioneer of the reagan revolution. goldwater made a famous remark throughout the 1964 campaign that we are told that many people lack skills and cannot find jobs, because they don't have an education. that is like saying people have big feat because they have big shoes. the fact is people that have no skills have no education for the same reason, low intelligence or low ambition and quote. but it was in the area of foreign policy management, that johnson and goldwater deferred the most. cold water made a number of remarks in the campaign of 64 that caused some pundits to dump him the mad bomber. on one occasion he remarked he said i would for final would like to lob a nuclear bomb into the mend room at the kremlin. he actually said. that why the men's, room i'm not sure, but that seemed to have made a lot of people very nervous. and in the words of course goal waters famous address at the republican national convention where he accepted th

but that split disappears and is papered over as the party supports harding and coolidge and in their election. >> i suppose the mugwumps are a point of comparison for the never campers. >> magazines with low circulation which actually didn't make money in most cases and the intellectual movement the roosevelt and henry cabot lodge did not support that they stayed with the republican a young man in his twenties would become very important leaders of the party. the never troopers in some sense represented people who democrats the upscale subs are one - - suburbs where he did worse than previous republicans in oakland county michigan affluent suburban area and in places with high degrees of the social connectedness that they write about in charles murray wrote about in his books about when people are socially connected in communities they don't vote for donald trump we saw that article in march 2016 in the primaries where trump is running very poorly in dutch american areas go those arean r areas that have protestant reformed churches which have close confusion and members are involved

and grace coolidge also, wearing the short skirts of the flapper era, sort of what miss nixon did, modulatingsome of the more exaggerated things. in a weird way, best truman is sort of fun because she wore gray, she wore navy blue and she wore clothes to make a statement of don't pay any attention to me. good thank you very much. >> carl, thank you. we will all see you in the east room. i hope you enjoy your lunch. yeah [applause] the hudson is a 1968 down by the naval white house

grace coolidge also, you know, wearing the very short skirts of the flapper era, sort of like what mrson did, moderating some of the more exaggerated things. in a weird way bess truman is kind of fun. she wore gray, navy blue and she wears clothes to make a statement of don't pay any attention to me. thank you very much. >> carl, thank you. we'll see you all in the east room. i hope you enjoy your lunch. >>> you're watching american history tv. every weekend on c-span3, explore our nation's past. american history tv on c-span3 created by american cable television companies. these are the companies that provide american history tv as a public service. >>> weeknights this month we're featuring american history tv programs as a preview of what's available every weekend on c-span3. tonight we look at the yalta conference. the decisions made there in february 1945 had huge ramifications for post world war ii europe. we begin with a u.s. war department documentary on this final meeting of the big 3. soviet premier joseph stalin, winston churchill, and u.s. president franklin roosevelt. this

don't believe it did during world war ii, the roosevelt f:l years, but otherwise it did during the coolidgeand hoover and truman, and up through the eisenhower years. those white house garden parties for veterans were held. >> sorry about that. all right. so let's transition into our q&a. we have a bunch of great questions for you tonight. unfortunately y don't know that we'll be able to get through all of them, but let's see what we can get through. all right, so first question we have a question from denise from ohio, and she says on the anniversary of 9/11, i was reminded about how first lady laura bush was a terrific first lady for that time in our history. in what ways do you think that florence harding was or wasn't the best fit for her time? >> i think she was the best possible fit because even though she was an older woman, she embodied authentically the notion of the new woman, sometimes caricatured as the flapper. she even wore shorter dresses and styles maybe not necessarily the most flattering to her, but representing a certain sense of liberation. and she also had a navy combo

and others, so there didn't seem to be that rigidity that you saw in the hoover, not, only but the coolidge-- seems like you are eating a lot of food here. he was very nosy. not his persona because he's laissez-faire, hands off. not with the food. >> but about the wilson administration because he segregated the civil servants? >> they still had the segregation in place from the tufted ministration, but wilson, i don't know if you know this but he was a southerner. there were a lot of reports of him celebrating the southern food cooked by white house staff. so i don't know about interaction between wilson and others. there was so more it seemed in the harding administration, but he love their food. >> so the hoarding in ministration did? what >> the harding administration seem to have a feeling of camaraderie, harding was very big on waffles, he loved waffles, he was eating a lot of waffles. so the cricket would make the waffles was celebrated in newspaper articles, he talked about how much he'd like their waffles. the name was alice howard. what's that? waffles on waffles. he waffled in a g

true or false, kelvin coolidge also known as silent cal liked a petroleum jelly run on his head during he thought it was good for his health. >> i mean that is so insane it has to be true. schematics before and true it is. that is correct. you and leslie are now tied. dave got to catch up this is the last round. who's the only presidential candidate to be married three times. al gore #ross perot? donald trump? or joe biden? select donald trump. before donald trump is correct. dave you are now tied with the ladies. all right leslie your last question. he was the youngest president barack obama? jfk? james monroe? or bill clinton? >> you can also press your luck in double or nothing here. >> oh. i think it is supreme and press your luck? >> it's either jfk barack obama. i'm going to go jfk. kennedy: see what to press your luck we want to lose all your points what he would it do? >> you know i haven't press my so let's do that before it paid off you have four points now. oh my gosh leslie that was exciting the correct answer is jfk britt all right emily the only way you can tie the game a

distinguish between a proamerican agenda which is what trump did which is what reagan did which is what coolidgeh to figure out how to work together? work together on what exactly? >> when i became speak or, very first friday after the election, i happen to be speaking at the heritage foundation. and i said, i will cooperate but i will not compromise. and that was the basis of everything we did for the four years i was speaker. we ought to have the same attitude here. we're -- if he really wants unity talk with him about what unity is and use word unity and mean surrender he wongt get anything and that is very disappointed that lincoln new secretary of state was not even asked about the money that the institution he headed up for -- biden got prochina as i mention earlier it is blinken ho is presiding over 20, 30 million dollars coming coming from commt china biden is out here as a presidential candidate. now i would have thought there was a place for republicans who would legitimately have said we're going to pull your nomination on hold until you release the information. so we can figure out h

because i live in new york, there's only one other outlet, and it was dry walled over during the coolidgethat has overwhelmed hospitals, an unprecedented economic collapse that has plunged millions into joblessness and food scarcity, and a botched vaccine rollout that has states saying they're about to run out of doses, we also have a violent authoritarian movement that tried to overthrow democracy, led by a former president facing an impeachment trial for, uh, what was it for again? >> there will be a trial and when that trial ends, senators will have to decide if they believe donald john trump incited the erection, insurrection, against the united states. >> seth: well, if erection is the charge, then we certainly don't want him to beat it. [ scream ] and they thought we were gonna run out of material. “they should do a csi mar-a-lago.” “shut up!” [ laughter ] i don't need you rolling your eyes at me the only bummer about schumer's gaff was that it happened on a friday when we were dark, so the only person i could tell my “beat it” to joke to was my wife but she bought noise cancelling

1921 to dedicate this location and then the memorial was built and opened in ' 26, as lora said, coolidges president. vice president in '21, came back as president in '26. so it really represents for me the very essence of the american participatory democracy. people gather around causes that matter. there were many memorials established across the u.s. this one is at scale. and also, the founders established a museum at the time. so began collecting in 1920, and chose at that time to collect from all the countries, which further differentiates this work and if need be, i can make comment about that later on. more recently, it's undertaken a massive renewal of more than $100 million raised by locals in the late '80s, early '90s when defred deferred maintenance caught up with the facility. in the late '80s, early '90s is when the deferred maintenance caught up. fund-raising late '90s, 2000s. new museum established and a renovated memorial, which is what you see in the picture there. so a wonderful story, i think. you know, midwest, grassroots fund-raising and ingenuity. >> one thing that's

test.bbgxo pew tonight are students from calvin coolidge high school in washington, d.c. they participated in a podcast with me and wonderful students. and i would like them to stand. are they here? [ applause ] and so tonight, they're in the president's pew. and one thing we like to think of as educators, as we plant the seat and water the seed, but we may never see the results of that education. and we hope one day, these students and their peers are back here, maybe as president of the united states, sitting in the president's pew. and it's great to have them here this evening. we have the privilege of having two wonderful presenters tonight, david rubenstein is the cofounder and co-executive chairman of the carlyle group. he has been the chairman of the board and held senior governance positions with many organizations that you're very familiar with, including the smithsonian institution, the john f. kennedy memorial performing arts center, which is the living memorial for president kennedy, the harvard corporation, duke university, council on foreign relations, and m

but at the same time he praises calvin coolidge for cracking down on the boston police strike.n has his stroke, he's basically out of the picture. and his cabinet is divided. on one hand, you have palmer, the secretary of state lancing, albert burleson and probably most importantly, john tomely who is on the crackdown side of the reds. on the other hand, you have his secretary of labor, secretary of the interior, the secretary of the navy and the secretary of the agriculture who says they've gone too far. but no one is able to stop a. mitchell palmer. there's good historical evidence that in the midst of this red scare, herbert hoover is investigating both wilson and lane for their opposition to the justice department's crackdown. this is a fair question. maybe we can get to it in the question and answer -- how much of this was all sort of self-interest and some of the key players and how much of it were, you know, really believing that there were problems. how does this end? we'll open it up for questions. we've gone over time. a couple of reasons why this thing sort of ebbs o

but at the same time, he praises calvin coolidge for cracking down on the strike. wilson has a stroke. he sat in the picture and his count is divided. on one hand you have palmer. secretary of state, lansing, albert, the postmaster general, and probably most important, his chief advisor, who is on the crackdown site. on the other hand, you have the secretary of labor, his secretary of the interior, the secretary of the navy, who have said he's gone too far. but no one is able to stop mitchell palmer. what's interesting is that there's good historical evidence that in the midst of the red scare herbert hoover is actually investigating both wilson and lane to their opposition to the justice department's crackdown. this is a fair question. maybe we can get to it in the question and answer. how much of this was all sort of self interest in some of the key players? and how much of it was really believing that there were problems? how does this and. will go for questions. i beg your indulgence. a couple of reasons why this ups out. the first is of those 3600 strikes that