dr. francis collins is a very wonderful expert on this, and is a very sober person. he told this to sam stein of the huffington post, if he says it, and i don't think he's given to hyperbo hyperbole, i think he means it. they have been coping with cuts. we lived through a period of austerity where both parties at times have looked for cuts and they've looked to some of our health funding and particularly prevention and containment programs, which are labor intensive. it may seem that we're not dealing with a pandemic, so we don't need this department. but it's like a fire department. they might sit around for a while, but you need them when there's a fire. so there's a notion that has hurt infrastructure and research, absolutely. >> sema, your view on the budget cuts, has it affected the possibility of a vaccine to have been found by now? >> absolutely. and not just vaccines, but also public health preparedness. when i was working at the cdc, we had consistent cuts in public health funding. we always felt like we were trying to do more on less year after year. preparedness is one of the keys