when the ussr fell, estonia regained its freedom, and in 2004, it joined the european union.unding rate since the fall of the soviet union. its business district shines with the same glass and steel gleam you'll find in any modern city. yet nearby are the rugged and fully intact medieval walls, and the town within these ramparts has a beautifully preserved old-world ambiance. among medieval cities in the north of europe, none are as well preserved as tallinn. the town hall square was a marketplace through the centuries. its fine old buildings are a reminder that tallinn was once an important medieval trading center. today it's a touristy scene, full of people just having fun. through the season, each midday, cruise-ship groups congest the center as they blitz the town in the care of local guides. like many tourist zones, tallinn's is a commercial gauntlet. here there's a hokey torture museum, strolling russian dolls, medieval theme restaurants complete with touts, and enthusiastic hawkers of ye olde taste treats. woman: [ laughs ] steves: but just a couple blocks away is, for

we couldn't possibly tell who's responsible for this cyber assault on estonia. they are looking at it over here at the technical level. if you want to see past that to the political truths behind that, it does not have to be difficult. nato might make it difficult, but that's different from the dynamics of the underlying conflict. likewise, the cyber attacks are easy to warn about or they are more easy to warn about than we've been told, because you don't have to stare down the wire looking for the evil ones in zeros, you can look at the overall dynamics of the conflict, the geopolitical realities, and the geopolitical realities are that cyber attacks, cyber conflicts, tend to follow physical conflicts and physical attacks. if you see a protest at the world bank, you can expect there's going to be an online protest at the world bank. if you see an ongoing conflict in the east china sea or south china sea, a dust-up over natural gas deliveries in eastern and central europe from russia, you can guess that there's going to start being a cyber conflict or a cyber co

it's important to estonia and important to the united states, but it can't be the be all-end all. our relationship with the u.k., our relationship with france, our relationship with germany, our relationship with italy which has stood up every time when we rang the bell, they opened the door, which is always welcome and then stepped through it with real capabilities. those are important relationships. and those countries will have to take the lead in providing the capabilities that are necessary for nato to be partners. it's not going to be done by the smaller allies, even those who are -- and they're small in number -- even those who are willing and able to step up to the plate. it will have to rely on the u.k. it will have to rely on france. it will have to rely on germany. my point on germany is that it is perhaps underperforming on the strategic level in a way that isn't good for the united states. i will leave it up to the europeans and germany whether it's good for germany. >> terrific. let me come to the last round. we'll take a couple questions here and turn first to fred.

, which while we appreciate what estonia does is not going to be the backbone of this. poland comes close to 2%. and clearly, it is something that needs to be recognized. but overall, our european allies are not spending enough on defense. the consequences are real. so our biggest allies are the ones where the problems are likely to be the worst down the line. in the united kingdom, we have seen a progress of cuts in military capability. by 2020, by some estimates, britain will have 19 surface combatants in his mighty royal navy. its nuclear modernization will account for 35% of its procurement budget over the next ten years, effectively meaning that we're having a 25% cut in capability over the next decade. in france, resourcing of its defense forces is not being cut as dramatically as in the uk but is being cut by having spending being held at real terms in zero percent growth which will result in a cut in capabilities. we can see this in operations while france was able to deploy forces in mali, it could only be sustained by having a significant contribution, not onl

because one of the things i show in my book was germany was spying to estonia, using the same spy who is spying for the russians. so the real point is that almost every country spies on other countries and bigger countries spy a lot. germany has an electronic intelligence services who cued up data and analyses it. so i can see where there's this sort of tremendous neurotic outrage in germany because of the history and so on. but the reality is rather different. germany and america are on the same spy when it comes to spying, but they also spy on each other. >> edward snowden has been offered a job by the russians and also one from the germans. whatever happened to life after whistle blowing where you're about to be never employed ever again. >> i think edward snowden is having a tough time because he has to live in moscow. >> he would disagree with you. >> i'm not sure. people in moscow tend to be cueing up outside the american embassy to go and live there. and he insists he's not a traitor and he hasn't given his tough to the russians. the americans don't believe him. they're still d

collapsed and next january we will be eighteen so three new countries and the yahoo area slovakia estonia and latvia and do you even knew that we have created since the setting up of the you hole a little bit more net jobs than even the us the united states of america so you should not be entirely negative. but the question is because you keep speaking about the crisis that came from over the ocean the crisis there isn't over there america is going through a very deep fiscal crisis in the your area going to be going to continue and be resilient because they keep printing money and raising their debt ceiling how's that going after that player and i think that again we have to be absolutely clear in my own understudy we experienced. being the crisis of the advanced economy you had crazies of the america you had crisis of the asian countries you had crises of soviet union you had crisis in many many places of the world for the first time since world war two we had a crisis which was specific to the advanced economy exactly like twenty night was also a crisis on the industrialized economy of

unless you live in tallinn in estonia where it's free it's not the locals and in most countries ticket as i run the riots in france that triggered something of a ripple. well no still on and be healed see themselves as a band of merry men planning and doing jumbo for the better years to get a free ride on the commuter train. they know they are risking a fine. so we did take precautions. the will of most people go through the barriers here in the hall we don't want to draw attention to ourselves so we're better off going around the other side. there are fewer people. and there's less chance of getting caught it is. the monthly pass with a repeat win in the interest costs one hundred to eighteen euros. and that's more than these young men are willing to pay. it was still appeal to the prices are a rip off and i don't say that just because i'm broke. i don't think it's right that you should have to pay so much for transport if it should be trained. but it should be completely paid for with taxpayers' money. it's good to me riding without a ticket as an act of civil disobedience vessels. s

he said he can sneak off and the yen has a young male goat move to estonia. not many people in russia are willing to write about it as personal fortune on his website. opposition politician boris mins to reach the manatees available to pretend. twenty villas. a number of dots and forty three aircraft. going alone on board the presidential plane costs and sixty thousand euros. most ordinary russians remember to choose his own to deal with the nepotism associated with its predecessor. forest hill team. it teaches you to make you sneeze you get the reality of the past years the citizens had been robbed simply rocked the end of this property on the one and two thousand luxury houses on the other where did the money for them come from. the sugar was given to him. these days on the official inquiries carry a certain amount of risk. when he left russia to again has a young had to leave his wife and children behind. the kremlin has no comment on putin's personal wealth. yet they still are telling you something that they don't stand a chance against the power of the k

collapsed and next january we will be eighteen so three new countries and the yahoo area slovakia estonia and latvia and do you even knew that we have created since the setting up of the you hole a little bit more net jobs than even the us the united states of america so you should not be entirely negative. but the question is because you keep speaking about the crisis that came from over the ocean the crisis there isn't over there america is going through a very deep fiscal crisis in the your area going to be turning to continue and be resilient because they keep printing money and raising their debt ceiling how's that going after that player and there is no i think that again we have to be absolutely clear in my own under-study we experienced. being the crisis of the advanced economy you had crises of the. you had crises of the asian countries you had crises of soviet union you had crisis in many many places of the world for the first time since world war two we had a crisis which was specific to the advanced economy exactly like twenty ninth was also a crisis on the industrialized econ

in estonia. stan is planning to receive three million visitors during the expo. all the documentation has been already submitted to the specialized agencies for consideration. they should be adopted at the hundred fifty fifth session of the general assembly of the international exhibition spiro. this will mean that awesome or worse even official status as the expo two thousand seventeen host and the official symbol and also the flag of the vip. national unity is the main bases of the country's success the assembly of the people of context and initiated an international conference of peace and harmony on the eve of the day of the first president of kazakhstan the conference but dissidents including foreign experts and representatives that talked about the importance of the right wing policy that end he stressed the importance of this institute as assembly of the people of kazakhstan and expressed a desire to learn from experience of such associations for their countries oh well till next week. thus i believe that the assembly of the people of kazakhstan and the pr

sydney the nation preparing for the om think of all an attack from the north against him in the states estonia six thousand nato soldiers stationed on the borders to defend the allied nations russia initially protested the war games and they soon changed its tone. a russian officer and seventy exit sign says moscow respects night to write to train its soldiers we were greeted with an aunt and to criticize israel and to watch the ministry says it's maneuvers just like nature centers come to watch os. it is now on if it's cos we recognize the fact that soldiers have to try to go forward. the railway to go to the river. a stony and tensed and tomas him to get a sense the exercises was small in comparison to brushes with the pattern has conducted an offensive exercise with ten times the amount of troops that are involved here remain long ago planned defence of exercise i mean is this a guy guess is useful for domestic use or something. europe's baltic states and on and on ninety eight to conduct small minute rex's sizes. a considerable gains a sign of strength. nato secretary general and this fall

examination that this woman's home and just outside that to most hr ten km andd from where we are here in estonia and the whole fish detoxification dollars and this investigation at the moment is that it is the suspicious deaths but tardy or two for the conference here a day for deceiving. i would expect at that stage that the investigation would be declared a martyr investigation that was a very tragic set of circumstances surrounding us and that's according to the local people who are familiar and with the backgrounds know the woman is not native to this area she is and in her aged in her car she was aged in her fifties and when she moved to mix not upload two years the pool with her song and she a is described as being deported to him at organizing flight the next and sends an a a few things i've had with him and therefore it known to be quite the people. although the bar scene regularly around the village and neighbors became concerned this morning. a nineteen year old man has been arrested and she's currently being questioned here at the store garda station behind me and so we are expecting

for estonia, to me we are well away from article 5 on that. if i had been at the white house during that point, i would have told the president ignore all the other countries, some of the attacks are coming from the u.s. stop those, but russia's the country responsible here. pick up the phone and call mr. putin, tell him here is what we are going to do. we are going to tell cyber command to start military plan ing for counterstrikes and start making similar calls. all sorts of stuff you can do that can start putting on military diplomatic pressure that stays within these asymmetries. cancelling visas. we've got so many other elements of state power we can use if we can get ourselves out of this technical bit. cyber exercises help encourage this view of worries about the technical bit. so many exercises seem to get us into this you can't tell who it is, it's happening speed of light aspect that make it more difficult. i think we tend to always jump to those difficult scenarios. i would love that we exercise simple scenarios. we know who it is.

what about all those regional offices where the german and baylor roots in lithuania, estonia where thesecrimes occur? was going on out there in the field they get into those hard copies and start to understand and imagine the scope of the violence occurring in the open era setting outside of those killing centers like i should end now if your family are with the work of someone like timothy snyder, blood land, it's even more apparent to us now, more evident as close to half of it is of the holocaust perished outside of peace gaseous centers in the open air mass shootings, and together liquidations, during the deportations, and the use communities, okay? my first trip in the summer of 1992, i made my way to the sheik omar regional archive about 100 miles -- hundred miles and the reason why i went there was because i figured out from my advisors were, richard brightman wrote an excellent study of heinrich himmler, the head of the whole ss police apparatus that hitler had is headquarters in finance, about 50, 60 miles south. so i thought come here is an interesting place. it's in the heart

we have fbi agents now embedded with police departments around the world, including in romania, estonia ukraine and the netherlands to identify emerging threats because of these threats know no boundaries and move at the speed of light, i tried to identify the key bad actors. but i should add, as hard as we are working to work better together, it's essential the private sector work effectively with a government. the private sector is in almost every circumstance the victims of cybercrime and cyber intrusions, and we need your help to stop them. let me finish b my just sing a couple of words about how i think you and your colleagues in congress can help us combat these threats to carry out our mission. when i became director, i did not talk about the challenge chi would say that i knew it would be a hard job. i discovered that the threat, the challenge i faced most near field is the budget challenge impose on the fbi by sequestrasequestra sequestration. i'm starting a situation where i need to reduce almost 10% of our budget this year. we are eliminating 3500 decisions and face the prosp

in estonia, our ambassador led an intensive outreach effort to encourage tech startups to come to the united states. in canada, embassy officers worked with a local automotive firm in order to invest tens of millions of dollars in michigan where the american auto industry is now making a remarkable comeback. all over the world, working hard to help businesses meet their goals, the state department is engaged with a new level of intensity and focus because of the nature of the global marketplace. we believe we can do more and we are going to do more. starting in 30 markets that represent more than 90% of all the foreign investment the country. so what does that mean for business leaders like you? it means that you will now have a single point of contact to connect your company with our market and investors and the economic front organizations who are here to help you and your businesses grow. just the other week i met with a group of ceos in indonesia, and some of them expressed frustration to me with some of the foreign governments who preach the principle of open markets but then act