learn about the gettysburg address. and you can introduce any other speeches that you think are important to helping us understand the thesis of your book. >> thanks. let me start by saying that plenty of people have looked at the gettysburg address and seen classical greek overtones, and those are unquestionably there. gary wells famously drew attention to those, very actively to this. the speeches also suffused with biblical language and a biblical ideal of morality. it's the beginning, in my view, of lincoln articulating his own moral vision of the entire history of the united states. in the second inaugural address, which maybe we will come to in our next round of conversation, he is most explicit about doing that. in my, view he's starting to do that in the gettysburg address. the three score and seven is self consciously double sizing, it's biblical. to the americans of the 19 century, almost all of whom were protestants, biblical language meant general morality. 19th century americans believed that reality was de

that's what the gettysburg. is just anchored in and then the second inaugural and i don't think this is maybe been noted enough, but it is actually anchored in 1619 if you do the math the reference to you know, 250 years of the slaves unrequited toil that takes you to 1615. he's of course rounding the number off. so lincoln is aware of the origin date of slavery on the american continent. so i argue that lincoln really tells the story of america and helps us understand america through these three significant dates those two texts and the relationship between those texts and and slavery in the united states. so i think the second inaugural really deserves to be known as as the original and actually better 1619 project. so but to go to the the lyceum address the speech that he gives as a young man. i think it's a remarkable address. it's diagnosis of the dangers that lincoln sees abroad in the land at the time and more general diagnosis of the problems. that democracy is always prone to so what lincoln's notes is

in gettysburg. you have a 22-year-old officer, who has seen some experience. he has been horribly wounded in battle. >> he has one functional arm. >> he is literally going into battle with an arm in a sling almost an r -- after his wounding. he is leading a bunch of students who had never heard a shot fired in anger. >> what could go wrong? >> what quran! [laughs] >> despite the, he and the 20 thinks pennsylvania are going to march out on the morning of june 26, 1863. they are going to take up a position on harsh creek along the gas tom pikes outside gettysburg, pennsylvania, to face lees battle hardened veterans of the army of northern virginia. i can't even imagine what is going to disguise mine this morning. looking out, looking to the west, you see a long column of guys plaid and gray and butternut marching towards you. slater did not know that these were men of you will score. these are hardened veterans. they are being escorted by the battalion of confederate cavalry as they advance through th

was the pennsylvania college not gettysburg college and the lutheran theological seminary in gettysburg. i have a 22-year-old officer. >> is one of functional arm frequencies literally leading a bunch of students who have never heard a shot fired in anger. what could go wrong? >> despite this, despite this he and the 26th pennsylvania 1863 and they're going to take up a position on marsh creek along cashtown north of gettysburg pennsylvania to face lee's keep looking out, looking to the west seeing a long column of guys clad in gray and butternut marching to you. they will be escorted by a battalion of the confederate calvary as they advanced to the pennsylvania countryside. in one of those weird twist of fate weird luck has a weird way of popping up in life and who's in the calvary show? none other than a large white. with two men representing loudoun county. one allowed and borne one but adopted to loudoun county. opposite sides of the battlefield. on luckily for luther slater i say what can be good and what can be bad. now you're turning it around your giving me a hard time for an. >

gettysburg as the 19th century normandy. normandy is the 20th century gettysburg. at some level, associating the two drew dwight eisenhower to this convenient place. gettysburg is located between york and washington. it was kind of a>> at any ratea nightly affair in our home. interestingly, that was a kind of substitute for talking about world war ii. world war ii was not encouraging our house. i was not discouraged from learning about world war ii. one of the reason i took up eisenhower's war was to fill in the gaps. i was conscious that the second world war, the european theater, that was something that my grandfather and father had uncommon that i was not a part of. this was awesome object they declined to discuss casually. they discussed the americans of war with enthusiasm. this was also the area of the late 50s, the early 60s. we were approaching the centennial anniversary of the events of the civil war. publishers were turning out book after book. there is always something to discuss every week. in the course of this, i get the sense from my father and grand

from why was gettysburg informed? two more years of war, more casualties after gettysburg and before gettysburg, or property destroyed and civilians turned homeless, what the heck gettysburg accomplish other than turning back a movement by lee? my was it. let's look at it as leave unit because we are heading to phase two of my copyrighted history of lee. this was his first crisis. as he saw it, he had every advantage in the campaign, he believed the time of the battle's soldiers were fit incompetent, he controlled the top of the campaign and battle forcing the enemy to react to him. he had several clear opportunities to smash the union army that he could not produce a decisive victory at the time made it very clear to him he could not do it at any time. how did we react? 1863, he resigned. jefferson davis refused to accept it but what stood out to me in his letter was when he said i cannot even accomplish what i myself and desire. we mentally regrouped and crafted himself a new mission in place of the great victory wi

when we lived in gettysburg. with my father and my grandfather nearby, i grew up sort of attending a seamless seminar on military history. i would've called my grandfather a natural. the gettysburg national park is a special place. and in the sense he had served, i think just the inspirational setting, the association between gettysburg and white eyes and hours test, the normandy battle, they are in a sense, parallel event. normandy is the 20th century gettysburg in many ways. i think at some level, associating dwight eisenhower to this convenient place between new york and washington. anyway, it was kind of a substitute for talking about world war ii. i was not discouraged from learning about world war ii but one of the reason i took it up was to fill in gaps. i was conscious that the second world war and the european gator was something that my grandfather and father had in common that i was not a part of. the subject that they declined to discuss casually, but they discussed with enthusiasm the american civil

more casualties after gettysburg than before gettysburg. more property destroyed. more civilians turned homeless. what the heck to gettysburg accomplish? other than turning back a movement by lee? that was it. so let's look at this as leave unit. we're heading to phase two of my copyrighted history of lee. this was in fact his first crisis. as he saw it. he had had every advantage in the campaign. he believed that the time of the battle his soldiers were fit and confident. he controlled the temple -- tempo of the campaign in battle forcing the enemy to react to him. he had several clear opportunities to smash the union army. that he could not produce a decisive victory at that time made it very clear to him he could not do it at anytime. how did lee react? august 8th, 1863, he resigned. jefferson davis refused to accepted but the point that stood out to me in his letter to davis was when he said i cannot even accomplish what i myself desire. so lee mentally reuben crafted himself a new mission. in place of the great victory, he would harry and away union forces to

more casualties after gettysburg than before gettysburg. more property destroyed. more civilians turned homeless. what the heck to gettysburg accomplish? other than turning back a movement by lee? that was it. so let's look at this as leave unit. we're heading to phase two of my copyrighted history of lee. this was in fact his first crisis. as he saw it. he had had every advantage in the campaign. he believed that the time of the battle his soldiers were fit and confident. he controlled the temple -- tempo of the campaign in battle forcing the enemy to react to him. he had several clear opportunities to smash the union army. that he could not produce a decisive victory at that time made it very clear to him he could not do it at anytime. how did lee react? august 8th, 1863, he resigned. jefferson davis refused to accepted but the point that stood out to me in his letter to davis was when he said i cannot even accomplish what i myself desire. so lee mentally reuben crafted himself a new mission. in place of the great victory, he would harry and away union forces to

it was a close run thing at gettysburg. it's also true about gettysburg. came very very close to success. it was not a rash decision and it was not an unprincipled and thoughtless decision. it almost worked and i have say this bluntly i for one and grateful that it did not because the consequence of that if we had been successful at gettysburg oh my goodness the army of the potomac having been beaten on so many fields so many times could very likely have gone to pieces. lee had a full and open field in front of him. there would have been a demand for peace negotiations. alexander stevens the vice president of the confederacy was on the boat in the chesapeake day waiting to come to washington and what would he have said the abraham lincoln if he had and we would have had a balkanized north america. if the north and the south divided do you think it would have stopped there? no. there would have been a civic confederacy and we would have had in north america almost a repeat of always on the balkans in the 1990s and then, and then what would have been availab

we know a new birth of freedom in 1863 right here in gettysburg. we've got to do our part.braham lincoln told us in 1863 after the battle of gettysburg that rather it is for us the living to be dedicated to the unfinished work. it is our job on tuesday to take back our state, it is our job to maintain this republic, our job to ensure our kids and grandkids have the same freedoms we grew up with. the burdens on our shoulders. last but not least, there is one thing i like that john fetterman said the other day, when he accused oz of rolling with mastriano. just down the road, we have the flight 93 memorial and we remember todd beamer and his fighting

we know the new birth of freedom right here in can and gettysburg. we've got to do our part. abraham lincoln told us after the terrible battle of gettysburg that it is for us, the living, to be dedicated to the unfinished work. it is our job on tuesday to take back our state. it is our job to maintain this republic.

lincoln says it's on his side, of course, in the gettysburg address. he says he's fighting for its central value of equality. but we've seen that's not its central value. not in 1776. its central then is actually something more like national self-determination. people can decide their government isn't doing what it was supposed to and they can change it. that's what the american revolutionaries did. that's what the secessionists, too. and they said this. they published of causes explaining why secession was justified. and they often invoked the declaration of independence in the name the declaration of independence. they said, we declare our independence pretty straightforward. lincoln, by contrast, was saying more like in the name of the declaration independence, which says that just comes from the consent of the governed, that people can change their government. i not let you change your government. i will use military force to compel you to stay the union. and then i will remake your society against your will without, your consent. so who a better c

gettysburg will be commissioned will open in boston in 1884 followed by philadelphia. york and 85 and 86 respectively but over the decade of the 1880s, they're roughly 40 to 50. we don't even know exactly how many of these cycloramas were created and initially there's initial permanent buildings soon gave way to these these cycloramas traveling all over the country, but the short version of the story is that they quickly saturated the market and there are newspaper accounts that say people just can't they have no interest in these anymore because they've seen so many of them at this point. you can only visit the cyclorama so many times before you you no longer feel the need to go get it but it is to go visit it but it's a money-making venture not just for the artists who create them but for the stock holders that invest in them, but also there are all of these different ways which people are our building off of this you have the in milwaukee the studios that are created to pump out these massive paintings you have street cars that organize that that develop simply to t

and i think it's the cyclorama's first home in gettysburg after a traveled? >> right, this is 1913 to 1962, home of the cyclorama, once it had already been -- >> yeah, so originally, these large paintings are traveling around the country, right? are they reaching a national market? or -- >> well, let me back up just a little bit and say that, cyclorama's, panoramas had come from europe, and they tried to bring them in the late 18 century, early 19th century, and he simply did not take off. there are several artists who go flat broke in trying to depict different landscapes, and such scenes. and finally, in the wake of the civil war, it comes to the philadelphia, the centennial event in 1876, and that's a big success. but it's really in the wake of the war that will be, who's a department store owner, who had been from new york, and ultimately moves to chicago, decides that he can capitalize on these magnificent paintings by using battle scenes that will evoke something more in the landscapes and some of the european ones that have been traveling in the u.s..

an intimate portrait gettysburg, the last invasion and lightning. a new history of the civil and reconstruction to name just a few of those titles. a columnist from. the weekly standard has written that alan gazzo is one of the most acclaimed civil war historians and one of the country's foremost lincolns scholars. he is the first two time winner of the lincoln prize in 2000 for abraham lincoln redeemer, president and in 2005 for lincoln's emancipation proclamation. the end of slavery in. gales holds as both graceful and erudite. indeed almost poetic. he is of comfortable with military topics, as he is with political, social social and economical aspects of the war and its aftermath. please give a warm to allen guelzo as he speaks us about the unhappy fate of fitz john porter. thank you for sharing. first of all, let me say how eagerly i have anticipated being with you all at this art of command conference. not the least. because it allows me to be part of a program organized by childs burden, who has been who has been trying to work me into one of

formerly, he was professor of history at gettysburg college, where i attended two of his talks while visiting the battlefield. i was very impressed with his knowledge and his speaking skills. and he has been on my list of historians to have here at the art of command conference for sometime now. allen grew up in pennsylvania and focused his career on biblical studies, receiving his b s degree from karen university in bucks county. he earned his masters degree in divinity from the reformed episcopal seminary near philadelphia, where he taught church history for a number of years. while earning both his masters and his doctors degrees in history from the university of pennsylvania. he became a member of the faculty of eastern university in st. david,'s pennsylvania. and the 2004, left there to join the faculty at gettysburg college, where he taught until his recent move to princeton. in 2018, allen was awarded the bradley prize for his outstanding contributions which have shaped important debate, thought and research about the most critical periods of american history. in 2013, he rece

an intimate portrait gettysburg, the last invasion and lightning. a new history of the civil and reconstruction to name just a few of those titles. a columnist from. the weekly standard has written that alan gazzo is one of the most acclaimed civil war historians and one of the country's foremost lincolns scholars. he is the first two time winner of the lincoln prize in 2000 for abraham lincoln redeemer, president and in 2005 for lincoln's emancipation proclamation. the end of slavery in. gales holds as both graceful and erudite. indeed almost poetic. he is of comfortable with military topics, as he is with political, social social and economical aspects of the war and its aftermath. please give a warm to allen guelzo as he speaks us about the unhappy fate of fitz john porter. thank you for sharing. first of all, let me say how eagerly i have anticipated being with you all at this art of command conference. not the least. because it allows me to be part of a program organized by childs burden, who has been who has been trying to work me into one of

i will say that stephen oates did not make himself invisible that night in gettysburg, or, in my view, ever in the end in whatever format he chose. stephen did make subjects live in a living world and even when committed to what he later called the drudgery of painstaking research, he molded it in the language of literature to evoke and dramatize his dramatized lives through the novelistic techniques. but not through invention itself, recreating what andre moore called the magnificent poetry of life more, while also said that a happy relationship is a long conversation, always seems too short. stephen oates a long and bracing conversation with history. but though he lived to be fourscore years and five, i will always think conversation was too short as a critic. once said of one of stephen's books. the minute you finish it, you will want more. i may be a glutton for illumination and. i suspect many of his admirers are. but he left us wanting more. and all the great writers do. today, we gather, explore the confluence, research, drama and indeed poetry in service to biography and publi

and he's also known for roles such as major general george pickett in the movie gettysburg. and as confederate general thomas stonewall jackson in god's in generals and i saw somebody with a copy of god's generals that was getting it signed earlier today. so we're very happy to have him here today. so please welcome. stephen lang when 50,000 people gathered here. 100 years ago to dedicate this memorial they heard speeches from an american president from a former president. and from the head of a historically black land-grant college in alabama founded under a loss signed by the man honored in this magnificent building abraham lincoln yet as we know it was an imperfect. dedication but one thing it was a segregated one it would take marian anderson. dr. martin luther king to write that wrong for memorial and indeed for this nation, but for now i'll take you back. may 1922 century ago this month when americans even americans denied the full promise of lincoln's new birth of freedom. could hear and inside this building they could read. the words that at least promised a more per

the gettysburg address is a completely different speech.an really see how specifically focused the entire speech was on the audience, just more conservative then only conservative evangelicals. it is incredibly straightforward and narrow. >> what did you get from the speech writers? this is something a lot of you guys are going to be doing, maybe not for a president. but i guarantee you that some of you in the years ahead will be doing internships, maybe for politicians, maybe for an advocacy group. some of you are going to be writing speeches. what did you get out of these two chapters, won by a republican, won by a democrat? >> in both cases, everyone wants their input, especially wants to have their own ideas emphasized in their speeches. it doesn't matter whether you are democrat or republican. it feels like each politician has a different agenda. also proofreading is extremely important. >> yes. again, in the case of the -- there was a proofreading fail. >> [inaudible] noon in wants to infuse all these colorful imagery into their speec

he could recite the gettysburg address in english, which was pretty remarkable. he, when you go to shanghai, he was very, very popular and shanghai which was his power base and taxi drivers always had stories about him and, and then you come into the huge, entire year after that. and the stories and the technocrats come in. and now we have, she didn't being who courses another stage in some ways of communist rule in china and that he's very much hard line the communist party figure, not to say the young men didn't oversee his own share of them, of events that were controversial, including the crackdown on the fallen gong movement, the spiritual movement which was led to a lot of people being arrested and killed, to we know what he thought of shipping. and he, he was this. i think he was the skeptic because he led the shanghai faction, which i was supposedly in opposition to, to see jim things function at the party congress last year. he very, he had a large magnifying glass and he was kept looking at his watch during shipping speech. and things are that he, he, h

i think this is from the second day of gettysburg.63, the dead in the wheat field, the biggest battle ever fought in new york america, the most consequentially important battle of the civil war. it has to be there. it's facing a page on the right which shows people looking at the list of the dead from gettysburg outside a newspaper office in new york city. the tphotographs begin to talk o one another, but this is about the horror of the civil war. >> can i just ask you, as someone who has covered history so much, the good, the bad, the ugly, we turn to historians almost as therapists as we cover every day a new unprecedented headline or news cycle. none of it seems very good as of late. how are you feeling about the currents state of not just politics, but our rhetoric, americans living together, coexisting in a country that as unique as ours? we're in a major, major crisis. i feel like there were three before this time, the civil war, the great depression and the second world war, but even with the civil war, and there was great yell

in gettysburg, when his balloon lands, he is captured. he's taken there and been severely. he cannot escape. he's too weak. he is brilliant. he's an engineer. he helps to designed the escape. those are what rose called his silent partners. >> what i did after reading multiple diaries, everything i could for a year, i went through and try to find an image of a title that i thought looked the most like what they described and this is it. it's about the height and width of it, just wide enough for a man to go through. rose was so big he often got stuck. his shoulders were always raw. this is what they dug through. there were several other challenges they had. i told you about the kitchen fireplace. they had to dig it brick-by-brick. they had us the sewer cave in. one day, rose is digging into the tunnel. hamilton is outside. rose says he is getting close. all of a sudden, the sewer collapses and rose almost rounds in raw sewage. absolutely horrendous. they had an unexpected roll call one night. i put the name up there, captain isaac johnston. rose and hamilton realized the win

prison so prominent folks would walk through and they'd say, oh, there's colonel so-and-so from gettysburg and there's the famous general so-and-so from whichever. and the prisoners felt completely, you know, dehumanized and they were disgusted that they put like animals in a zoo by being laughed at and and held their. so how did men stay alive? if you look at the picture i have there, it looks different than the first picture. one of the things that confederates did and the union did in their prisons to prevent people from escaping, they would paint the bottom half of it white that way night. if you're walking along your you know, your shadow stands out anyways. these are some of the things men did to try to stay alive. one is the lice see them, you know, plato and aristotle created the academy and the lyceum. perhaps the first institutions of higher learning and western civilization. well, they had their version of the lyceum, but because there were so many lice inside it, they called the lice. see now because they were high ranking officers. there were university administrators and prof

i don't know if everyone or anyone knows this, fdr came to gettysburg in a train and wrote a speech at the last minute of the train. i don't know if he visited the cemetery, both he visited something called the peace monument. yeah. and the speech was not only about peace in our time, in the early 40s, but it was about lincoln. he supposedly met some sons of veterans, black and white. >> i will add, quickly, i think every president looks to the past. most of them look to lincoln because he is revered -- as harold mentioned, we have polls every year about who is the greatest president. there is a strong consensus that lincoln, if not the greatest was certainly among the greatest. roosevelt being aware of that and sensitive to that, he certainly paid attention. it's interesting that lincoln looked back and how depending on his wall of andrew jackson, of all, people from the other party. one time, when someone said, well, we should compromise -- there is no jackson in! that he too was reaching back to get ideas from the past. >> thank you. the gentleman there? >> hi, i wonder if the other