well, on that positive note, matthew chamberlain, the big boss of the london metal exchange, thanks verycause i've also been speaking with the boss of a global mining investment firm, technet, who specializes in those metals needed for green energy and part financed by the us development bank. brian mann, a real pleasure having you on my show. thanks forjoining me, brian. can we can we start with this? just how big of a challenge is to get from where the world is in terms of supply right now and where we need to be to. well, to power the green revolution. and brian, how much of this has been exposed by the well, the current geopolitical situation with russia's invasion of ukraine? it certainly served to further focus attention on the vulnerability of supply chains for critical minerals and the dominant position of china across the global supply chain of all of these energy transition inputs. is that forcing countries to to look at their own supply capabilities, i mean, moving away from relying on another country? there certainly is a big push in the us and in europe to explore and develo

i caught up with the big boss of the london metal exchange, the world's number one marketplace for base metals. matthew, a pleasure to have you on the show and thank you for your time. can you help us out here? we know that the market has been experiencing unprecedented turmoil spurred on by the horrendous war in ukraine. can you explain to us what has been going on? if i take copper as an example, a benchmark or bellwether of this crazy ride, as you say, it began pre— pandemic at about $7,000 a ton. that filter $5,000 a ton during the pandemic because demand was down but then, actually, it has now gone back notjust the 7000 but to 10,000 a ton, an all—time record. but to 10,000 a ton, an all-time record.- but to 10,000 a ton, an all-time record. , ., _ all-time record. why? obviously the recovery _ all-time record. why? obviously the recovery post _ all-time record. why? obviously the recovery post pandemic- the recovery post pandemic growth story and people going back to work. of course there is also been the much greater awareness of environmental factors and i think it has resulted