with military applications that are not consistent not considered as as purely military spending so i think we have to be aware of that china's military defense spending has certainly been growing significantly over the last few decades and that's as peter alluded to again filled by economic development in china i think a large part of that a large part of that goes to salary and personnel costs which is a big part of defense budget and has china's wage increases this is going to put more pressure on defense budgets saudi official figure put that around 28 percent it's pretty consistent fluctuating between 28 to 36 percent i think in recent decades so why just are getting more expensive which gives the chinese military incentive to to reduce its force but at the same time equipment is costing more and more all the time in fact the cost of new technology is skyrocketing in both absolute terms but also in proportional terms now also increasing push push on terms rather mainly due to how expensive this new technology is. so i think we just have to be aware of these 2 factors when consi

the military develops when. they engineering are adequate in being able to teach a cadet or a midshipman how to tell somebody to maca scrapple or a medical instrument but not very good at teaching them how to operate once they obtain the weapon or the medical instrument. we have all the weapons, the most lethal weapons in the history of the world bit of we don't know how to use them, don't have strategy, and the strategy of bombing all the cities in north korea into rubble is not a winning strategy. the only thing it do did was cons vaccines the north koreans the americans couldn't be trusted and the only way to present themselves was to develop a nuclear weapon. ... the last to win the war graduated in 1932, the last general or admiral in the united states was eisenhower who was born in 1890 cement graduated in 1950 from west point. the first iraq war an exception? the first iraq war was not an exception because most scholars who study wars, will say that for their to be a war there must be a conflict that must

and implement military force. it was in part philosophical, contemplating war and its conduct. ideal characteristics. the relationship between war and citizenship. and the cost of war in its economic, moral, physical, and emotional terms. it was also practical and technical. military, aiming to achieve tactics, drill, and medicine. these dialogues and debates were not bound by the chambers in versailles, nor where they confined to the army, the navy, and their administration's. they engaged a far greater public. like voltaire, the public intellectuals of the day, the elite, theorists, poets, historians, doctors, mathematicians, engineers and more. they were vital for members of the aristocracy, whose justification of socio-economic privileges were tied to warfare. socioeconomic folk of france marched off to war and sheltered the -- the wars were arenas of national concern. the military enlightenment was part of a broader phenomenon of enlightenment, engaging in the same narrative and embracing philosophy to make w

in the french military enlightenment. public intellectuals were deeply involved in thinking about military policy from practical perspectives. instead of simply condemning war, they fostered innovations and reforms that could aid france's marshall and national crisis and alleviate, to some extent, the multifarious brutalities of war. understanding this context in france is critical for interpreting the writings of french officers in the american revolution. this brings me to my third and final reason for including chapter 23 in "candide." one of the french military officers present recorded details of the campaign in his memoirs and offered this officer is none other than rochambeau. many scholars and enthusiasts are accustomed to reading the translated version of his memoirs, relative to the independence of the united states, published in 1838. but this is a small section, only 100 pages, of a 400-page memoir. he records details and personal impressions of his entire military career which spanned more than 50 years. he c

french military aumofficers of ranks saw themselves as leaders in the military enlightenment and therench war archives are filled with memoranda that attest to their commitment to innovation and progress. many of them were considered military philosophers. who were dedicated to truth and to making good war in involved rationality, discipline, and civility as well as calling upon one's inate empatve empathy to with war with compassion. sensitivity toward others, social, the latter two being in the 18th century were a departure of chivalry and rationalist military humanism. they were an authentic development. while he was never considered a military philosopher, his understanding of the military enlightenment is clear. he opened his memoirs with a dedication to relaying only the truth. he wrote and this is my translation from the french, the truth must be the basis of history. i could only write on that which i saw or learned of in a certain manner, one will find blanks in the tableau that i have made in thel.t÷ four great wars that i been a part of in the course of my life. i prefer t

why is the 1000000 mom military stepping up attacks on nic rebel groups the u.n. says almost daily strikes on 2 states killed dozens while calls for a cease fire being ignored this is inside story. hello welcome to the program. there's been much attention on the man ma militaries campaign against the rectangle a crackdown on the mainly muslim minority described by the un as genocidal but over the past few weeks the man stepped up attacks on ethnic groups such as they are account o. me mainly buddhist fighters fighting for greater autonomy dorsett reports. under attack and forced from their homes in myanmar these people had to leave their villages in record state when fighting intensified between government forces and the ethnic armed group called the air con army liaison an eternity there was an airstrike they fired on to our village our homes were burnt artillery shells hit our houses your heloc below with soldiers and to our village and we didn't want to run into them so we ran away attacks have increased in the northern state over the past 3 weeks and in the we

are what militaries do no matter what about this because information to. prevent from being infected is not reaching the. until you mentioned before that the our economy it's been designated now by the government to be a maza terrorist group and that's a fashionable used by many governments these days to crack down on undesirable organizations is it going to give them international covenant that they can call them terrorists i think that the myanmar government has very little credibility with the international community at this point i mean they've also called the arson which is the insurgency a terrorist group you know i think that the government and unfortunately have parts of the civilian government that are accomplices to this bernie's military offensive i mean it's important to recognize you know since. march 23rd the off the high commission for human rights has indicated there's been 32 deaths and 71 people wounded by air raids and bombardment this is indiscriminate attacks on villages this is you know the government and the military you know basical

military. and the majority of them had spent their adolescence in the internment camps of world war ii behind barbed wire. john fuji, an associate press journalist, wrote an article describing the interrogation scene on the post-battle battlefield. here you can see there are multiple people who are involved in interrogation. so you have lieutenant henry j. picard who is from louisiana who is the head of the interrogation team. the team consisted of six men in total which includes picard. you have a chinese civilian and a former korean policeman who is the initial interrogation. also a south korean army lieutenant who grew up in china, educated in japan, so conversant in mandarin, japanese-korean. two second-generation japanese-americans. first lieutenant thomas shirasuke from salinas, california, and private wakagawa of honolulu. i found this particular ap article in the very shame archival footnote as bartlett's lectures. this never actually made it to press. i believe that the u.s. military o

in 2010 the military. actions nobody believed that the military was really going to change so they went ahead and held the elections and you know surely they won the lens slide and they were in power and then 10 days later on sand suchi worst relief. to run in the mileage in the world with him from the prison and she's now one of the medical units and. we hope that this is the beginning of the year here now where there will be more emphasis on the role of money in the ever you can hear the military were so completely shocked that the end of the party remain extremely popular. as the country started to change within the military who can't it was going too fast so they menu fracture the ranger crisis. it started with the story of a buddhist woman being raped and killed by a growing list the pictures of the murder victim spread by information ministry when 5 what has not been proven is that this woman was raped. after the woman had raped and killed and. so will this stop and rot. as centers kill them and reti

military. the majority of them had spent their adolescents and an internment camp of world war ii behind barbed wire. john fuji, an associated press journalist wrote an article describing the interrogation scene on the post battle battlefield and here, you can see that there are multiple people who are involved in the interrogation. you have the lieutenant henry che picard from louisiana, who is the head of the interrogation team. the team consisted of six men and total. it includes pick card. you have a chinese civilian and a four foreign korean policeman who did the initial interrogation. you have a south korean army lieutenant who had grown up in china and was educated in japan, so he is conversant and japanese and korean. second generation japanese americans, you have first lieutenant thomas sheet at soupy from salinas california, and also private fred walker pell of who is a native from hala lieu. i found this particular a pea article and the very same archival folder as part let's lecture

be the military. and the government of the free once your economic yet at the foot hole they will be able to do the recall and negotiate directly with china and india about none of them ok i'll come back to china in a 2nd but i want to ask you 1st how important is the. our economies alliance with other ethnic groups they say this northern alliance particularly catchin independence army because that headquartered that our economy is headquarters of the how it's significant is that connection. i think the salon's is extremely important i think all of the ethnic minority groups realize that well after what happened to the injuns they are simply next on the list it was only a question of tame before me and mars and boarded military turned in attention to these other groups and so there is an alliance between the various groups and many of them actually did speak up against the judge and say why was that was happening simply because they knew what was coming to them very soon and medina can army is the lar

in the french military enlightenment which i will discuss in more detail, voltaire, military leadership and many others were deeply involved and thinking about rules and military policy, from philosophical and practical perspectives. instead of simply condemning war, they fostered things that could aid in france's marshalls and national crisis and at the same time alleviate the multifair yus brutality of war. understanding this broader context in france is critical for interpreting the writing of french officers who crossed the atlantic to fight in the american revolution. this brings me to my third and final reason for relaying the vignette from chapter 23 in can d candide. one of those present recorded details of the entire campaign in his memoirs and this is none other than jean-baptiste -- many scholars and enthusiasts are accustomed to reading the translated and abridged version of the memoirs relative to the independence of the united states published in 1838. however, this is a section only about 100 panls of his 400-some page memoirs. he records details and personal impressions

our military was broken. our military was depleted and broken and we rebuilt our military. we've rebuilt this whole system to print in awake kelly i appreciate your question because your hearing all the things, the millions of masks, the hundreds of thousands of gallons in their surgical, their protective gowns at the highest level. were getting it to the various states, and most of the governors are very happy. now a lot of times you know, politics, they will try to act not so happy. i'll tell you when i speak to them or when the vice president speaks to them, they are singing the praises of all of these people so i always take, when somebody says something about, to do this should have taken, to do what we been able to do and to build it to a level should of taken a year, two years, they did it in a matter of weeks and we are helping states. it's them as an example new york had the right to buy 16000 ventilators. they could've bought them, they didn't. i understand why they didn't. it was a very expensive purchase amounts a lot, 16000 and they chose to do something else w

the first lady travelled in military transports putting herself at risk to visit hospitals, military camps, and red cross clubs. during her trip she saw an estimated 400,000 american servicemen and women. the need created economic opportunities for women and minorities and advanced the cause of the two major social movements. after being threatened by black leaders with a march on washington, fdr moved to confront racial discrimination by issuing executive order 8802 that barred racial discrimination in war planes. he created the fair employment practices commission. in women that during the war found employment opportunities traditionally held by men were reluctant to return to the traditional role of homemaker. the opportunities open for african americans and women during the war contributed to the emergence of the post war civil rights and women's rights movements. that he shall know justice and righteousness, freedom and security and equal opportunity and an equal chance to do his best not only in our own lands but throughout the world. that let us march toward the clean world ou

so when you/the military, the military can't do the things the military may want to do in a pandemicis. for the past two or three years, this president has up funded the military. he's tried to provide many more resources to the united states military. has not helped. >> dramatically so. we've got ourselves in a big deep hole here. we fought the 911 war in iraq and afghanistan. when we wound down those wars, what was needed then was to refresh the military, to start pouring money into it, to dig us out of the hole the 911 war put us into because we focused on the type of nature of that work, but we needed more ships , we need more airplanes, more tanks, advanced capabilities and missiles, there's a laundry list of things we needed because the russians and the chinese, while we were involved in 911 wars, were full speed ahead in terms of their capability. so what we do? we not only resource the military to give us that much needed capability, we cut it and we cut it dramatically so. when this president took over we were really in trouble. the american people weren't conversing about t

the turks are the second biggest military in nato i see them coming into estonia. i just can't imagine that. those that have capabilities and that it is about i don't see them contributing and being allies they expect us to protect them with very little input from us. >> i do criticize in the book nothing is too big or unwieldy and threatening to rush about the same time to generate that unified effect and how that european group with the nato but president trump with the last three or four president has mad made. >> so that actually has had. >> and with that russian invasion of crimea. >> and where the germans began in 2016. >> they are going at it we believe this administration and maybe you don't will make germany and europe more dependent on russia than ever. and the program that people pay attention to. >> and people say we are a treaty ally. that is the difference with allies by treaty and those certain requirements and those on the ground. and the one of the points i make in the book is us dominance poses that adaptation challenge so chosen to focus on certa

military and democracy. that technology is for the good but all of the data also shows that is it insufficient. and were missing in the united states is digital literacy. you are all grown up in finland or estonia, you would've from elementary and junior high and high school, you would have decided to be taught your regular study and besides being taught hygiene, wash your hands and the like, which were all taught, he would also have been taught how to defend yourself online. digital literacy. how to distinguish between what is really thinking how to manipulate people in one of the emotional things that they are going after you. that is why the historians in finland's of the world are more resilient against these threats than the united states which is just g like an open territory to it. so it's a great example of how you align national security issues with education, the way, we have digital literacy inside of the right states, not just help you be better citizens, it would help public health, neural deali

military ranked 17th in the world. they were hardly in a position to enter a world war, but some, including president roosevelt viewed events in europe and the pacific with increasing alarm. >> justification of any kind, civilians including vast numbers of women and children are being ruthlessly murdered with bombs from the air. >> at 2:50 a.m. on september 1st, 1939, president roosevelt was asleep at the white house when the phone by his bedside rang. the germans had invaded poland. as england and france had pledged to come to the offense, roosevelt realized a larger war was at hand. with the countries being overrun by the axis powers american's isolation permitted him from responding. there was little he could do. >> i ask this congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. our most useful and immediate role is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves

military approach. a lot of the militaries are in the region themselves can't defend themselves.look what happened in september in saudi arabia, how the hell did that happen if we sent them defensive systems and things like this. that's the main point. as you see in washington there's largely tactical debate that i think in some ways, i think it's important. it's a reflection of americans saying what the heck but often not strategic. it often assumes that the sort of tool of assistance or sales if we cut it off then we read them the riot act and they will change. i think we need to have somewhat back from the tools and emphasize the other aspect because what we've done with the arm's sales with sr. -- have not produced stability in the regions themselves. >> okay, anybody have any questions? >> we ask that you identify yourself if you have a question. >> the gentleman in the back. [inaudible] >> with the association of the u.s. army. i had a question about the arab-israeli conflict. i think for a while especially in the 90's there was this belief that all roads to middle east sta

military? and after the answer, what can you do to change that? >> brian teaches at an institution that has a large veteran population, and is better poised to answer the question. suny binghamton is a place that was very much antiwar in the 1970's, very strongly antiwar. i have heard many stories from vietnam veterans who went to school there and had a horrible time. so the institution has a reputation as being inhospitable to military history. i think that has changed profoundly since 9/11. there were upwards of 55, a lot, of binghamton alum that were in the towers when they came down, and i think that changed the understanding of what war and subsequent military service mean to binghamton students in particular. we also have a large jewish-american population, many of whom either plan to server will serve in israeli defense forces, so their understanding of military service is informed by that perspective. what used to be atypical -- used to be a liberal, left, left antiwar campus has change

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so, nobody thought that they could win a war against the western militaries. and that is why they were driven to the ends of the conflict t spectrum. moreover, i think that the notion that russia and china are revisionist powers, they are rejection powers. russia has determined that it can't be successful on western terms and so as it is rightly pointed out in the book they've taken a strategy which is -- >> defined because it isn't the word everybody hears all the time. >> the margin to not try to crush the threshold for the direct confrontation. and again that is a smart marginal strategy. and it indicates that we are still in their minds dominate in the middle of the conflict spectrum. so, both in terms of what they are trying to achieve politically and how they judge their military opportunities, we should acknowledge that we start from the notion as the success of what we did. it's just not going to be good enough and he makes the arguments nicely in the book that our adversaries have been much more adaptive than we have been. and the we need to insert ou

military in international waters we've seen last year iran shot down a u.s. drone back in 2019 so this all taken in context is really a reflection of the fact that iran is saying that not only do we have assets on water on land but now we have the ability to from the sky facilitate our operations on earth zain us across some other developments out of iran thank you zain. when i look at yemen where the prime minister has declared the southern port city of aden a disaster area after it was hit by flash flooding 8 people including children were killed when heavy rain inundated streets and homes shot up unless. it was a desperate attempt to stop this couple being swept away strange isn't it into the streets in central aden fighting to proofread the current. thinking. it is rainy season in yemen but with neglected infrastructure the water makes its own power through the city turning roads into rivers meaning record sound we have to be safe from the vehicle was our god these boys trying to cheer up a woman they risk use by singing to her compounding the trauma is t

military. the czar was able to finance the largest army in europe with vodka revenue but his soldiers were drunk. tobacco is the ideal war drug. highly affordable, fights both anxiety and boredom, relieves, is highly taxable and does not impede performance, even if it might eventually kill you. the globalization of tobacco is intimately also about the spread of warfare. soldiers globalized warfare and the very motive of tobacco consumption was closely influenced by war so wide to be turned away from hookahs and pipes to cigars and cigarettes to increasingly portable, easy to produce to move and this was intimate story of war. in fact, cigarettes by the time world war iie came around was te most valued ration in cigarette or soldier rations. third, caffeine. my drug of choice and i'm completely addicted to the stuff. it's the most world's most popular psychoactive substance and but certainly far from a benign relationship to war arguably stimulated imperial expansion and i mentioned the british

blending military history with other fields to craft a full picture of a military unit to understand its effectiveness in war and in the uneasy peace that followed. i will share with you today what i found and you can tell me later if you think i am full of a bunch of hooey. as we look at the texas brigade -- do you do that? use "we? a couple things stood out to me as i investigated that question of what made them a celebrated and effective unit. number one, they had an incredibly high devotion to the confederate nation. they believed in confederate independence. their determination to fight for that independence from beginning to end. number two, they had superb officers at the company and regimental level. number three, they had a strong belief personally that they had a key role to play in the war and that role had to be played here in virginia 1000 miles from home. number four, they had the support of their families who were both willing and able, not always two things that go together, to sacrifice and support other texas brigade families and themselves while the men were gone i

but we don't even have that discussion because we are reacting to mostly military moves and military centric moves and not thinking about how to do we diversify the portfolio. >> i want to bring kadir into the conversation. is religion more important in the middle east today than it was before? >> it is. it is very much so, but one of the fundamental misconceptions about middle east in terms of religion, politics, we tend to assume that this has been the case all the time. but if you go back 40, 50 years ago what we will see is the dominance of secular governance, secular ideologies and how islam parties and groups, they were existent many of them but they're much slower, much less influential in terms of policymaking, in terms of the able to affect other groups in the society or how governments were acting in terms of foreign policy or domestic policy but over the last 50 years things have changed dramatically a thing. iranian revolution was a big turning point, but also more important, something that brian mentioned, secular ideologists have failed throughout the middle east at thr

that's why civil military relations are such a big subject and why the american model gives our military such wide latitude in the making of policy. but that is contingent on the unquestioned acceptance that they will do what the elected political leadership decides. i saw nothing anywhere in any of the interviews that suggested there was any difficulty of that. the white house staff understandably was nervous about the possibility of the military not supporting the strategy. and the decision about where are we going to get the troops is a difficult one. but i didn't see any signs that there was an actual reason to be concerned about subordination of the military. and that's a beautiful thing, my friends. be very grateful for it. where i am critical of the decisions is the conflation on the part of many in the white house with the exception of the president himself that these retired military officers like greg new bold speaking out calling for rumsfeld to be fired, that rumsfeld couldn't be fired for six months because that would look -- that would be a violation of civil military norms

military deployed on u.s. streets in response to the cobra 19 pandemic you don't want to miss this discussion stay tuned for watching the hawks. so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have it's crazy confrontation let it be an arms race. spearing dramatic development that only. exists i don't see how that strategy will be successful very critical. to sit. in. a little spot that's. vocal just to. show. you put it's not just on thoughts. so that. all right earlier in the show we were discussing the recent protests popping up across the united states over the covert 9 team stay at home and the social distance distancing orders and how the motivation behind many of those protests were a direct result of the manipulation of the us populace is fear of tyranny and loss of liberty and will stay at home orders and social distancing for the safety of the community are not and should not be cause for constitutional concern that doesn't mean citizens should not remain vigilant in their protection of their

military deployed on u.s. streets in response to the cobra 19 pandemic you don't want to miss this discussion stay tuned for watching the hawks. 20 or 30000000 people unemployed now the question is why have they saved why don't they have a state that's a very important question that we need to look at. that same day and. time with nothing to go on that i desire to know. how much older the. local just to. show. you produce not just. so that. is you'll be a reflection of reality. in the world transformed. what will make you feel safe. community. are you going the right way or are you being led. what is true. is. in the world corrupted you need to descend. to join us in the debt. or in making the show. all right earlier in the show we were discussing the recent protests popping up across the united states over the covert 19 stay at home and the social distance distancing orders and how the motivation behind many of those protests were a direct result of the manipulation of the us populace is fear of tyranny and l

rob: massive military response to the virus. >> as of tuesday we would have deployed over 3,000 military public health professionals to new jersey, connecticut and other parts of our country. rob: our next guest worked at the state department shows how move how dire the situation is. carley: a tiger at at the bronx zoo is first animal to test positive but can animals pass covid-19 to people? we will ask a doctor that very question. ♪ wash, washy wash, washy wash ♪ ♪ wash your hands ♪ scrub 'em while you sing this song ♪ ♪ wash, washy wash, washy wash, wash ♪ ♪ rub your hands and fingers ♪ and the places in between ♪ using soap and water ♪ makes your hands so clean ♪ ♪ wash your hands ♪ great job, you're almost done ♪ ♪ five, four, three, two, one vo: taking care of yourself is also taking care of others. we're all in this together. >> orchestrating massive response and we are sending military personnel. as of tuesday we would have deployed over 3,000 military and public health professionals to new york, new jersey and connecticut and other parts of the country. rob: the president calling

the first lady traveled in military transports, putting herself at risk to visit hospitals, military camps, and red cross clubs. during her trip, she saw an estimated 400,000 american servicemen and women. the need for war workers created economic opportunities for women and minorities, and advanced the cause for these two major social movements. after being threatened by the march on washington, fdr moved to improve racial integration in the industry with an executive order that barred racial discrimination in the war plans. many women who during the war found employment opportunities traditionally held my men, were reluctant to return to the traditional role of homemaker. the opportunities open for african-americans and women during the war contributed to the emergence of the postwar civil rights and women's rights movements. >> grant uscommon faith, to the emergence of the postwar civil rights and women's rights movement. >> grant us victory. grant us a common faith that man shall no bread and peace. that he shall know freedom and security and equal opportunity and an equal chance

military and democracy. all the data also shows it is insufficient and what we really have missing in the united states is digital literacy. if you are all grown up in finland or estonia, from elementary, junior high high school besides being taught your regular studies and besides all of your taught besides being taught hygiene, wash her hands and the like which you were all taught it taught how to defend a yourself online. you would have been taught digital literacy to distinguish between what's real and fake. how to manipulate people what are the emotional oils are going after. wide there as others more resilient against these threats in the united states just like an open territory to it. it's a great example of how you align national security with education. i lifted literacy inside the united states it would not just help you to be better citizens, would help public health. you are all dealing with the return of diseases that we didn't have to because of anti- vat conspiracy theory. it would help you a

military history in d.c. but i heard the story that became the last battle, the story and the only time in world war ii when americans and germans joined forces and fought together and they did it to defend the castle in austria that was filled with ear training french vips were about to be murdered by the ss. it's also the only time in american military history that u.s. soldiers defended the castle. it's a great story going to be developed into a movie. other books followed in bringing us up to "escape from paris", when i finished the last book my agent as all agents he said what is your next book. and i said i'm not sure i want to write another book, how about the history of tsunamis or ocean and he said no, no you're a military historian. i said you have any suggestions and he said yes i have three ideas. paris, world war ii and americans. i said that is a fascinating idea except there were not any americans that occupied france and he said i'm sure you'll find some. so 18 months of research later i did i

military deployed on u.s. streets in response to the coded 19 pandemic you don't want to miss this discussion stay tuned for watching the hawks. coby 19 pandemic not only sees much of the world in lockdown but it is also devastation economies tend to me has been painful recovery from it maybe even more painful is it all. the world. we dare to ask. all right earlier in the show we were discussing the recent protests popping up across the united states over the covert 19 stay at home and the social distance distancing orders and how the motivation behind many of those protests were a direct result of the manipulation of the us populace is fear of tyranny and loss of liberty and will stay at home orders and social distancing for the safety of the community are not and should not be cause for constitutional concern that doesn't mean citizens should not remain vigilant in their protection of their most basic of rights in a time of crisis taking our eye off that ball is how we got stuck with constitutional shredding

military veterans. we're delighted to mark this important day with a special event designed to salute america's veterans. i'm especially pleased that our guest this evening include a fellow north carolinian who is the nation's secretary of veteran affairs, the honorable robert wilky. the society of the cincinnati was our country's first veterans group. it's particularly fitting that the secretary will be providing remarks. you'll hear a little more about that in just a moment. we're gathered here tonight to listen to a distinguished panel of noted historians who will be discussing the experience of american veterans since the revolutionary generation more than 240 years ago. i also want to encourage you to return to anderson house and visit us again and look at our very special museum exhibition, america's first veterans. it's behind me and behind the fireplace so you may not go in there now. the exhibit opened last week and go until the spring of 2020. i'm now going to ask mark williams, chairman of th