but that began to break the back of japanese naval power, particularly their naval air power. it was this insight that you should take the offense, you should take it early, that king had that i think was vindicated in the events of that part of the war. >> general arnold who was the commander of the army air forces in world war ii has a line in his memoir which says the best defense is an attack. you see defensive air power, george kenny with the fifth air force in australia, his supports spent a lot of time helping to protect the army as they're moving up through new guinea and whatnot but they also go on the offensive as well, going after japanese merchant ships and things that have nature. but it's really the offensive arm of the air is what arnold is pushing for. of course that then dictates the necessity of building airfields in china and india for the 20th bomber command. that also then necessitates grabbing islands like the marianas from which they can stage that. so, i mean strategic bombardment is all about going on the offensive. it's about taking the air power home

host: joining us is michael kofman with the sensor for naval center for naval analysis to talk about russia-ukraine tensions. thank you for your time. guest: thank you. host: can you elaborate more about the center, the work you do, the position it take, and how it is funded? guest: we are a federally funded research center that is nonpartisan to provide research and analysis for the government and other organizations. the center is also housing a larger corporation called the cna corporation, similar to the ram corporation. host: when it comes to actions involving russia and ukraine, a lot of ways of looking at it, particular, what do you see playing out, not only between those two countries in united states and europe for that matter, but also the leadership involved in decision-making? guest: it is rather dangerous. there is a higher chance of conflict today than there ever has been since the military operations in 2014 and 2015. it is a fairly intense standoff. it does look like russia is putting the pieces in place to conduct a large-scale military operation. whether they intend

, but that began to break the back of japanese naval power particularly their naval air power and it was this this insight that you should take the offense. you should take it early that king had that i think was vindicated in the events of that part of the war. um, james. yeah. i know. i mean general half arnold who was the commander of the army air forces world war two had a has a lion in his memoir, which he says, you know, the best defense is attack and you know throughout the pacific, you know, you see both actually you see defensive air power you take george kenny for example down with the fifth air force in australia. he's his forces spent a lot of time helping to protect the army as they're sort of moving up through new guinea and whatnot and also but they also go on the offensive as well going after japanese merchant ships and things of that nature, but it's really the offensive arm of the air. that is what arnold is pushing for and of course that then dictates the necessity of building airfields in china and india for the 20th bomber command that also then necessitates grab

he says he was taken to a russian naval base and coach at the entrance to the black sea where he was interrogated and held the 15 days before being released. lot of the fleet, mister, there are many obstacles access to the sea as difficult russians don't allow us to work properly. they approach us and stop pushing us back, harassed us. we can't do anything of our small boat against their equipment. it's impossible to prove to them we have a right to be here. i says pointless trying. the wreck of the soviet fishing troll appears on an island around which ukrainian fishermen now call us then nets. less frequently. soviet build houses where the fisherman used to stay. stand there near the shore. we're about 20 kilometers off the coast. fishermen tell us the normally in this area they'd be around a 100 ukrainian fishing vessels operating. but they say that number is dwindling fast because of fears. of russia, naval patrols in 2003, russia and ukraine signed an agreement, which allows both countries to fish anywhere. and the, as we'll see in 2014, when russia unexplained, the moscow has i

of russian naval patrols in 2003, russia and ukraine signed an agreement which allows both countries to fish anywhere . and the, as we'll see since 2014, when russia unexplained, the moscow has increased its naval presence and taken greater control of these waters. and the larger black sea, which as off, is connected to by the current straight. in december, the ukrainian navy said russia brought 75 percent of the as of by issuing navigational warnings. recent large scale russian naval exercises of crimea, fuel fears that the criminal is preparing to invade ukraine by sea. something russia continues to deny. going last 70 percent, at least when russia sees control of crimea, and sylvester pull the black sea port, city grange government. he's going small naval patrol vessels from nato partners, but seems powerless to better protect fishermen. kerber goodness, if there's a lot of course i'm worried, we go far out to sea, we might not come back. it's good as the russians and for my families that they've taken us for. but there are many instances when they file forged cases against us. an

now, we're here because we got a tip off from the high naval source yesterday who told us that naval personnel, ukrainian naval personnel had left their positions. here we come, spoke with the security guards on the base. and they haven't confirmed that they said that naval personnel left in the last 24 hours or so. our source is telling us that the reason why they left is because they had been warned by the russian navy. that if they didn't, then the russian navy would show the port and potentially the city. that's what we have been told. course you can see the streets are pretty much deserted. here. we will hear about a month ago. the naval base was obviously functioning. the streets were busy, it's all change seemingly in the last 48 hours. we also know that according to the man of mary awful, which is around a 100 kilometers appear, there is ongoing for the city, the mayor mario pal, saying the tangs were approaching, saying that there was an evacuation for people who wanted to leave the city. and we also hearing reports of fighting, going on around about a 100 kilometers to the

we car, land, naval forces taking -- we see air, land, naval forces taking part. this is extreme. it is an attack on the peaceful, sovereign independent nation. it is a war of a time in a scale we actually thought was part of eastern europe, now it is back and it is imposing a norman suffering on the innocent people in ukraine. -- enormous suffering on the innocent people in ukraine. >> thank you very much. >> we have more reaction from members of congress on the russian invasion of ukraine. california democrat says we must keep the people of ukraine in our thoughts and do all we can to help those escaping this invasion. humanitarian needs of the people are supported to have their security needs and the u.s. must be ready to respond. congresswoman of new jersey tweeted, putin's aggression towards ukraine is an excusable peer to my thoughts are with ukraine people. u.s. stands firmly with its allies. must be prepared to offer aid to those displayed by the conflict. congresswoman of new york says putin unprovoked attack against ukraine is outrageous. i hope our allies hold him accou

we see air land, naval forces taking -- we see air, land, naval forces taking part. this is extreme. it is an attack on the peaceful, sovereign independent nation. it is a war of a time in a scale we actually thought was part of eastern europe, now it is back and it is imposing a norman suffering on the innocent people in ukraine. -- enormous suffering on the innocent people in ukraine. >> thank you very much. >> thank you.

i'm just about to get an article published in the naval war college review. it should be coming out in spring. and i didn't realize this until i was having conversations a few years ago with john lundstrom. nemis was prepared to fight at odds of two carriers verses five. for it's conceivable to me that we still have saratoga on the west coast, we get the hornet in there, mid wear, you still could have had a midway scenario five/six months down the road. >> my point is the impetus for the midway operation is so closely linked to the omnipresent threat of the american carrier raids carrying up and down the periphery of the japanese empire in the early part of the war. if the raids weren't happening in as big a way, it gets to the realm of speculation. but would the midway operation have seemed as important to the japanese in a way that would have allowed yamamoto to force the naval general staff to approve the operation? >> i would argue it would, because another one of the goals that yamamoto had was he wanted to be able to capture oahu eventually. you know, c

involved and the south and certainly the japanese were concerned about any losses at all in their naval forces. and one of the things that i think struck me in trying to do ministry the pacific war from something other than american perspective is to how anxious and neurotic almost hysterical the japanese decision-makers thinking about all of the bad things in my happen for them if they didn't have to eliminate possible threats. >> i was going to add to that as well that the classic answer the question always does goes down to the community is that the japanese can't leave an unreduced - setting aside. and there is an article in the book talking about the roll of the japanese maybe leading up into more and a friend of mine just recently pointed this out to me and said that if you look, there's a series of wargames over conducted by the navy just prior to the outbreak of the war and is wargames, they tried to have different scenarios where this just detect the doctor let's just attack the british and see if we can get away with that and yes, and every one of those scenarios, was inevitab

, jon parshall, you've heard him this morning with his exemplary, probably unmatched knowledge of naval warfare in the pacific, and our millett. i thought their district description of the strange hog-like figure that we have [inaudible] might fertile. he has, he also has a lot of long titles that would be hard to -- >> his still mad at me because i helped his softball team lose a game. >> yeah -- >> 30 years ago -- >> he played third base where the wineglasses long run glasses. i thought it was going to get him killed. [laughter] but this is, the trend on the whole session has been these questions about what ifs. and we're going to, not going to try to tap into these experts, throw some questions out, and then we'll open it to the audience and you can bring all you're counterfactuals to us. it's a lot of fun. one of the great things about counterfactual history, you can never be proven wrong. so we can go all kinds of directions on this. i want to start out with the one that actually, doctor kawamura kind of previewed this one this morning. she talked about this -- there is a historian

now we're here because we got a tip off from high naval source yesterday who told us that naval personnel, ukrainian naval personnel had left the positions. here we come, spoke with the security guards on the base, and they have confirmed that they said that naval personnel left in the last 24 hours. also, our source is telling us that the reason why they left is because they had been warned by the russian navy, that if they didn't, then the russian navy would show the port and potentially the city. that's what we have been told. course you can see the streets are pretty much deserted here. we were here about a month ago. the naval base was obviously functioning. the streets were busy. it's all change seemingly in the last 48 hours. we also know that according to the man of mary awful, which is around a 100 kilometers appear, there is going for the city, the mayor of mario for saying that chang's were approaching, saying that there was an evacuation for people who wanted to leave the city. and we also hearing reports of fighting, going on around about a 100 kilometers to the west, around

there was no naval personnel on the bass. one security guard saying that they had all left confirmed that we spoke to our source and said, he told us that said the reason i had gone was because the russian forces was threatening to shell, the bass, and indeed the city, if they didn't leave, we left burdens can continued heading west towards the town of melissa pole where there would be reports of heavy fighting. indeed, video started appearing all heavy fighting in that city. as we approached the road got increasingly quiet. we passed a number of ukrainian military vehicles, still smoking from what we understand could well be just precision attacks, possibly using drones. we have no way of confirming that, but as the road got quieted, we stopped off at a village and spoke to a family in this village they were getting ready to go. they'd been in contact with people in a village, further up the road between us and melissa people. and they said that there was a convoy of russian tanks heading our way. so we started crossing coun

he says he was taken to a russian naval base and coach at the entrance to the black sea where he was interrogated and held for 15 days before being released of the 3 mister, there are many obstacles access to the sea as difficult russians don't allow us to work properly, they approach us and stop pushing us back, harassed us. we can't do anything of our small boat against their equipment. it's impossible to prove to them. we have a right to be here. it's pointless trying. the wreck of a soviet fishing troll appears on an island around which ukrainian fishermen now cost then nets, less frequently. soviet build houses where the fisherman used to stay, stand derelict near the shore. we're about 20 kilometers off the coast fishermen tell us the normally in this area they'd be around a 100 ukrainian fishing vessels operating. but they say that number is dwindling fast because of fears of russian naval patrols in 2003, russia and ukraine signed an agreement, which allows both countries to fish anywhere. and the, as we'll see, since 2014, when russia unexplained, the moscow has increased it

we had heard earlier a couple of days earlier that the naval base there, the personnel from the naval base had actually flayed and indeed when we arrived. that was indeed the case. there was no naval personnel on the base. one security guard saying that they had all left confirmed that we spoke to our source and said, he told us that said the reason i had gone was because the russian forces was threatening to shell, the bass, and indeed the city, if they didn't leave, we left burdens can continued heading west towards the town of melissa pole where there would be reports of heavy fighting. indeed, video started appearing all heavy fighting in that city. as we approached the road got increasingly quiet. we passed a number of ukrainian military vehicles, still smoking from what we understand could well be just precision attacks, possibly using drones. we have no way of confirming that, but as the road got quiet, we stopped off at a village and spoke to a family in this village they were getting ready to go. they've been in contact with people in a village, further up the road between us

the question of support are, by though great britain for ukraine in developing our naval fleet. this is not something we will solve today, and this will not protect us today in the black sea, and it will not protect the the as of, and the black sea. but this will be a very powerful step forward which would in future protect our territories. and this was a basis and we are, i would like to thank the prime minister. we've initiated this question couple of years ago now we've moved into practical steps, naval bases. and i think that will contribute a lot to, to this cause in terms of the number of the troops i, i guess your question is not about the occupied territories, but about the border of between ukraine and rush. i think that that's what the question is about. because we understand the around 35 to 50000, depending on the point of rotation, is the number of soldiers and equipment which is present in the occupied crimea. and herb, guarding and about 3035000 on the in the occupied on bass and about 100000 along the borders where between ukrainian russian federation in terms of

. >> can you get specific on what you're seeing and naval movements heading towards the boss rows? >> yeah. i'm going to continue to be circumspect about the intelligence assessments in what we're seeing, tom. but broadly speaking, we continue stow even over the course of the weekend, additional russian ground forces move in. again, in belarus and around the border with ukraine as you heard general milly said on friday these are combined armed capable forces. it's artillery. it's air defense. he's got a full range of militaries available to him which only continue to increase the number of options to him if he decides to move military early. we have seen increasing naval activity by russian fleet vessels and we're watching that pretty closely. nothing hostile necessarily to report to or to speak to, but they have, they have put to see more ships. they are exercising at sea. they are clearly increasing the capabilities they have at sea should they need it. so, again, all this goes -- all this goes to options available to mr. putin. and he continues to create more options for himself

naval fleet of ukraine, if i could add to— naval fleet of ukraine, if i could add to this _ naval fleetn bbc world would you _ protect us today. for viewers on bbc world would you be _ protect us today. for viewers on bbc world would you be leaving - protect us today. for viewers on bbc world would you be leaving this - world would you be leaving this press conference in kiev. but this will be a very _ press conference in kiev. but this will be a very powerful— press conference in kiev. but this will be a very powerful step - press conference in kiev. but this i will be a very powerful step forward which _ will be a very powerful step forward which in _ will be a very powerful step forward which in future it will protect their territories and these water bases — their territories and these water bases i— their territories and these water bases. i would like to thank the prime _ bases. i would like to thank the prime minister, we initiated this question— prime minister, we initiated this question now we've moved into practical— question now we've moved into practical steps, naval bases a

we see air, land, naval forces taking part. this is extreme. it is an attack on the peaceful, sovereign independent nation. it is a war of a time in a scale we actually thought was part of eastern europe, now it is back and it is imposing enormous suffering on the innocent people in ukraine. >> thank you very much. >> thank you. this concludes this press conference. >> at 7:00 p.m. eastern, we bring you part one of a six hour conversation with douglas brinkley. talking about his education and music figures. exploring the american story. saturday on c-span2. watch anytime online at c-span.org/history. >> now an update from u.n. secretary general antonio guterres >> very good afternoon. >> good afternoon. the secretary-general will make a statement. we will ta

it's able to ensure military security thanks to increase naval power. the level is truly unprecedented. this is a large scale demonstration of military power that shows russia can ensure its security in any situation. it's important given that nature, naval forces have increased activity in the me.

but they say that number is dwindling fast because of fears of russia. naval patrols in 2003, russia and ukraine signed an agreement, which allows both countries to fish anywhere in the as we'll see that since 2014, when russia unexplained, the moscow has increased its naval presence and taken greater control of these waters. and the larger black sea, which as off, is connected to by the current straight. in december, the ukrainian navy said russia brought 75 percent of the as of by issuing navigation warnings. recent large scale russian naval exercises or crimea fuel fears that the criminal is preparing to invade ukraine by sea. something russia continues to deny. green, last 70 percent of its belief. when russia sees control of crimea and sylvester pole, the black sea port, city grange government, he's going small naval patrol vessels from nato palm as but seems powerless to better protect fishermen curb regardless of the unless of course i'm worried. we go far out to sea. we might not come back, it's good as the russians inform our families that they've taken us. but there are man

naval ships ran on petroleum, not nuclear powered like they are today.hey needed that in reserves. strictly under the control of the navy. harding's interior secretary was a man named albert fall. they knew each other from the senate. he appointed him secretary of the interior. when he became secretary, he convinced the navy secretary to transfer the naval oil reserves to the interior department. the interior department controls a national forest and national parks. the excuse was, the oil reserves should be under the interior department. when he got control, albert fall lease them to oil companies. harry sinclair got teapot dome, edward doheny got california. that is the scandal. fall got a lot of money in bribes. good old-fashioned bribery. teapot dome is rather rinky-dink compared to watergate and some other scandals in our history. that was the extent of it. harding found out about it when he started his westward tour. in kansas, albert fall's wife went to seek harding. we don't know exactly what was said, but that is what she came to tell him. when

now we're here because we got a tip off from high naval source yesterday who told us that naval personnel, ukrainian naval personnel had left the positions. here we come, spoke with the security guards on the bass, and they haven't confirmed that they said that naval personnel left in the last 24 hours or so. our source is telling us that the reason why they left is because they had been warned by the russian navy, that if they didn't, then the russian navy would show the port and potentially the city. that's what we have been told. course you can see the streets are pretty much deserted here. we were here about a month ago. the naval base was obviously functioning. the streets were busy. it's all change seemingly in the last 48 hours. we also know that according to the man of mary awful, which is around a 100 kilometers appear, there is ongoing for the city, the mayor, mario full saying that tangs were approaching, saying that there was an evacuation for people who wanted to leave the city. and we also hearing reports of fighting, going on around about a 100 kilometers to the west, aroun

now we've gone there because we'd heard from naval sources that the naval base. i had, the navy personnel had left it the day before. am having be given a warning by the russians that if they didn't leave than the naval base would be sheltered, possibly the city we arrived and confirmed that there was a couple of security guards who sang yes, everybody has gone from bare dance. we continued west now this is heading to was basically northern crimea, towards the city of marius or paul, where we'd heard that there was ongoing heavy fighting. indeed, video appeared of that fighting as we were on our way. but the road got increasingly quiet. the closer we got the closer west we got, we saw burnt out. ukrainian military vehicles that seem to have been hit with very precise hits. precision targeted one would sink possibly by the use of drones. but we cannot confirm that as we continued. and the road got quieter, we stopped off at a village and met a family in the village that had been in contact with people further up the road. they were very nervous. they were getting

the nato member is a key. deterrence in the black sea region will tag along a naval exercise to see what that deterrence looks like. and the inaugural addition of the men to ski big air event at the winter olympics. and beijing sees goal. go to 21 year old beer. rude of norwood. ah. i burned golf. it's good to have you with us. we begin with efforts to revert the crisis over ukraine from escalating into a war prince president emanuel micron is leading the latest diplomatic push. ody talks here in berlin, following meetings and keith and moscow. macros says he has reassurances from russian. president putin, that a de escalation is possible, but ukraine's foreign minister. he is less than impressed, pointing to the 100000 russian troops still on his countries doorstep. a small group of protest as gathered outside b, u. s embassy in kiev. that message was clear. no wall with russia. but despite a week of frenzied diplomacy, so as no sign yet of a military climb down. more us troops are being deployed to south east and poland, bringing the total to over $6000.00. the united states has also b

as i said, that we're that in russian naval base is. and we've been seeing amphibious landings reports of that from maria pull and even odessa, key strategic locations on ukraine's black sea coast. now one possibility here, one of the biggest fear is, is if the troops in the south and the east can link up, they may be able to cut off the ukrainian forces in the east, get them trapped there. so they wouldn't be able to help in the fight in points for the west, such as the capital. this is a very perilous situation that ukraine is facing right now. of course ukraine outmatched and out gunned, but there's a lot, we don't know how long ukraine can withstand a russian attacks. of course, how much russia is willing to commit to this fight. and what exactly russia's end goals are, whether it's simply to give that separate it's region over to the separatists in for fully as more so than in 2014, if they're looking to split the country entirely between east and west. and of course, if they want to do complete regime change and occupy the country

and more us troops had to romania, as nato seeks to reassure its eastern allies accompany a naval exercise there that wants to send a signal to russia in the strategically important black sea region. ah, i'm william gruff. welcome to the program. authorities and hong kong are imposing their toughest restrictions since the start of the pandemic. as infection numbers there exploit most venues, including schools. jim's churches and hair salons have to close cases, almost doubled, hitting a new record in the last day alone. hundreds queue to get tested as hong kong prepares for some of its toughest covered restrictions. yet as many countries shift their approach to living with the virus. hong kong is pursuing a 0 covered strategy in line with the chinese mainland. but a sudden surgeon cases is complicating matters. the government responded by announcing tough new restrictions on tuesday at closing hess alons and banning public gatherings of more than 2 people. at this moment, we still feel that this is a best strategy for hong kong. using all our capacity and i'll means to ensure that we could

today there was an announcement of naval roads in the bar and see as well as this makes clear. this is not only about ukraine, maybe it's not even the 1st place about crane. it's about the demand from russia that come and architecture, the security art architecture in europe must be renegotiated. and i think it, ukraine is one part of it, but not the whole picture. and now speaking about ukraine, just how prepared is the country to defend itself in the event of a russian invasion. well, we have seen the influx of military hardware from the us, from the u. k, from the baltic states. but this is all minor equipment. what the ukraine is lacking is air defense, sophisticated air defense, long range, air defense, and what has been delivered as anti tank weapons and also today or this weekend stinger and yeah, croft equipment. but this is only short range equipment. the problem is that the west can deliver, or some countries can deliver as equipment and the ukrainians and know how to use it. but when we talk about complicated complex air defense systems like patriot, this was would m

host: joining us is michael kofman with the sensor for naval analyses -- center for naval analysis tok about russia-ukraine tensions. thank you for your time. guest: thank you. host: can you elaborate more about the center, the work you do, the position it take, and how it is funded? guest: we are a federally funded research center that is nonpartisan to provide research and analysis for the government and other organizations. the center is also housing a larger corporation called the cna corporation, similar to the ram corporation. host: when it comes to actions involving russia and ukraine, a lot of ways of looking at it, what do you see playing out not only between the two countries and the united states and europe, but also the leadership involved in decision-making? guest: it is rather dangerous. there is a higher chance of conflict today than there ever has been since the military operations in 2014 and 2015. it is a standoff. it does look like russia is putting the pieces in place to conduct a large-scale military operation. whether they intend to do that has been the subject o

the naval base there had emptied out all navy personnel had run away after. so we were told by our sources getting threatened by the russian navy that they were going to bomb the port. and interestingly, the further west we hated from baird answer, we got wind of a russian tangled convoy that was moving towards us from the city of mel. it's a full medical is in russian. hands down the sky significant because it is getting incredibly close now to the very important and large port city with a naval base of mario pool. now, i've spoken to somebody inside marable, today, a journalist that we know is still there. he indeed is getting reports that tank column is moving close to the western section of the city. he reported heavy shelling and heavy machine gun 5 this morning in the city. now. it's the 1st time that he's heard. have you machine gunfire in the city? we were in my report until a couple of days ago, there was no fighting inside the city then. but there was a lot of shilling in the east. he says that that shilling has continued to the east of medical as w

he also talks about a naval landing has been reported at near odessa as well. so we can see that a russian invasion is now taking place. multifaceted, at landon c, let's bring in william courtney. he's not junk. seen a fellow at the rand corporation. he serves a us diplomats and white house senior director for russia. ukraine and eurasian affairs joins us live now from washington d. c. so let's just take a pause. william. we've we, we saw earlier, the separatist leaders in ukraine. cool for russian military assistance. as that you insecure to council meeting was going on. putin was ordering what he called a special military operation in the don bass region. how significant an ominous is this move at all. we now looking at a full scale invasion of ukraine. oh, so your thoughts on this? by calling it a special motor operation. i put to may have intended to imply that it will be limited in terms of which kinds of arms will be yours, or perhaps a geographic scope that will involve the attack or how much of your crank and clear out the explosions in the cities to be