nih, only 4% goes to beatrice cancer. why do you think that is?r.to pediatric it is the second leading cause of death for kids, after accidents. why haven't we seen more funding for this? >> before we started getting reactive in 2008, with the passage of carolyn price walker legislation, which i was the lead sponsor of in the senate. that was the first time we really said that we are going to commit money specifically to pediatric cancer. $30 million. then we are going to that the states to create registries, so they contract cancer. we will do more in terms of education and outreach. then we built on that in the star act, signed in 2018. we have been trying to increase the focus. one of the problems that you allude to in your question is that thegood news is number of cases of childhood cancer in the country is about 11,000 to 12,000 per year. that is not excusable, particularly for a family with a child with cancer. but it is not the same level of other cancers. they tend to get more attention and resources, because of the sheer numbers. that is

grant, it was your nih-funded research on p.r.e.p. that built on the earlier research work patented by cdc researchers, is that correct? >> yes. my clinical trial was informed by cdc research in two ways. one, the cdc demonstrated that the preexposure dose was added to the efficacy of the -- of p.r.e.p. >> thank you, dr. grant. and i would also like to seek unanimous consent to submit this yale school of law study into the congressional record, which concludes that the cdc's patents for p.r.e.p. were both valid and enforceable. >> without objection, so ordered. >> thank you very much. dr. lord, thank you for your advocacy here today. is it true that the public invested 50 million for p.r.e.p.? >> that is correct. >> is it true that gilead relied on publicly funded trials to obtain fda approval? >> yes, if you look at their supplementary new drug application, you'll see that every sponsor of the truvada as p.r.e.p. was a non-gilead sponsor. >> so the public invested to develop the drug. the public invested and funded the trials for fda

said this is very serious to the nih.ou cannot have researchers with undisclosed ties to foreign countries. taylor: the thing about this escalating trade war is it is extremely difficult for the u.s. and china to do without each one another, and there is not enough incentive yet for the rest of the world to choose sides. here is senior reporter mark champion in london on why this so-called next cold war will not look much like the old one. of iron curtain people are talking about now is a technological iron curtain. you would have two technological zones. either you live in the chinese zone and the 5g networks are rolled out by huawei and your driverless cars are provided by baidu. the social media is we chat. and on the other side, you will have google, facebook, tesla. all these kinds of things. that is the idea. we will have something similar because as you can see in the dynamics of what is happening in particular with huawei, people can see that kind of cold war separation beginning, but it is with tech. there is no

taylor, that is exactly what is going on and it is surprising because it is being driven by the nih. i interviewed the number two there who described the situation where he considers this pre-patented material as he called it or what we would describe as berry a sick scientific research without any proprietary information or technology associated with it as being highly valuable and something that the united states needs to protect from china. taylor: how recently has this all occurred? the last few weeks or years? peter: the trump administration has ratcheted up the rhetoric and accusations. and the questioning and driving of policy through the nih, since early 2018, five last summer, the director sent out a letter institutionsipient getting nih funding saying this is very serious and you cannot have researchers with undisclosed ties to foreign countries. taylor: the thing about this isalating trade war is it extremely difficult for the u.s. and china to do without each other and there is not enough incentive yet for the rest of the world to choose sides. here is mark champion in lo

abused. >> reporter: the administration says future funding for non-nih researchers must be revieweds board. but the criteria for funding is vague. >> during the remainder of the trump administration, i would not put high odds on any outsider getting nih funding for research with fetal tissue. >> reporter: the health and human services statement today specifically targets fetal tissue from elective abortions. it does not mention spontaneous abortions or miscarriages. there is a possibility of legal challenges. this is certainly another hot political topic that we'll likely beeeing on the 2020 campaign trail. >> for this specific program what happens to it? is it effectively over right now? >> they had funding through today. as a result of this announcement that funding is gone from nih. >>> if they do go into effect, the tariffs would start at 5% on monday and top out at 25% in october. president trump said on twitter today "mexico should immediately stop the flow of people and drugs through the southern border "before he will drop the tariffs. the lawmakers from both parties were cr

and through questioning and driving of policy through the nih, since early 2018.ast summer, the director sent out a letter to 10,000 recipient institutions getting nih funding saying this is very serious and you cannot have researchers with undisclosed ties to foreign countries. taylor: the thing about this escalating trade war is it is extremely difficult for the u.s. and china to do without each other, and there is not enough incentive yet for the rest of the world to choose sides. here is mark champion in london on why this next cold war will not look much like the old one. mark: the iron curtain that you are talking about now, you would have two technological zones. either you live in the chinese zone and the 5g networks are rolled out by huawei and your driverless cars are provided by baidu. your social media is each chat, your e-commerce is alibaba your -- alibaba. . and on the other side, you will have google, facebook, tesla. all these kinds of things. that is the idea. we will have something similar and as you can see in the dynamics of what is happening

the only thing they did wrong is not disclose these relationships to the nih.s taking a unique position saying that research is somehow proprietary information because federal dollars helped fund it and some day it may result in intellectual property, but for the moment, it does not, but it is still protected. emily: the medical community does share a lot of information globally because it is all in the name of finding a cure for cancer. >> that's right. collaborative research is what people do now. scientists do not recognize national borders. when they see something in another country, they want to work with that person and share data, they go work with that person and that is how academic publications work. you see 12 names on half of all research papers. in this case, it is particularly egregious because it is about finding a cure for cancer. not even a particular drug that a research firm might benefit from. it is causes, associations, links to causing cancer, so it is essentially looking for because of cancer, not the treatment. nevertheless, she is gone.

the nih, using information from the fbi, which had received her computer accounts and done a thorough investigation of her past, accused the doctor of having undisclosed relationships, professional relationships, where she was paid in china to advise and work in her field of epidemiology. this created a kind of parallel structure they said was against their rules. one thing led to another and the company came down very hard on her and she left in january. it is a peculiar situation in that epidemiology is not an area that leads to a lot of intellectual property. there were no direct accusations of ip theft or trade secret theft or espionage but it shows the sensitivity within the biomedical community and certainly at md anderson. taylor: this seems to be a change where we want to protect the research, even if it slows down some of the cures for cancer because we do not want to involve china. peter: taylor, that is exactly what is going on and it is surprising because it is being driven by the nih. i interviewed the number two there who described the situation where he considers this p

we played a critical role through nih and others and the private sector to make that happen but that shows the public private value of all of this. we face an era of such connectivity of people, it's cliche or trite, but the simple fact is somebody in the eastern drc can get on an airplane and be in the united states the next day. okay? so we have ebola treatment centers here in the united states. in fact, i was just meeting with the leadership of one of them today. we are very well prepared. we have vaccine here in the united states. i think the american people should feel very confident in the preparedness of their government and of their public health infrastructure here. that doesn't mean that we should not be very focused on the situation there in the eastern drc. but we've worked very closely in more stable areas, for instance, with uganda work the fantastic minister of health, the minister in uganda who they have done -- they have only had the three cases initially so far, but they have done a wonderful job of being prepared for it and handling the immediate response to it. so

we can encourage the nih to make it a priority.re is this defense military research program i mentioned where i'm trying to direct this year $10 million. but i think we can and should do more. i hosted dr. francis collins the head of nih here in delaware just a few months ago and made a point of talking with him about the significance of nih research because it is so hard to get the private sector to invest in research in a disease that's so difficult to study. because so few of the subjects who they might work with in trials survive more than a few weeks. >> so let's -- >> moving forward. >> thank you for your important work there and let's move on to foreign policy now. >> thank you, joe. >> richard haass has a question for you. >> senator, let's talk about iran. two things, during the iraq war years ago, we asked the intelligence community for an assessment what it would be like if saddam hussein were removed. have you asked for an assessment from the agency about what a war with iran would look like and have you have received a

taxpayers are paying through the nih or other resources for research that ultimately becomes explicit, and you can say that taxpayers are actually paying device. >> john is next at deftin, florida on the line for 50 and over. go ahead. >> how are you doing? when you were doing your research did you compare other nations to the same drug and what did you find and what was your assessment as far as why the price difference? >> we didn't look at international comparisons for this particular research project however, a lot of people are looking into it including the current administration. americans do pay among the highest press corruption drug prices in the world which obviously is a huge issue and challenge. we do think that's something that needs to be addressed. it's frankly, not fair. so again, that's something we'll be taking a look at in the future and research indicates that it is an issue. >> what else have you looked at when it comes to previous prescription price watch reports? >> so we actually take a look at a very wide range of products. we've been tracking brand-name drugs

committees that create the language so we can be sure that we have the funding and resources and even nih to do the research so that our children can be safe. >> i want to say one more thing, i used to go to school and to sending down talk with migrant print and i had no one to play with but my thoughts. [laughter] i remember down the street there was a school and i wanted to go, i did not think of it as i'm dumb or in failing, that's our kids see summer school now, what if summer school was a place where you went to learn how to cook, the things you don't learn during the regular curriculum during the regular year, when we have a summer program for kids to go to that is something parents certainly don't have to worry about where the kids are at work. i learned the ring of register, i learned so much how to sell these are things i was not learning in school. i'm not a congresswoman. i cannot imagine not being, when it comes to children, there's no expenses to expenses, were saving our future. >> thank you. [applause] i guess in the 70s and 80s with different relationships between the poli

because there cortez has the nih and the photos of a stage to in a twitter post she lashed out at america's migrant policies claiming no one is being held accountable for the conditions in which children are being kept and comes after the lawmakers michael was heavily criticized for comparing the migrant centers to concentration camps back in washington in the meantime the humanitarian crisis has seen don't trump come under fire from the democrats especially over his plan to build the border wall however some of the images used to illustrate the severity of the modern tissue were actually taken during barack obama's time in the oval office we spoke to the director of political comment threw up cite reactionary times this is becoming the thing to do for the democrat party to support everyone except tax paying united states citizens they're playing the emotion game this is just another example of political propaganda the democrats were actually for the building of a war before they were against the building of a war and the reason why they're against it is because it's a central theme of tryi

that's what we see in europe or with the nih. that's not what we want here in the united states.re if you like your insurance, you can keep it. that's gone. elizabeth: yeah. it's to left of what china has. okay, it was a bad night for joe biden. he was asked what the one issue he would focus on as president, and he said defeating donald trump. i want to get to this, new york magazine, the reporter is tweeting out that a source close to biden campaign says his staff of freaking out about his poor performance and that, you know, the vice president, joe biden, not listening to debate advice, and he's stuck in his ways. your take on that. >> i wish they had reminded him that once upon a time he actually promoted and supported a balanced budget amendment for the u.s. federal budget. that's something we need to be talking about when the american people are already $67,000 in debt for every person just on the national debt. so just think about a family of four, that's over $200,000. elizabeth: thank you so much for coming on, appreciate it. we should point out that the biden campaign di

they have joined with the nih foundation. with the increase in the treatment as well as the development.>> i am not familiar with the lifeboats. >> that would be dedicated to treatment. hammett -- i want to ask you a few questions. i am really not trying to be -- i'm just trying to understand. we have a problem here. do you know of any instances where where branded pharmaceutical drug companies pay a generic competitor -- as part of a patent settlement? >> the patent litigation -- >> do you know of any instances where that has happened? >> i know the supreme court has addressed instances where that has been the allegation. >> so do you know of any instances where that has happened? do you deny that it goes on? >> i know that patent settlements are used as part of the normal process. >> do you know of any instances where it happened or do you deny that it is going on? >> i don't know any specifics. i do not. and patent settlements are very complex. >> do you know of any instances where a branded pharmaceutical drug company add

anti-abortion activists have been fighting for years to end the research at nih in bethesda. that research led to life saving advances, development for rubella vaccine and rabies and drugs for hiv virus. the tissue is used in the hunt for a vaccine in the zika virus that causes birthheefects. t department of health and human services nays the ban does not extend toovernment funded research at universities although that research will be subject to additional scrutiny and it does notat affect pry funded research. frances collins the top medical scientist said in december he believes there was strong evidence of scientific benefits from fetal tissue research. a senior official told the 'ssociated press today decision was the president's call, not dr. collins. back to you at the studio. >> thank you, erika.tr >>> president p and world leaders gathered in england to commemorate d-day celebrations. it marks 75 years since the largest land invasion in military history. jay gray is in normandy, france, with first hand accounts for those who lived it. >> reporter: many were just kids.

that create the language so that we can be sure that we have the funding and the resources, and even nih to do the research so that our children can be safe. thank you. taraji: i want to say one more thing. i even remember, i used it to go to summer school, my mom would send me down south with my grandparents, and i had no one to play with but my thoughts. [laughter] taraji: i remember down the street, there was a school and they had summer school, and i wanted to go. i am not think of it as, done, i am failing. that is how our kids see summer school now, but what if summer school was a place where you went to learn how to cook. the things you do not learn during the regular year, why don't we have a summer program for kids to go to. that is something that parent certainly do not have to worry about where their kids are whether they are at work. i learned how to wring a register, -- i learned how to sew -- these were things i was not learning how -- at school. iam not a congresswoman, but could not imagine that being -- when it comes to children, no expense is too expensive in my opinion

>> yes, and making announcements for its nih.g the troops. >> insiders early today telling us that they are expecting to raise roughly $4 million at a fund-raiser here in florida. so there's a lot of expectations because you have an incumbent who has a leg up on a lot of these candidates when it comes to social media and targeting their crowd. since you are going to be focusing on selfies, i asked a few other people, and they too got some selfies with the president himself. we are looking at some beautiful pictures and this lovely one over here too. there may be a little bit of a glare, but you can see social media does play a major role when it comes to rallying the troops, getting support, and we know the president right now is investing a lot of money into that with algorithms, data mining, and the like. so these guys are waiting another few hours in the sunshine. i will throw it back to you. >> dana: having all the fun down there in orlando. more on that selfie strategy. the ceo of echelon polling and author of "the selfie vo

even nih to do the research so that our children can be safe. thank you so much. >> i want to say one more thing. i even remember i used to go to summer school. my mom would send me down south with my grandparents. i had no one to play with but my thoughts. but i remember down the street there was a school and they had summer school. i wanted to go and i didn't think of it as i'm dumb or i'm fa failing. that's how our kids see summer school now. what if summer school was a place you went to learn how to cook, the things that you don't learn during the regular curriculum, during the regular year. why don't we have a summer program for kids to go to? that's something that parents don't have to worry about where their kid are while they're at work. i learned how to ring a register. i learned so much, how to sew. these are things that i wasn't learning in school. so i mean, just little things like that. i don't know. i'm not a congresswoman but i couldn't imagine that being -- when it comes to children, no expense is to expensive in my opinion becau

we have all the data, post discharge, chronic care, we participate in nih funded studies to show that piece. but it's gotten big ferry the standpoint -- bigger from the standpoint of eating healthy. i understand concerns from that and welcome any questions you have about mom's meal nourish cares and the meals itself. >> president breslin: thank you. any other public comment? there is a motion on the floor to approve the status quo. >> so for clarity, page 17 -- >> page 17, thank you. all those in favor? all those opposed? the motion passes unanimously for the status quo. >> may i make a comment? >> yes, please. >> number one, i don't like to increase premiums even if they can be budgeted, but -- and i would hope that we as a board are not saying we're rejecting a component of what might be a broader program as we're looking at revising and reviewing the whole plan landscape next month, that, yes, there are things we need to take into account in making planned design changes. and they may have these broader implications about social determinates of health, but it needs to be put into a

scientists at nih the study does have its limits. they admit more research is needed. tyson foods is recalling more than 190,000 pass, how's of ready to eat chicken freighter products. the recall comes after consumers reported hard plastic found in the food, the products were distributed to institutions, including schools from a commercial sale, the products were not sold at retail stores. the us department of agriculture says much of the affected product could be in freezers at food service locations. >>target is expanding its employee benefits in hopes of attracting new workers the retailer announced tolay that starting this fall employees were received 20 days of backup child care or elder care through a partner network employees will be able to bring their child to an in network daycare center for $20 a day or pay a subsidized hourly rate for in-home care. target will also shift from offering its employees 2 weeks of paid parental leave to giving employees up to 4 weeks paid time off every year to care for a newborn or sick family member, new moms, a target will ge

look, we're on the cusp of major changes, we can do this by doubling nih's budget and set up a new projectd in the defense department to find how to come up with the whole internet, provide billions of dollars for basic refer. i call it health care, focus on research and take all the technology we have to focus on solving problems which within our reach like the moon show the. i beat the nra before. we ought to ban assault weapons again, which i did, and limit magazines. by the way, use technology so you can't fire a gun unless it has your biometric prints on it and you have to pass background checks that i put into law as a consequence of the brady. science and technology can reshape our lives. i'm never more optimistic about this country. we ought to pick our heads up. i remember the phrase from john kennedy when he wanted to go to the moon, he said because we're unwilling to postpone, i'll unwilling to postpone any longer this nation. god bless you all and may god protect our troops. thank you, thank you, thank you. thank you. >> i'd like to welcome my next guest here at the south carol

you know what else, nitro girl, letting nih take a look at this program, because it is a problem.althy step in the right direction. give me another one. mueller gave the report to his boss to make the conclusion and he did. no obstruction. gypsy dave, no. no. his job -- i mean, look at the plain text of what his role was. he was to reporter to the attorney general in a confidential style, manner, his decisions regarding prosecution and declination. it was a binary choice that he faced, and he did neither. he punted. at a minimum i think robert mueller should have told us if that was his philosophy from the outset, if from the get-go he intended -- remember, not until march 5 did bill barr decide there would be no indictment. i'll be in denver in parker, colorado, on june 23rd. see you next week. see a thicker-looking lash fringe in just 4 weeks. over 10,000 women tried it and love it. my husband has noticed a difference. i really love lash serum. try new lash serum solution. from l'oreal paris. eh, not enough fiber... chocolate would be good... snacking should be sweet and simple.

heading back home i went to meet an old high school friend of mine who's now living in delhi i'm at the nih both practice yoga but we've had very different journeys i came to yoga as a physical exercise i'm it came to yoga as a last resort he's a recovering cancer patient who turned his life around when the doctors said there was no hope he brought it all home to me yoga meditation was such a key part of getting mentally to the right place to not only fight the disease but to accept it and then one step further to embrace it own. i'm here i'm a product. of having tried so many different things and finding the right combination that worked for me and i think we all need to be on those journey as self exploration to find what works for us because that is what's going to get us there. i'm back in doha back to my life working in a fast paced newsroom and teaching yoga. makes. me think of come to realize that there are as many yoga is in the world as there are people when i see the diversity of yoga today and all the fascinating people i've spoken to even those i disagree with i can't help but f

give advice and information to the team which is against the law both moral and the prosecutors the nihthe allegations they say they're exchanges are being misinterpreted well kaggle they are i guess is that the rector of the institutional strategy and intelligence that argo advice of public affairs firm he joins us now live from washington sir thank you so much for joining us here on out. both more on the prosecutors the nie the allegations they say the exchanges that were taken. by the intercept have been misinterpreted do you think they've been misinterpreted. well 1st of all i think it's very negative the type of conversations they were having. and the mentions they were making to the entire operation in 2 in the individuals involved however on the other hand it's i think it's a bit far fetched to believe that their actions were directed to prevent former president lula of running or actually going to jail since the decision that placed and maintains former president lula in jail was later ratified by 3 different courts on higher stances and 9 different judges so more towards the ju

we are on the cuss p of major changes and alzheimer's and diabetes and we can double nih's budget whichs totally within our reach and set up a proprojeproject like the whole internet and provide billions for basic research and i call it arpa h meaning healthcare and all of the technology we have to focus solving problems within our reach like the biden cancer initiative and the moon shot. look, i beat the nra before. we ought to ban assault weapons again, which i did and limit magazines and by the way, use technologies that say you cannot fire a gun unless it has your biometric prints on it and that means no problem in terms of the second amendment and you have to pass the background checks which i put in law as a consequence of the brady minute. everybody, folks, science and technology can fundamentally reshape our lives. i've never been more optimist bik this country. we ought to pick our heads up and i remember the phrase of john kennedy who said he wanted to go to the moon. i am unwilling to postpone any longer the potential of our nation and it is totally within our power to change

we can do this by doubling nih's budget and set up a new project that -- like what happened in the defense with the whole internet, provide billions of dollars for basic research. healthcare, focus on research and take all the technology we have to focus on solving problems that is within our reach like that cancer initiative and the moonshot. nra before.t the we ought to ban assault weapons and magazines, and, by the way, new technology, you cannot acquire a gun unless yo uhave biometric print on it. no problem in terms of second amendment and you have to pass a background check which i put into law as the consequences of the brady amendment. science andolks, technology can fundamentally reshape our lives. i'm never more optimistic about this country. we have to pick our heads up. i remember the phrase from john kennedy going to the moon, because we are unwilling to postpone. i'm not willing to postpone any longer the potential of this nation. it is totally in our power to change it. godbless you, and may protect our troops. thank you, thank you, thank you. thank you, appreciate it. thank

the fbi and in ih are said to be tsrgeting chinese scientis -- and the nih are said to be targeting chinesests in the u.s. m850i has the features and performance of a bentley and costs $100,000 less. it is still over one her thousand dollars. -- still over $100,000. [laughter] alix: so this cover story about how to not defeat cancer, which has to do with trade and restrictions and scientists of asian descent. as we think about the trade war, this started to hit the medical field. the story centers around a woman scientist who is a naturalized citizen from china at the national cancer institute. tok in 2014, they started mount all of these investigations into whether she stole information, was working with foreign governments, started questioning her ties to china. so this really starts to heat up in this trade fight about how much information we can share, how much we can't. typically we think of cancer as something that doesn't have borders. this time the border matters. david: and no military application. with huawei, it was dual use. i'm not sure what the dual use would be with cancer cu

we are talking about health, fighting for the nih. of those we put together and we vote on them instead of separate, and expedites the process. in all of the funding that we as the appropriations committee present to congress, we vote on it as a package. host: the price tag is $983 billion, most of that going to defense funding. does that present a debate? guest: it does. military, weour must fund veterans affairs, cybersecurity, all those things we need. we put so much into our defense and military. some people are very concerned thet how we cut funding for needs of our country, like educating our children. they are saying we don't have money but we will find money to increase our defense budget. how are we going to provide social security for our seniors? how are we going to make sure we are doing the research? keeps talking about finding a cure for cancer. you can't do that unless you fund the national center for cancer research. there's huge debate about national security. i'm very concerned about our national security because the

and secure, the department of energy is going to play a vital role in being a partner working with nihand the va and some of our private sector partners and university systems to find a solution to the opioid epidemic that we have in this country and my projectionist this will happen sooner rather than later. >> thank you. i will be healed back. >> thank you madam chair if mr. secretary. i just want to tell you how much i have the privilege of escorting to the national laboratory system. i think there was a slide that was going to be put up here in a moment if we could try to put it on the screen, please. we are also planning to be visiting all 17 of the national laboratories and i will be leaving as largely a congressional delegation as i can throw. the first of these certainly after the national lab day we will be going to the new mexico national labs, los alamos, and also repeated the antimissile work and the trinity test site where the weapon was detonated about 75 years ago. the next one is going to be in the bay area where the representatives on this committee will be the host of

put on the table that we want higher prices for our pharmaceutical companies for selling drugs to the nihgilead would be a beneficiary. we like to think about things that nobody else is thinking about. gilead trades on ten-times earnings and 3.7% dividend yield. it's as consumer staplish at half the multiple of coca-cola because the hiv drugs they sell are chronic conditions, and there's no generic moment. so you can buy these franchise companies which are unaffected by gdp growth, by tariff wars, by currency wars there's perfectly good value out there if you know how to pick it >> thanks very much for joining us with m.a.n.g., the new acronym to focus on. >> thank you for having me >>> up enext, there may be a lot of uncertainty, but allocation sckti remain average. what does that say about the state of the market, coming up this is my headquarters. this is where i trade and manage my portfolio. since i added futures, i have access to the oil markets. and gold markets. ok. i'm plugged into equities. trade confirmed. and i have global access 24/7. meaning, i can do what i need to do. then

experts told us we need public health research, and that the cdc, and the nih have the authority to conduct this research, until we provide $50 million. let me highlight the historic investment we are making in title x family planning. 114 gondolas over last year's enacted level. title x dollars providing more than $4 million for low income men and women with comp contraception, counseling services and health screenings. these investments transform women's lives and families for the better. unfortunately, with regard to women's health, some of my colleagues on the other side of the eye will focus on abortion as if it for the loan aspect. we know this president is highly invested in continuing what i call attacks on women, and we know the power of the white house, and that this president would reject a repeal of the hyde amendment. that is why this bill maintains current law with regards to the hyde amendment. make no mistake, the hyde amendment is a discriminatory policy that makes access to basic reproductive healthcare based on your income. it is simply wrong. i opposed it as do others. w

so i think, part of it is a sort of nih basic science. we have got to find the right questions and develop a better understanding. i don't think that is solely the issue. i think, you know, the use of certain points to improve drugs and cancer has been a good thing in many ways. has allowed us to get drugs approved. the cycle times for cancel drugs used to be the longest. very, very long. and it was daunting to a pharmaceutical company that -- decompressing cycle times using accelerated approval -- another fda approaches. has been really beneficial for cancer. even the approaches pretty much tissue for hiv, it has been useful for cancer. i wonder, do we have a kind of endpoint that has been used for approval and other dicta classes so they can shorten the cycle times and get a path to approval that would be incentivized companies to work on them. >> we know you're not responsible for drug pricing. but, i am just wondering, what you think about the high drug lysis of the cancer drugs, the new cancer drugs and gene therapies. are you concer